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摩根大通:美国经济已经走上了衰退不归路

摩根大通:美国经济已经走上了衰退不归路

Tristan Bove 2023-03-23
银行业危机加大了美国经济衰退的可能性。

图片来源:NOAM GALAI/GETTY IMAGES

今年3月,以硅谷银行(Silicon Valley Bank)破产为首的一系列银行业危机,迫使包括摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)在内的多家银行的分析师从头开始重写他们对经济衰退的预测,因为几个月来对抗通胀的小胜利和相对强劲的经济表现很有可能在两周内被一扫而空。

即使政府和私营部门能够成功遏制银行倒闭引发的蔓延风险,但仍然可能对美国的金融体系造成持久损害。欧洲和美国的一些银行正处于摇摇欲坠的状态,而动荡不安的市场和加强监管的承诺可能导致信贷紧缩——由于缺乏资金,银行的放贷意愿急剧下降。

这让美联储(Federal Reserve)在3月22日的会议上陷入两难境地:要么放慢加息步伐,要么冒着加大经济损害的风险,继续加息以避免通胀卷土重来。但就美联储而言,实现软着陆和避免经济衰退的希望可能已经成为过去。

3月20日,由摩根大通的全球市场首席策略师马尔科·科拉诺维奇为首的多位策略师在给客户的一份说明中写道:“美联储在3月22日面临着一项艰巨的任务,但它很可能已经走上了不归路。现在看来不太可能实现软着陆,飞机陷入混乱(缺乏市场信心),引擎即将关闭(银行贷款)。”

目前尚不清楚硅谷银行倒闭的影响会蔓延到多少国家。总部位于纽约的签名银行(Signature Bank)在硅谷银行倒闭数天后倒闭,这需要政府采取全面的措施来恢复人们的信心(这两家银行的账户持有人可以得到全额补偿),但其他小型和地区性银行的处境仍然很不稳定。总部位于旧金山的第一共和银行(First Republic)依旧面临很高的风险,尽管美国的大型银行在上周联合起来注入了300亿美元存款,以支撑其财务状况。美国财政部的部长珍妮特·耶伦在3月21日还承诺,如果其他银行的问题“构成蔓延风险”,政府就准备再次介入。即使储户得到了保护,但可能已经造成了损害。

摩根大通写道:“即使央行成功遏制了蔓延,由于市场和监管机构的压力,信贷环境看起来也将更快收紧。”

分析师们将当前的挑战称为可能出现的“明斯基时刻”(Minsky Moment),这一术语以美国经济学家海曼·明斯基的名字命名,他的著名预言是,长期牛市总是以史诗般的崩盘告终。当支票到期,纸牌屋最终倒塌时,就会出现明斯基时刻。摩根大通分析师写道,明斯基时刻正在临近。

投资者和历史学家多年来一直警告,美国自2009年以来的长期牛市将导致经济过度修正,这是不可避免的。投资者和市场历史学家杰里米·格兰瑟姆在2021年写道:“自2009年迄今这一长而又长的牛市,终于膨胀成了完全成熟的史诗级泡沫。”最近,格兰瑟姆一直在警告吞噬一切的“万物皆泡沫”的出现,他在今年3月接受经济学家大卫·罗森伯格采访时称这个泡沫“相当大”。

“‘有的时候,几十年什么也没发生;有的时候,几个星期顶几十年。’”摩根大通分析师写道,并引用了弗拉基米尔·列宁的名言。

摩根大通并不是唯一一家在最近几周下调经济预测的大型银行;高盛集团(Goldman Sachs)上周也对客户表示,银行业危机可能会给美国经济增长带来严重打击。美国财政部的前部长拉里·萨默斯近几个月来,甚至在银行业危机爆发前,就曾经多次警告说,经济也可能走向“威利狼时刻”(Wile E. Coyote Moment),即已经冲出悬崖,但仍对即将发生的崩盘浑然不觉,还在优哉游哉。

美国历史上始于2009年的最长牛市,直到2020年才因为新冠疫情而终结。2020年短暂的经济衰退很快被2021年的另一轮猛烈的牛市所取代,但在经济增长放缓一年之后,人们期待已久的明斯基时刻或者威利狼时刻可能终于到来了。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

今年3月,以硅谷银行(Silicon Valley Bank)破产为首的一系列银行业危机,迫使包括摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)在内的多家银行的分析师从头开始重写他们对经济衰退的预测,因为几个月来对抗通胀的小胜利和相对强劲的经济表现很有可能在两周内被一扫而空。

即使政府和私营部门能够成功遏制银行倒闭引发的蔓延风险,但仍然可能对美国的金融体系造成持久损害。欧洲和美国的一些银行正处于摇摇欲坠的状态,而动荡不安的市场和加强监管的承诺可能导致信贷紧缩——由于缺乏资金,银行的放贷意愿急剧下降。

这让美联储(Federal Reserve)在3月22日的会议上陷入两难境地:要么放慢加息步伐,要么冒着加大经济损害的风险,继续加息以避免通胀卷土重来。但就美联储而言,实现软着陆和避免经济衰退的希望可能已经成为过去。

3月20日,由摩根大通的全球市场首席策略师马尔科·科拉诺维奇为首的多位策略师在给客户的一份说明中写道:“美联储在3月22日面临着一项艰巨的任务,但它很可能已经走上了不归路。现在看来不太可能实现软着陆,飞机陷入混乱(缺乏市场信心),引擎即将关闭(银行贷款)。”

目前尚不清楚硅谷银行倒闭的影响会蔓延到多少国家。总部位于纽约的签名银行(Signature Bank)在硅谷银行倒闭数天后倒闭,这需要政府采取全面的措施来恢复人们的信心(这两家银行的账户持有人可以得到全额补偿),但其他小型和地区性银行的处境仍然很不稳定。总部位于旧金山的第一共和银行(First Republic)依旧面临很高的风险,尽管美国的大型银行在上周联合起来注入了300亿美元存款,以支撑其财务状况。美国财政部的部长珍妮特·耶伦在3月21日还承诺,如果其他银行的问题“构成蔓延风险”,政府就准备再次介入。即使储户得到了保护,但可能已经造成了损害。

摩根大通写道:“即使央行成功遏制了蔓延,由于市场和监管机构的压力,信贷环境看起来也将更快收紧。”

分析师们将当前的挑战称为可能出现的“明斯基时刻”(Minsky Moment),这一术语以美国经济学家海曼·明斯基的名字命名,他的著名预言是,长期牛市总是以史诗般的崩盘告终。当支票到期,纸牌屋最终倒塌时,就会出现明斯基时刻。摩根大通分析师写道,明斯基时刻正在临近。

投资者和历史学家多年来一直警告,美国自2009年以来的长期牛市将导致经济过度修正,这是不可避免的。投资者和市场历史学家杰里米·格兰瑟姆在2021年写道:“自2009年迄今这一长而又长的牛市,终于膨胀成了完全成熟的史诗级泡沫。”最近,格兰瑟姆一直在警告吞噬一切的“万物皆泡沫”的出现,他在今年3月接受经济学家大卫·罗森伯格采访时称这个泡沫“相当大”。

“‘有的时候,几十年什么也没发生;有的时候,几个星期顶几十年。’”摩根大通分析师写道,并引用了弗拉基米尔·列宁的名言。

摩根大通并不是唯一一家在最近几周下调经济预测的大型银行;高盛集团(Goldman Sachs)上周也对客户表示,银行业危机可能会给美国经济增长带来严重打击。美国财政部的前部长拉里·萨默斯近几个月来,甚至在银行业危机爆发前,就曾经多次警告说,经济也可能走向“威利狼时刻”(Wile E. Coyote Moment),即已经冲出悬崖,但仍对即将发生的崩盘浑然不觉,还在优哉游哉。

美国历史上始于2009年的最长牛市,直到2020年才因为新冠疫情而终结。2020年短暂的经济衰退很快被2021年的另一轮猛烈的牛市所取代,但在经济增长放缓一年之后,人们期待已久的明斯基时刻或者威利狼时刻可能终于到来了。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

A series of banking crises in March headlined by the failure of Silicon Valley Bank has forced analysts from multiple banks, including JPMorgan Chase, to rewrite their recession forecasts from scratch, as months of small victories against inflation and a relatively strong economy were potentially swept away in under two weeks.

Even if the government and the private sector are able to successfully contain contagion from the bank collapses spreading through the economy, the failures may still lead to lasting damage for the U.S. financial system. Some banks are teetering on the edge in Europe and the U.S., while jittery markets and the promise of stricter regulation could lead to a credit crunch—a steep decline in banks’ willingness to lend caused by a lack of funds.

It adds up to an impossible choice the Federal Reserve has to make when officials meet on March 22: Slow down the pace of interest rate hikes or plow ahead to bring down resurgent inflation and risk amplifying damage to the economy. But as far as the Fed is concerned, hopes of engineering a soft landing for the economy and avoiding a recession may already be in the rearview mirror.

“The Fed is facing a difficult task on March 22, but it is likely already past the point of no return,” JPMorgan strategists led by Marko Kolanovic, the bank’s chief global markets strategist, wrote in a note to clients on March 20. “A soft landing now looks unlikely, with the airplane in a tailspin (lack of market confidence) and engines about to turn off (bank lending).”

It is still unclear how far contagion from SVB will spread. New York–based Signature Bank failed days after SVB, requiring sweeping government measures to restore confidence that account holders in both banks would be made whole, but other small-sized and regional banks remain in precarious positions. San Francisco–based First Republic remains at high risk, although larger U.S. banks banded together last week to provide a $30 billion deposit to prop up its finances. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen also pledged on March 21 that the government was prepared to step in again if issues at other banks “pose the risk of contagion.” But even if depositors are safeguarded, the damage may have already been done.

“Even if central bankers successfully contain contagion, credit conditions look set to tighten more rapidly because of pressure from both markets and regulators,” JPMorgan wrote.

The analysts referred to current challenges as a possible “Minsky moment,” named after the American economist Hyman Minsky, who famously predicted that extended bull markets naturally end in epic and monumental collapses. A Minsky moment happens when the inevitable check comes due and the house of cards finally falls down. JPMorgan analysts wrote our Minsky moment is nearing.

Investors and historians have warned for years that an extended bull market in the U.S. since 2009 would inevitably lead to an economic overcorrection: “The long, long bull market since 2009 has finally matured into a fully-fledged epic bubble,” investor and market historian Jeremy Grantham wrote in 2021. More recently, Grantham has been warning of an all-consuming “everything bubble,” which he called “pretty damn big” during an interview in March with economist David Rosenberg.

“‘There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen,’” JPMorgan analysts wrote, citing a famous Vladimir Lenin quote.

JPMorgan isn’t the only major bank to have downgraded its economic forecasts in recent weeks; Goldman Sachs also told clients last week the banking crisis could deliver a severe blow to U.S. economic growth. And former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers has warned multiple times in recent months even before the banking crisis that the economy could be headed for a “Wile E. Coyote moment,” having already run off a cliff edge but still blissfully unaware of the sudden crash about to happen.

The longest bull market in U.S. history that began in 2009 only ended in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The short-lived 2020 recession was quickly replaced by another ferocious bull market in 2021, but after a year of slowing growth, the long-awaited Minsky or Wile E. Coyote moment may have finally arrived.

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