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美国经济似乎比宣传的要疲软,而通胀仍在升温

美国经济似乎比宣传的要疲软,而通胀仍在升温

WILL DANIEL 2024-04-29
美国第一季度实际国内生产总值(GDP)同比仅增长1.6%。

2024年2月,美国总统乔·拜登(Joe Biden)。图片来源:CHIP SOMODEVILLA—GETTY IMAGES

美国经济分析局(Bureau of Economic Analysis)上周四公布的最新数据显示,美国第一季度实际国内生产总值(GDP)同比仅增长1.6%,通胀持续,增速放缓,这让经济学家们大吃一惊。这一增幅远低于经济学家普遍预期的2.5%,也较去年第四季度3.4%的增幅大幅下滑。

与此同时,美联储最青睐的通胀指标——核心个人消费支出(PCE)价格指数(剔除波动性较大的食品和能源价格)——从2023年第四季度的2%飙升至今年第一季度的3.7%,轻松超过了专业预测者调查(Survey of Professional Forecasters)在2月份预测的2.1%。

CIBC Private Wealth U.S.的首席投资官大卫·多纳贝迪安(David Donabedian)通过电子邮件向《财富》杂志表示:“这是两败俱伤的局面——增长低于预期,通胀高于预期。”

多纳贝迪安认为,“最大的挫折”是核心通胀飙升,尤其是在服务业,消费者价格年增长率超过5%。对于美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔(Jerome Powell)和其他央行行长来说,他们一直希望看到通胀消退,这样他们就能采取降息手段来提振经济,而这一新数据意味着未来将面临更艰难的时期。多纳贝迪安说:“我们离所有投资者都放弃降息预期的日子不远了。这迫使鲍威尔主席在下周的联邦公开市场委员会(Federal Open Market Committee,FOMC)会议上保持鹰派基调。”

以维罗妮卡·克拉克(Veronica Clark)为首的花旗银行(Citi)经济学家在周四的一份报告中也表达了同样的观点,她们认为,在周五公布3月份数据时,美联储最青睐的通胀指标可能会升至2.8%,从而迫使美联储官员重申鹰派立场。因此,克拉克和她的团队现在预计,首次降息将在7月,而不是6月。她写道:“但我们仍然认为,市场完全排除今年降息的可能性是错误的。”

随着财政刺激政策的支持力度减弱,商品支出疲软,在美联储决定是降息还是维持高利率不变时,对经济增长的担忧最终将给美联储带来压力。克拉克说:“我们仍然认为,在通胀持续放缓之前,美联储会在今年夏天降息。”

然而,投资者显然把注意力集中在周四公布的第一季度国内生产总值报告中通胀顽固的证据上,对今年夏天降息刺激市场的可能性似乎不大感兴趣了。随着投资者消化第一季度国内生产总值报告,道琼斯工业平均指数在周四午盘前下挫1.5%,标准普尔500指数下跌1.1%,以科技股为主的纳斯达克综合指数暴跌了1.5%。

华尔街许多知名预测人士和经济学家最近对美国经济做出了新预测——经济增长更为强劲、通胀略有上升的“不着陆”情景——安永(EY)首席经济学家格雷戈里·达科(Gregory Daco)认为,第一季度国内生产总值报告也推翻了这一理论。他通过电子邮件告诉《财富》杂志:“这份报告给有关经济重新加速的误导性说法泼了一盆冷水。”

达科说,由于“顽固通胀”、信贷紧缩和劳动力需求疲软,他认为第二季度经济增长将继续降温。他说:“我们强调,如果事实证明通胀比预期更加顽固,那么实际收入增长放缓、美联储‘更长时间维持更高水平利率’立场以及金融环境收紧等因素给经济带来的下行风险可能会非常明显。”

TradeStation全球市场策略主管大卫·拉塞尔(David Russell)甚至认为,美国经济可能正面临上世纪70年代以来从未出现过的噩梦般的经济情景。

他通过电子邮件告诉《财富》杂志:“在国内生产总值不及预期、物价指数意外上涨之后,滞胀的风险越来越大。如果通胀在经济增长如此疲软的情况下没有好转,你不得不怀疑物价走低的趋势是否会继续下去。”摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)首席执行官杰米·戴蒙(Jamie Dimon)支持这一理论,他本周对《华尔街日报》表示,美联储不能忽视滞胀的风险。

对疲软国内生产总值数据的警告

不可否认,第一季度国内生产总值报告令人担忧,但疲软的增长数据也有一些值得注意的地方。首先,国内私人需求(衡量国内购买者的实际最终销售额)在第一季度实际增长了3.1%。威廉博莱公司(William Blair)分析师理查德·德查扎尔(Richard de Chazal)在周四的一份报告中解释道:“3.1%的实际国内私人投资涨幅令人振奋,因为它往往是短期内国内生产总值增长的一个强有力的领先指标。”

今年头几个月,尽管商品支出放缓,但医疗保健、金融、保险和其他服务方面的支出也持续增长,这表明潜在需求仍然强劲。

凯投宏观(Capital Economics)首席北美经济学家保罗·阿什沃思(Paul Ashworth)在周四的一份报告中解释说,美国进口相对于出口的增长也大大降低了第一季度的国内生产总值增速,掩盖了潜在经济增长势头迹象。

他解释说:“出口最终只增长了0.9%,这表明了全球需求疲软带来的影响,而进口却飙升了7.2%。总而言之,净出口拖累国内生产总值增速走低0.9个百分点,库存又拖累国内生产总值增速走低0.4个百分点。”

这些警告意味着,美国经济的潜在力量可能比第一季度国内生产总值增长数据所显示的更为强劲。这对消费者和企业来说是个好兆头,但它也将阻止美联储降低利率——至少“在需求总体尚可,但通胀仍然高得令人不安的情况下,”威廉博莱公司分析师理查德·德查扎尔说。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

美国经济分析局(Bureau of Economic Analysis)上周四公布的最新数据显示,美国第一季度实际国内生产总值(GDP)同比仅增长1.6%,通胀持续,增速放缓,这让经济学家们大吃一惊。这一增幅远低于经济学家普遍预期的2.5%,也较去年第四季度3.4%的增幅大幅下滑。

与此同时,美联储最青睐的通胀指标——核心个人消费支出(PCE)价格指数(剔除波动性较大的食品和能源价格)——从2023年第四季度的2%飙升至今年第一季度的3.7%,轻松超过了专业预测者调查(Survey of Professional Forecasters)在2月份预测的2.1%。

CIBC Private Wealth U.S.的首席投资官大卫·多纳贝迪安(David Donabedian)通过电子邮件向《财富》杂志表示:“这是两败俱伤的局面——增长低于预期,通胀高于预期。”

多纳贝迪安认为,“最大的挫折”是核心通胀飙升,尤其是在服务业,消费者价格年增长率超过5%。对于美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔(Jerome Powell)和其他央行行长来说,他们一直希望看到通胀消退,这样他们就能采取降息手段来提振经济,而这一新数据意味着未来将面临更艰难的时期。多纳贝迪安说:“我们离所有投资者都放弃降息预期的日子不远了。这迫使鲍威尔主席在下周的联邦公开市场委员会(Federal Open Market Committee,FOMC)会议上保持鹰派基调。”

以维罗妮卡·克拉克(Veronica Clark)为首的花旗银行(Citi)经济学家在周四的一份报告中也表达了同样的观点,她们认为,在周五公布3月份数据时,美联储最青睐的通胀指标可能会升至2.8%,从而迫使美联储官员重申鹰派立场。因此,克拉克和她的团队现在预计,首次降息将在7月,而不是6月。她写道:“但我们仍然认为,市场完全排除今年降息的可能性是错误的。”

随着财政刺激政策的支持力度减弱,商品支出疲软,在美联储决定是降息还是维持高利率不变时,对经济增长的担忧最终将给美联储带来压力。克拉克说:“我们仍然认为,在通胀持续放缓之前,美联储会在今年夏天降息。”

然而,投资者显然把注意力集中在周四公布的第一季度国内生产总值报告中通胀顽固的证据上,对今年夏天降息刺激市场的可能性似乎不大感兴趣了。随着投资者消化第一季度国内生产总值报告,道琼斯工业平均指数在周四午盘前下挫1.5%,标准普尔500指数下跌1.1%,以科技股为主的纳斯达克综合指数暴跌了1.5%。

华尔街许多知名预测人士和经济学家最近对美国经济做出了新预测——经济增长更为强劲、通胀略有上升的“不着陆”情景——安永(EY)首席经济学家格雷戈里·达科(Gregory Daco)认为,第一季度国内生产总值报告也推翻了这一理论。他通过电子邮件告诉《财富》杂志:“这份报告给有关经济重新加速的误导性说法泼了一盆冷水。”

达科说,由于“顽固通胀”、信贷紧缩和劳动力需求疲软,他认为第二季度经济增长将继续降温。他说:“我们强调,如果事实证明通胀比预期更加顽固,那么实际收入增长放缓、美联储‘更长时间维持更高水平利率’立场以及金融环境收紧等因素给经济带来的下行风险可能会非常明显。”

TradeStation全球市场策略主管大卫·拉塞尔(David Russell)甚至认为,美国经济可能正面临上世纪70年代以来从未出现过的噩梦般的经济情景。

他通过电子邮件告诉《财富》杂志:“在国内生产总值不及预期、物价指数意外上涨之后,滞胀的风险越来越大。如果通胀在经济增长如此疲软的情况下没有好转,你不得不怀疑物价走低的趋势是否会继续下去。”摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)首席执行官杰米·戴蒙(Jamie Dimon)支持这一理论,他本周对《华尔街日报》表示,美联储不能忽视滞胀的风险。

对疲软国内生产总值数据的警告

不可否认,第一季度国内生产总值报告令人担忧,但疲软的增长数据也有一些值得注意的地方。首先,国内私人需求(衡量国内购买者的实际最终销售额)在第一季度实际增长了3.1%。威廉博莱公司(William Blair)分析师理查德·德查扎尔(Richard de Chazal)在周四的一份报告中解释道:“3.1%的实际国内私人投资涨幅令人振奋,因为它往往是短期内国内生产总值增长的一个强有力的领先指标。”

今年头几个月,尽管商品支出放缓,但医疗保健、金融、保险和其他服务方面的支出也持续增长,这表明潜在需求仍然强劲。

凯投宏观(Capital Economics)首席北美经济学家保罗·阿什沃思(Paul Ashworth)在周四的一份报告中解释说,美国进口相对于出口的增长也大大降低了第一季度的国内生产总值增速,掩盖了潜在经济增长势头迹象。

他解释说:“出口最终只增长了0.9%,这表明了全球需求疲软带来的影响,而进口却飙升了7.2%。总而言之,净出口拖累国内生产总值增速走低0.9个百分点,库存又拖累国内生产总值增速走低0.4个百分点。”

这些警告意味着,美国经济的潜在力量可能比第一季度国内生产总值增长数据所显示的更为强劲。这对消费者和企业来说是个好兆头,但它也将阻止美联储降低利率——至少“在需求总体尚可,但通胀仍然高得令人不安的情况下,”威廉博莱公司分析师理查德·德查扎尔说。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Economists were thrown for a loop on Thursday after new data revealed evidence of persistent inflation and a growth downshift in the U.S. Real gross domestic product (GDP) rose just 1.6% from a year ago in the first quarter, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reported Thursday. That was well below economists’ consensus forecast for 2.5% growth, and a sizable drop from the 3.4% growth seen in the fourth quarter of last year.

Meanwhile, the Federal Reserve’s favorite inflation gauge—the core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index, which excludes more volatile food and energy prices—surged from 2% in the fourth quarter of 2023 to 3.7% in the first three months of this year, easily surpassing the 2.1% inflation the Survey of Professional Forecasters predicted in February.

“This was a worst of both worlds report—slower than expected growth, higher than expected inflation,” David Donabedian, chief investment officer of CIBC Private Wealth U.S., told Fortune via email.

Donabedian argued that the “biggest setback” was the spike in core inflation, particularly in the services sector, where consumer price increases are running above a 5% annual rate. For Fed Chair Jerome Powell and his fellow central bankers, who have been hoping to see inflation fade so they can cut interest rates and boost the economy, this new data means more trying times ahead. “We are not far from all rate cuts being backed out of investor expectations,” Donabedian said. “It forces Chair Powell into a hawkish tone for next week’s FOMC [Federal Open Market Committee] meeting.”

Citi economists, led by Veronica Clark, echoed that sentiment in a Thursday note, arguing that the Fed’s favorite inflation gauge will likely rise to 2.8% when March’s data is revealed on Friday, forcing central bank officials into a more hawkish position. As a result, Clark and her team are now expecting the first interest rate cut in July, instead of June. “But we still think markets are mistaken in pricing out cuts entirely this year,” she wrote.

With fading support from fiscal stimulus and weaker spending on goods, economic growth concerns will end up weighing on the Fed as it decides whether to cut interest rates or keep them elevated. “We still think Fed cuts are coming this summer, before inflation has sustainably slowed,” Clark said.

Investors were clearly focused on the evidence of stubborn inflation in the first quarter GDP report on Thursday, however, and seemed less enthusiastic about the chances of market-juicing rate cuts coming this summer. The Dow Jones industrial average sank 1.5% by midday Thursday as investors digested the first quarter GDP report, while the S&P 500 dropped 1.1%, and the tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite plummeted 1.5%.

After many leading Wall Street forecasters and economists recently adopted a new outlook for the U.S. economy—a “no landing” scenario with more robust economic growth and slightly higher inflation—EY chief economist Gregory Daco argued the first quarter GDP report destroyed that theory as well. “This report pours cold water on the misleading narratives of a reaccelerating economy,” he told Fortune via email.

Daco said he believes economic growth will continue to cool in the second quarter as a result of “stubborn inflation,” tight credit conditions, and weaker labor demand. “And we stress that if inflation proves to be stickier than anticipated, the downside risk to the economy from reduced real income growth, a ‘higher for longer’ Fed stance, and tightening financial conditions could be notable,” he said.

David Russell, global head of market strategy at TradeStation, even argued that the U.S. economy could be facing a nightmare economic scenario that hasn’t happened since the 1970s.

“Stagflation is a growing risk after GDP missed and the price index surprised to the upside,” he told Fortune via email. “If inflation isn’t getting better with such weak growth, you have to wonder if the trend toward lower prices will continue.” That theory was backed up by JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon, who told the Wall Street Journal this week that stagflation is a risk the Fed can’t ignore.

A caveat to the weak GDP data

While the first quarter GDP report was undeniably concerning, there were some caveats to the weak growth statistics. First, private domestic demand, a measure of real final sales to domestic purchases, actually rose 3.1% in the first quarter. “The 3.1% growth in real private domestic investment is encouraging, as it tends to be a strong leading indicator for future near-term GDP growth,” William Blair analyst Richard de Chazal explained in a Thursday note.

Spending on health care, financial, insurance, and other services also continued to rise in the first few months of this year, even though goods spending slowed, showing measures of underlying demand remain robust.

Capital Economics chief North America economist Paul Ashworth explained in a Thursday note that the U.S.’s rising imports compared with exports substantially reduced GDP growth in the first quarter as well, hiding signs of underlying economic momentum.

“Exports ended up increasing by only 0.9%, illustrating the impact of weak global demand, while imports surged by 7.2%,” he explained. “Altogether, net exports subtracted nearly 0.9% points from GDP growth, with inventories generating an additional drag of nearly 0.4% points.”

These caveats mean there was likely more underlying strength in the economy than was shown in the first quarter GDP growth figures. That’s a good sign for consumers and businesses, but it will also keep the Fed from lowering interest rates—at least “for the time being with demand as generally okay but inflation still uncomfortably high,” William Blair’s de Chazal said.

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