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马斯克如何说服沙特王子出资收购推特

马斯克如何说服沙特王子出资收购推特

SHAWN TULLY 2022-05-13
马斯克不知道怎么就说服了一批全球最知名的投资者,与他一起花大价钱做这笔看起来毫无吸引力的买卖。

埃隆·马斯克肯定是个了不起的推销员。

特斯拉(Tesla)这位首席执行官正在带头收购推特(Twitter),他开出了440亿美元的天价,相当于每股54.2美元,一举将推特之前拿到的最高报价提升了40%。与此同时,股市开始暴跌。而马斯克的收购要约就在推特发布一季度收益报告前几天,当时外界普遍预计业绩数字会非常难看,可能导致其股价进一步走低——事实也的确如此。推特在迅速失血。它的支出远超收入,用户增长一直低于预期。然而,马斯克已经不知怎么地就说服了一批全球最知名的投资者,与他一起花大价钱做这笔看起来毫无吸引力的买卖。其中最典型的是成功让推特的长期股东、沙特传奇亿万富翁阿尔瓦利德•本•塔拉尔王子上船。

王子的反转

马斯克只用了三周时间就把王子从坚决的敌人变成了坚定的盟友。马斯克4月中旬宣布收购计划时,阿尔瓦利德发推表示反对:“我认为这个提案与推特的内在价值相去甚远。作为推特最大的长期股东之一,我表示拒绝。”但5月6日,阿尔瓦利德和马斯克握起了手,他在推特上写道:“很高兴和我的‘新’朋友建立联系,你会成为推特的优秀领导者,最大限度地推动其发挥其巨大潜力。”令人惊讶的是,阿尔瓦利德并没有把自己持有的3500万股(占总股份的4.57%)以19亿美元的天价兑现,而是宣布将把所有赢利用于购买马斯克控股的私有化的推特股份。

阿尔瓦利德王子是王国控股集团(Kingdom Holding)的创始人,拥有该公司95%的股份。该集团总部位于利雅得,持有许多公司的大量股份,投资横跨多个不同行业和地区。1991年,阿尔瓦利德私人巨额注资花旗集团(Citigroup),拯救了当时岌岌可危的银行巨头,从而声名鹊起。花旗集团至今仍是他的重要投资持有。阿尔瓦利德通过王国集团及其个人名义投资,他的投资帝国持有Lyft、Snapchat和沙特石油化工巨头沙特国家工业化公司(Tasnee)的主要股权。今年早些时候,他非常成功地以22亿美元的价格将四季酒店(Four Seasons)四分之一的股权出售给了比尔•盖茨的瀑布投资集团(Cascade),同时保留了大量少数股权。他的战利品还包括阿拉伯世界最大的唱片公司Rotana Music。去年,华纳音乐收购了阿尔瓦利德20%的股份,成为合作伙伴。

这位王子以友好型投资出名,不喜欢激进派投资人要求违背管理层意愿进行大规模回购、剥离领导层认为的重要战略业务等做法。十年前,他向尚未上市的推特注资3亿美元,所有报道都显示他是一位耐心又安静的股东。我们不知道马斯克是如何说服阿尔瓦利德突然改变主意接受他的计划,但仔细研究一下交易条款,特别是其中类似杠杆收购的条款将如何放大股权持有人的投资回报,或许可以得到一些启发。

杠杆可以让阿尔瓦利德拿到更多股权

公开文件显示,马斯克和他的银行家们承诺为这笔交易支付总计465亿美元。融资共分为三大块:130亿美元的定期贷款、过桥贷款和其他贷款,由八家银行提供;272.5亿美元的现金,由马斯克个人和其他投资者筹集;还有62.5亿美元是马斯克以特斯拉股票为担保贷到的保证金贷款。(这笔信贷差额最初是125亿美元,但马斯克通过招募投资者,减少了一半保证金贷款。)465亿美元的总价高于之前广传的440亿美元左右的收购价。这一差额似乎是为管理层持有的期权和其他权益工具支付的额外费用,导致最后价格膨胀。这是一笔加了杠杆的“私有化”交易,为了给这笔交易融资,马斯克给推特的资产负债表增加了130亿美元的新债务。也就是说,465亿美元融资中的股本部分约为330亿美元。这是马斯克的65亿美元保证金贷款,加上这位电动车行业大佬及其合作伙伴提供的270多亿美元现金。(尽管这笔保证金贷款是马斯克个人借的,但也算是他在推特的股权。)

由于这笔收购中近30%的资金来自借贷,投资者们得到的股权比例将超过自己的出资份额。如果阿尔瓦利德担心现在的买入价格比马斯克出价前要高得多,而当时他本可以拿到一大笔安全现金,或许这种超额收益可以减缓他的担忧。王子以每股54.20美元的价格持有的19亿美元的股份可以收购推特5.65%的股份,这比他目前所持4.57%的份额高出了近四分之一。当然,按照马斯克的高额出价将自己的股票重新投入推特是在拿巨大收益冒险,但据报道,马斯克向潜在投资者保证,他将在几年内让推特的收入翻两三倍,然后按照他改造后的模式重新上市。阿尔瓦利德显然认为,马斯克可以推动推特的股价升至远超54.20美元,而在此之前,这个数字看起来就像天方夜谭。如果成功,在杠杆机制的作用下,王子将从比以前所持更加丰厚的股权中得到额外赢利。

花衣魔笛手诱惑了更多知名投资人

这笔交易中仍需填补的是272.5亿美元的现金部分。可以肯定的是,如果该交易达成,马斯克和阿尔瓦利德将成为推特最大的两个股东。阿尔瓦利德将持有近6%的股权。马斯克呢?我们还无法准确计算他的股权总额。但可以大致估算一下:在他宣布收购计划前已经购入的9.2%股份将在交易完成后转化为约11%的股份,其中的涨幅也是通过杠杆作用实现的。他的62.5亿美元保证金贷款在335亿美元的总股本中占18.7%。还有我们不知道的部分。在5月初的两天时间里,马斯克出售了价值85亿美元的特斯拉股票。这部分收益很有可能都将用于购买推特股份,如果是的话,就相当于再增加25%的股份。这样,他的总持股将达到55%。他和阿尔瓦利德加起来将拥有推特约60%的股份。

此外,为了筹够272.5亿美元的现金,马斯克还从20位大投资人那里筹集了71.4亿美元的非担保性融资,其中包括甲骨文公司(Oracle)的拉里·埃里森 (10亿美元)、硅谷红杉资本(Sequoia)和加密货币交易平台币安(Binance)(各5亿美元)。请记住,马斯克在这笔交易中,通过出售自己原本拥有的9.2%的推特股份,可以获得40亿美元的“收益”,这也填入了272.5亿美元里。所以把这40亿美元、他极可能用上的从抛售特斯拉股票中得到的85亿美元、阿尔瓦利德的19亿美元、以及外部投资者的71亿美元加起来,总共是215亿美元。马斯克还有50多亿美元的现金缺口。

但是这位推销员工作很努力。最近的一份文件披露,他正在尝试说服推特联合创始人、前首席执行官杰克·多尔西将他的股票贡献出来,得益于马斯克的出价,多尔西的股票目前价值9.25亿美元,较之前大幅上涨。其他一些大股东也遭到了这位大师的推销。

这笔交易的一个关键问题是,聪明的投资者为什么要买入这家日渐衰落、资金紧张的企业的股票?过去四个季度,这家企业的自由现金流为负6.2亿美元。要知道,这笔交易还将在推特的资产负债表上增加130亿美元的新债务,而且是以浮动利率计算,在利率快速上升的当下,相当于一开始就要多付大约6.5亿美元的利息支出。近期股市暴跌,而科技股表现最差,这意味着如果不是因为马斯克出人意料的收购要约,推特的股价将远低于5月9日每股48美元的价格,甚至可能低于马斯克出价前的每股39美元。然而,即使是目前的价格,也远低于54.20美元的出价,说明人们十分怀疑这笔大胆的交易能否落地。

事实上,马斯克的银行和投资者们可能会要求他以更低的价格重新谈判。包括兴登堡研究公司(Hindenberg Research)在内的一群做空者正在推动这一结果。因为如果马斯克退出,推特的股价可能会暴跌,其董事会可能会面临巨大压力,不得不接受一个更便宜的价格。这种可怕的环境可能会促使马斯克的投资者们意识到一个显而易见的事实:即使是在最近的市场崩盘之前,马斯克的出价也太高了,现在看起来尤其不切实际。马斯克下一轮魅力攻势的目标可能是说服推特董事会,用一笔天降横财换取便宜得多的收购交易。这或许是这位能说会道的销售大师迄今为止最艰难的推销。(财富中文网)

译者:Agatha

埃隆·马斯克肯定是个了不起的推销员。

特斯拉(Tesla)这位首席执行官正在带头收购推特(Twitter),他开出了440亿美元的天价,相当于每股54.2美元,一举将推特之前拿到的最高报价提升了40%。与此同时,股市开始暴跌。而马斯克的收购要约就在推特发布一季度收益报告前几天,当时外界普遍预计业绩数字会非常难看,可能导致其股价进一步走低——事实也的确如此。推特在迅速失血。它的支出远超收入,用户增长一直低于预期。然而,马斯克已经不知怎么地就说服了一批全球最知名的投资者,与他一起花大价钱做这笔看起来毫无吸引力的买卖。其中最典型的是成功让推特的长期股东、沙特传奇亿万富翁阿尔瓦利德•本•塔拉尔王子上船。

王子的反转

马斯克只用了三周时间就把王子从坚决的敌人变成了坚定的盟友。马斯克4月中旬宣布收购计划时,阿尔瓦利德发推表示反对:“我认为这个提案与推特的内在价值相去甚远。作为推特最大的长期股东之一,我表示拒绝。”但5月6日,阿尔瓦利德和马斯克握起了手,他在推特上写道:“很高兴和我的‘新’朋友建立联系,你会成为推特的优秀领导者,最大限度地推动其发挥其巨大潜力。”令人惊讶的是,阿尔瓦利德并没有把自己持有的3500万股(占总股份的4.57%)以19亿美元的天价兑现,而是宣布将把所有赢利用于购买马斯克控股的私有化的推特股份。

阿尔瓦利德王子是王国控股集团(Kingdom Holding)的创始人,拥有该公司95%的股份。该集团总部位于利雅得,持有许多公司的大量股份,投资横跨多个不同行业和地区。1991年,阿尔瓦利德私人巨额注资花旗集团(Citigroup),拯救了当时岌岌可危的银行巨头,从而声名鹊起。花旗集团至今仍是他的重要投资持有。阿尔瓦利德通过王国集团及其个人名义投资,他的投资帝国持有Lyft、Snapchat和沙特石油化工巨头沙特国家工业化公司(Tasnee)的主要股权。今年早些时候,他非常成功地以22亿美元的价格将四季酒店(Four Seasons)四分之一的股权出售给了比尔•盖茨的瀑布投资集团(Cascade),同时保留了大量少数股权。他的战利品还包括阿拉伯世界最大的唱片公司Rotana Music。去年,华纳音乐收购了阿尔瓦利德20%的股份,成为合作伙伴。

这位王子以友好型投资出名,不喜欢激进派投资人要求违背管理层意愿进行大规模回购、剥离领导层认为的重要战略业务等做法。十年前,他向尚未上市的推特注资3亿美元,所有报道都显示他是一位耐心又安静的股东。我们不知道马斯克是如何说服阿尔瓦利德突然改变主意接受他的计划,但仔细研究一下交易条款,特别是其中类似杠杆收购的条款将如何放大股权持有人的投资回报,或许可以得到一些启发。

杠杆可以让阿尔瓦利德拿到更多股权

公开文件显示,马斯克和他的银行家们承诺为这笔交易支付总计465亿美元。融资共分为三大块:130亿美元的定期贷款、过桥贷款和其他贷款,由八家银行提供;272.5亿美元的现金,由马斯克个人和其他投资者筹集;还有62.5亿美元是马斯克以特斯拉股票为担保贷到的保证金贷款。(这笔信贷差额最初是125亿美元,但马斯克通过招募投资者,减少了一半保证金贷款。)465亿美元的总价高于之前广传的440亿美元左右的收购价。这一差额似乎是为管理层持有的期权和其他权益工具支付的额外费用,导致最后价格膨胀。这是一笔加了杠杆的“私有化”交易,为了给这笔交易融资,马斯克给推特的资产负债表增加了130亿美元的新债务。也就是说,465亿美元融资中的股本部分约为330亿美元。这是马斯克的65亿美元保证金贷款,加上这位电动车行业大佬及其合作伙伴提供的270多亿美元现金。(尽管这笔保证金贷款是马斯克个人借的,但也算是他在推特的股权。)

由于这笔收购中近30%的资金来自借贷,投资者们得到的股权比例将超过自己的出资份额。如果阿尔瓦利德担心现在的买入价格比马斯克出价前要高得多,而当时他本可以拿到一大笔安全现金,或许这种超额收益可以减缓他的担忧。王子以每股54.20美元的价格持有的19亿美元的股份可以收购推特5.65%的股份,这比他目前所持4.57%的份额高出了近四分之一。当然,按照马斯克的高额出价将自己的股票重新投入推特是在拿巨大收益冒险,但据报道,马斯克向潜在投资者保证,他将在几年内让推特的收入翻两三倍,然后按照他改造后的模式重新上市。阿尔瓦利德显然认为,马斯克可以推动推特的股价升至远超54.20美元,而在此之前,这个数字看起来就像天方夜谭。如果成功,在杠杆机制的作用下,王子将从比以前所持更加丰厚的股权中得到额外赢利。

花衣魔笛手诱惑了更多知名投资人

这笔交易中仍需填补的是272.5亿美元的现金部分。可以肯定的是,如果该交易达成,马斯克和阿尔瓦利德将成为推特最大的两个股东。阿尔瓦利德将持有近6%的股权。马斯克呢?我们还无法准确计算他的股权总额。但可以大致估算一下:在他宣布收购计划前已经购入的9.2%股份将在交易完成后转化为约11%的股份,其中的涨幅也是通过杠杆作用实现的。他的62.5亿美元保证金贷款在335亿美元的总股本中占18.7%。还有我们不知道的部分。在5月初的两天时间里,马斯克出售了价值85亿美元的特斯拉股票。这部分收益很有可能都将用于购买推特股份,如果是的话,就相当于再增加25%的股份。这样,他的总持股将达到55%。他和阿尔瓦利德加起来将拥有推特约60%的股份。

此外,为了筹够272.5亿美元的现金,马斯克还从20位大投资人那里筹集了71.4亿美元的非担保性融资,其中包括甲骨文公司(Oracle)的拉里·埃里森 (10亿美元)、硅谷红杉资本(Sequoia)和加密货币交易平台币安(Binance)(各5亿美元)。请记住,马斯克在这笔交易中,通过出售自己原本拥有的9.2%的推特股份,可以获得40亿美元的“收益”,这也填入了272.5亿美元里。所以把这40亿美元、他极可能用上的从抛售特斯拉股票中得到的85亿美元、阿尔瓦利德的19亿美元、以及外部投资者的71亿美元加起来,总共是215亿美元。马斯克还有50多亿美元的现金缺口。

但是这位推销员工作很努力。最近的一份文件披露,他正在尝试说服推特联合创始人、前首席执行官杰克·多尔西将他的股票贡献出来,得益于马斯克的出价,多尔西的股票目前价值9.25亿美元,较之前大幅上涨。其他一些大股东也遭到了这位大师的推销。

这笔交易的一个关键问题是,聪明的投资者为什么要买入这家日渐衰落、资金紧张的企业的股票?过去四个季度,这家企业的自由现金流为负6.2亿美元。要知道,这笔交易还将在推特的资产负债表上增加130亿美元的新债务,而且是以浮动利率计算,在利率快速上升的当下,相当于一开始就要多付大约6.5亿美元的利息支出。近期股市暴跌,而科技股表现最差,这意味着如果不是因为马斯克出人意料的收购要约,推特的股价将远低于5月9日每股48美元的价格,甚至可能低于马斯克出价前的每股39美元。然而,即使是目前的价格,也远低于54.20美元的出价,说明人们十分怀疑这笔大胆的交易能否落地。

事实上,马斯克的银行和投资者们可能会要求他以更低的价格重新谈判。包括兴登堡研究公司(Hindenberg Research)在内的一群做空者正在推动这一结果。因为如果马斯克退出,推特的股价可能会暴跌,其董事会可能会面临巨大压力,不得不接受一个更便宜的价格。这种可怕的环境可能会促使马斯克的投资者们意识到一个显而易见的事实:即使是在最近的市场崩盘之前,马斯克的出价也太高了,现在看起来尤其不切实际。马斯克下一轮魅力攻势的目标可能是说服推特董事会,用一笔天降横财换取便宜得多的收购交易。这或许是这位能说会道的销售大师迄今为止最艰难的推销。(财富中文网)

译者:Agatha

Elon Musk must be one heck of a salesman.

The Tesla CEO is leading the buyout of Twitter by offering a huge price of $44 billion, or $54.20 a share, almost 40% more than the social media's giant fetched before he appeared, and the stock market started tumbling. Musk made his move just days before Twitter delivered a first-quarter earnings report widely expected to be dreadful—and likely to send its stock still lower—and news proved true to form. Twitter is bleeding cash. Its expenses are far outpacing its revenues, and its user growth constantly undershoots expectations. Yet Musk has somehow persuaded a roster of the world's most prominent investors to join him in paying a superrich price for what looks like a dog. Top example: the wooing of a longstanding Twitter shareholder, Prince Alwaleed bin Talal, the fabled Saudi billionaire.

Musk converts the doubtful prince

It took just three weeks for Musk to convert the prince from staunch foe to firm ally. When Musk unveiled his offer in mid-April, Alwaleed riposted on Twitter, “I don’t believe the proposed offer comes close to the intrinsic value of Twitter. Being one of the largest & long-term shareholders of Twitter, I reject this offer.” But on May 6, Alwaleed linked arms with Musk, tweeting, “It’s great to connect with you my ‘new’ friend, you will be an excellent leader for Twitter to maximize and propel its great potential.” Amazingly, instead of cashing in his almost 35 million shares, representing 4.57% of the total, for a princely take of $1.9 billion, Alwaleed declared that he'll effectively roll all of his winnings into stock at the newly privatized, Musk-controlled Twitter.

Prince Alwaleed is the founder and 95% owner of Kingdom Holding, a Riyadh-based conglomerate that owns big positions in a wide variety of industries and regions. He rose to prominence in 1991 by providing a big private investment that rescued then-ailing Citigroup, still a staple in his portfolio. Alwaleed's empire—he invests both via Kingdom and his own name—encompasses major stakes in Lyft, Snapchat, and Saudi petrochemicals giant Tasnee. He scored a coup early this year by selling a one-quarter interest in hotel operator Four Seasons to Bill Gates’ Cascade group for $2.2 billion, while retaining a large minority share. Among his trophies is the Arab world's biggest record label, Rotana Music. Last year, Warner Music became Alwaleed’s partner by purchasing a 20% interest.

The prince is renowned for seeking friendly investments and dislikes when activists levy such demands as instituting big buybacks against the will of management and shedding businesses the leaders deem crucial to their strategy. A decade ago, he invested $300 million in Twitter when it was still private, and by all reports has proven a patient, quiet shareholder. We don't know how Musk persuaded Alwaleed to flip and embrace his plan. But reviewing the deal's terms, and especially how its LBO-like leverage could magnify returns to equity holders, provides some hints.

Leverage would give Alwaleed a bigger part of Twitter

In public filings, Musk and his bankers promise to provide a total of $46.5 billion to finance the deal. (You can read Fortune’s inside tale of how the deal came together here.) The total comes in three big chunks: $13 billion in term, bridge, and other loans provided by a group of eight banks; $27.25 billion in cash to be furnished from Musk’s personal fortune and raised from fellow investors; and $6.25 billion from a margin loan to Musk secured by $31 billion in Tesla stock. (The original amount of the margin credit was $12.5 billion, but Musk was able to reduce the amount by half through recruiting backers.) The $46.5 billion total is higher than the widely reported purchase price of roughly $44 billion. The difference appears to be extra payment for options and other equity instruments held by management that would swell the final price. This is a leveraged “go private” transaction, in which Musk is piling $13 billion in new debt on Twitter's balance sheet to help finance the deal. The equity portion of the $46.5 billion being raised is hence about $33 billion. That's the $6.5 billion from Musk's margin loan plus the $27-billion-plus in cash from the EV titan and partners. (Although Musk is borrowing the money for the margin loan personally, it’s padding his equity ownership in Twitter.)

Since debt is financing nearly 30% of the buyout, the investors are getting outsize chunks of equity for the dollars they pledge. That benefit might allay Alwaleed's fears that he's now buying in at a price much higher than before Musk made his bid, when he could be grabbing a safe bundle of cash. The prince's $1.9 billion stake at $54.20 a share will buy 5.65% of Twitter. That's almost one-quarter more than his current 4.57% holding. Sure, he's risking his big gain by rolling his stock back into Twitter at Musk's high price. But Musk is reportedly telling potential investors that he'll double or triple Twitter's revenues in the next couple of years, then take his remodeled vehicle public. Alwaleed clearly thinks that Musk will drive Twitter's stock far above the $54.20 that previously looked like a king’s ransom. If that happens, the prince will get an added boost from a piece of the equity that, courtesy of all that leverage, is fatter than his previous slice.

The pied piper lures more prestigious followers

The deal's component still getting filled is that $27.25 billion in cash. It appears certain that if the deal happens, Musk and Alwaleed will be Twitter's two biggest shareholders. Alwaleed will hold nearly 6% of the equity. What about Musk? We can't yet calculate his total portion. But we can get close: The 9.2% bought before he announced his bid will translate into a roughly 11% share when the transaction closes, the bump coming through leverage. His $6.25 billion margin loan will bag another 18.7% of the $33.5 billion in equity. Here's the unknown part. Over two days in early May, Musk sold $8.5 billion in Tesla's shares. It's a good bet those proceeds all go into Twitter shares, adding another 25%. That would bring his total equity position to 55%. He and Alwaleed combined would own around 60% of Twitter.

Musk has also amassed an additional $7.14 billion toward the $27.25 billion cash, non-margin-financed contribution from 20 big investors, including Oracle's Larry Ellison ($1 billion), Silicon Valley's Sequoia and cryptocurrency exchange Binance ($500 million each). Keep in mind that Musk is effectively adding $4 billion toward the $27.25 billion in cash by leaving the "proceeds" from the "sale" of his own 9.2% stake in Twitter. So add together the $4 billion, the $8.5 billion he'll most likely use from his big Tesla dump, Alwaleed's $1.9 billion, and the $7.1 billion from outsiders, and you get $21.5 billion. Musk's still over $5 billion short on the cash end.

But the salesman's hard at work. A recent filing disclosed that he's talking to Twitter cofounder and former CEO Jack Dorsey about contributing his shares, now worth $925 million, up substantially thanks to Musk's offer. Several other big shareholders are also getting the maestro's pitch.

The big question is why any smart investor would buy shares in this fading, money-crunching enterprise that's suffered a negative $620 million in free cash flow over the past four quarters. Keep in mind that the deal will pile a new heap of $13 billion on Twitter's balance sheet at floating rates in a time of fast-rising yields, adding something like $650 million interest expense just to start. The cratering in stocks, with tech doing worst, suggests that Twitter's shares would be selling much lower than their price of $48 on May 9, and probably the $39 pre-Musk quote, were it not for his surprise offer. The current price, however, is far from the $54.20 bid, indicating strong skepticism the daring deal will happen.

In fact, Musk's banks and investors might demand that he renegotiate at a lower price. A flock of short-sellers, including Hindenberg Research, are pushing for that outcome. Since Twitter's shares could collapse if Musk retreats, its board would be under intense pressure to accept a lower number. This horrible environment could prod his investors to recognize the obvious, that Musk's offer was much too rich before the current near market crash, and looks particularly fanciful now. Musk may aim his next charm offensive at persuading the Twitter board to trade a pennies-from-heaven windfall for a much cheaper deal. It may be the slick master’s toughest sale yet.

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