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给父母养老或成千禧一代最大经济负担,美国人对此毫无准备

给父母养老或成千禧一代最大经济负担,美国人对此毫无准备

SARITA A. MOHANTY 2024-01-03
2002年,65岁以上的成年人平均每年花费4.8万美元(经通胀调整后得出)。如今,65岁以上的成年人的平均花费水平为5.8万美元。

图片来源:TERRY VINE - GETTY IMAGES

大多数千禧一代和X世代对他们的父母到了退休年龄后会发生什么几乎一无所知。这将成为一个越来越现实的问题,尤其是对于那些父母属于中等收入阶层的人来说。

在SCAN Foundation的资助下,芝加哥大学全国民意研究中心(NORC)分析的数据显示,美国四分之三的中等收入老年人如果在未来十年内不出售房屋,将无法支付辅助生活服务费用。

婴儿潮一代——人口数量庞大的一代人——正在步入老年。芝加哥大学全国民意研究中心发现,到2033年,中等收入的老年人将达到1600万。正如芝加哥大学全国民意研究中心在研究综述所解释的那样:“许多人将难以支付他们所需的医疗、个人护理和住房服务费用。……即使拥有房屋净值,也有近40%的人负担不起辅助生活费用。”

重新考虑风险

随着时间的推移,这些费用对美国老年人来说变得越来越沉重。根据美国劳工统计局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)的数据,2002年,65岁以上的成年人平均每年花费4.8万美元(经通胀调整后得出)。如今,65岁以上的成年人的平均花费水平为5.8万美元,增幅超过20%。目前,辅助生活机构的平均租金和医疗费用为每年6.5万美元。

正如哈佛大学的一份报告所指出的那样,“2021年,年收入在1.5万美元到3万美元之间的老年人家庭,除支付住房费用外,每月可用于支付其他费用的中位数为1000美元。”那些收入较低的家庭的平均收入不足以支付住房费用,更不必提及满足其他基本需求了。”

种族差异只会加剧这种状况,有色人种随着年龄的增长会遇到更多的经济困难。

大多数人都希望自己的父母能住在自己家里。他们的父母也希望如此:根据Today’s Homeowner的一项调查,89%的55岁以上美国人希望居家养老。

同时,半数以上的美国人认为他们无法按时舒适地退休。年轻一代对自己最终需要攒够多少退休资金并不确定,而他们在赡养父母方面也准备不足。

情况必须做出改变。如果你是三明治一代——X世代和较年长的千禧一代——希望分担照护退休父母的责任,那么你首先应该结合自己的情况来考虑父母的退休计划。

大多数理财建议都建议人们计算自己退休后所需的资金,然后围绕这一数字规划储蓄。这是很好的建议,但很可能只适用于他们自己及其受抚养人。相反,照护者应该重新计算这一数字,并与父母进行讨论。

不幸的是,许多中等收入的老年人实际上可能会从减少储蓄中受益,这样他们就有资格获得医疗补助,从而能够在辅助生活和医疗保健方面获得政府的支持。

除了了解医疗保险不会支付所有费用外,照护者还应该清楚地了解自己的支出情况。

为了避免被每月高昂的开支打个措手不及,照护者可以通过为父母的退休生活建立应急基金来降低风险。这类基金可以根据个人的风险承受能力采用不同的结构。有些人可能会选择只为父母的生活费用预留资金,而另一些人可能希望为更严重的情况准备应急资金。

进行艰难的对话

弄清楚这一切意味着要与父母进行艰难的对话。大家尽快达成共识至关重要。

对许多父母来说,考虑接受子女的帮助是一件令人尴尬的事。其他人可能会因为给子女增加负担而感到内疚。但是,当亲人生病或生活不能自理时,那些不愿讨论这些问题的家庭可能会遇到始料不及的灾难性意外。当这种情况发生时,大家最不想考虑的就是金钱问题。

如果有帮助的话,可以将这些讨论归结为共同财务规划会议。这让每个人都觉得自己扮演着至关重要的角色。我曾与我的父母进行过这样的谈话,当我带着好奇和开放的态度与他们接触时,谈话总是进行得非常顺利。

这些谈话进行得并不顺畅,但它们在很大程度上让我对我们共同的财务健康状况感到放心。

支持政策变革

在宏观层面上解决这一问题意味着要加大努力支持为照护者提供帮助的政策。

特别是,两党在2021年提出的《照护者信贷法案 》(Credit for Caring Act)将标志着在减轻照护者负担方面迈出了重要一步。该法案为超过2000美元的符合条件的照护费用提供30%的税收抵免,最高抵免额为5000美元。该法案得到了美国退休人员协会(AARP)、阿尔茨海默病协会(Alzheimer's Association)、联合劝募会(United Way)和沃尔格林(Walgreens)等组织的广泛支持。

此外,越来越多的州正在颁布针对私营雇主的强制性带薪家事假法律。截至2023年9月,有8个州要求私营雇主遵守照护假期政策相关规定,另有5个州将在2026年之前实施这些政策。

给政治代表写信、在市政厅发言以及向媒体谈论照护者的困境,也有助于影响政策制定者对为照护者提供支持的看法。

在没有强制休假政策的州,一些人也在其工作场所推动照护假期政策。虽然雇主是自愿提供这些假期的,但越多的州颁布带薪休假政策,这种想法就越正常化。

要应对老年人的负担能力危机,就需要采取类似的小措施,并在社会最有影响力的机构中进行大刀阔斧的变革。通过不懈努力,我们可以帮助确保父母拥有他们所需的一切,能够体面地安享晚年。(财富中文网)

萨里塔·A·莫汉蒂(Sarita A. Mohanty)是SCAN Foundation的总裁兼首席执行官,该基金会致力于解决影响老年人财务安全的系统性因素问题。

Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。

译者:中慧言-王芳

大多数千禧一代和X世代对他们的父母到了退休年龄后会发生什么几乎一无所知。这将成为一个越来越现实的问题,尤其是对于那些父母属于中等收入阶层的人来说。

在SCAN Foundation的资助下,芝加哥大学全国民意研究中心(NORC)分析的数据显示,美国四分之三的中等收入老年人如果在未来十年内不出售房屋,将无法支付辅助生活服务费用。

婴儿潮一代——人口数量庞大的一代人——正在步入老年。芝加哥大学全国民意研究中心发现,到2033年,中等收入的老年人将达到1600万。正如芝加哥大学全国民意研究中心在研究综述所解释的那样:“许多人将难以支付他们所需的医疗、个人护理和住房服务费用。……即使拥有房屋净值,也有近40%的人负担不起辅助生活费用。”

重新考虑风险

随着时间的推移,这些费用对美国老年人来说变得越来越沉重。根据美国劳工统计局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)的数据,2002年,65岁以上的成年人平均每年花费4.8万美元(经通胀调整后得出)。如今,65岁以上的成年人的平均花费水平为5.8万美元,增幅超过20%。目前,辅助生活机构的平均租金和医疗费用为每年6.5万美元。

正如哈佛大学的一份报告所指出的那样,“2021年,年收入在1.5万美元到3万美元之间的老年人家庭,除支付住房费用外,每月可用于支付其他费用的中位数为1000美元。”那些收入较低的家庭的平均收入不足以支付住房费用,更不必提及满足其他基本需求了。”

种族差异只会加剧这种状况,有色人种随着年龄的增长会遇到更多的经济困难。

大多数人都希望自己的父母能住在自己家里。他们的父母也希望如此:根据Today’s Homeowner的一项调查,89%的55岁以上美国人希望居家养老。

同时,半数以上的美国人认为他们无法按时舒适地退休。年轻一代对自己最终需要攒够多少退休资金并不确定,而他们在赡养父母方面也准备不足。

情况必须做出改变。如果你是三明治一代——X世代和较年长的千禧一代——希望分担照护退休父母的责任,那么你首先应该结合自己的情况来考虑父母的退休计划。

大多数理财建议都建议人们计算自己退休后所需的资金,然后围绕这一数字规划储蓄。这是很好的建议,但很可能只适用于他们自己及其受抚养人。相反,照护者应该重新计算这一数字,并与父母进行讨论。

不幸的是,许多中等收入的老年人实际上可能会从减少储蓄中受益,这样他们就有资格获得医疗补助,从而能够在辅助生活和医疗保健方面获得政府的支持。

除了了解医疗保险不会支付所有费用外,照护者还应该清楚地了解自己的支出情况。

为了避免被每月高昂的开支打个措手不及,照护者可以通过为父母的退休生活建立应急基金来降低风险。这类基金可以根据个人的风险承受能力采用不同的结构。有些人可能会选择只为父母的生活费用预留资金,而另一些人可能希望为更严重的情况准备应急资金。

进行艰难的对话

弄清楚这一切意味着要与父母进行艰难的对话。大家尽快达成共识至关重要。

对许多父母来说,考虑接受子女的帮助是一件令人尴尬的事。其他人可能会因为给子女增加负担而感到内疚。但是,当亲人生病或生活不能自理时,那些不愿讨论这些问题的家庭可能会遇到始料不及的灾难性意外。当这种情况发生时,大家最不想考虑的就是金钱问题。

如果有帮助的话,可以将这些讨论归结为共同财务规划会议。这让每个人都觉得自己扮演着至关重要的角色。我曾与我的父母进行过这样的谈话,当我带着好奇和开放的态度与他们接触时,谈话总是进行得非常顺利。

这些谈话进行得并不顺畅,但它们在很大程度上让我对我们共同的财务健康状况感到放心。

支持政策变革

在宏观层面上解决这一问题意味着要加大努力支持为照护者提供帮助的政策。

特别是,两党在2021年提出的《照护者信贷法案 》(Credit for Caring Act)将标志着在减轻照护者负担方面迈出了重要一步。该法案为超过2000美元的符合条件的照护费用提供30%的税收抵免,最高抵免额为5000美元。该法案得到了美国退休人员协会(AARP)、阿尔茨海默病协会(Alzheimer's Association)、联合劝募会(United Way)和沃尔格林(Walgreens)等组织的广泛支持。

此外,越来越多的州正在颁布针对私营雇主的强制性带薪家事假法律。截至2023年9月,有8个州要求私营雇主遵守照护假期政策相关规定,另有5个州将在2026年之前实施这些政策。

给政治代表写信、在市政厅发言以及向媒体谈论照护者的困境,也有助于影响政策制定者对为照护者提供支持的看法。

在没有强制休假政策的州,一些人也在其工作场所推动照护假期政策。虽然雇主是自愿提供这些假期的,但越多的州颁布带薪休假政策,这种想法就越正常化。

要应对老年人的负担能力危机,就需要采取类似的小措施,并在社会最有影响力的机构中进行大刀阔斧的变革。通过不懈努力,我们可以帮助确保父母拥有他们所需的一切,能够体面地安享晚年。(财富中文网)

萨里塔·A·莫汉蒂(Sarita A. Mohanty)是SCAN Foundation的总裁兼首席执行官,该基金会致力于解决影响老年人财务安全的系统性因素问题。

Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。

译者:中慧言-王芳

Most millennials and Gen Xers have little idea of what’s going to happen when their parents hit retirement age. That’s about to become an increasingly real problem, particularly for those with parents in the middle-income stratum.

A retirement affordability crisis is escalating in the U.S. Three out of four middle-income older Americans won’t have enough to pay for assisted living services without selling their homes within a decade, according to data analyzed by NORC at the University of Chicago, supported by a grant from The SCAN Foundation.

Baby boomers–a massive generation–are moving into older adulthood. NORC found that there will be 16 million middle-income older adults by 2033. As NORC’s research summary explains: “Many will struggle to pay for the health, personal care, and housing services they need. … Even with home equity, nearly 40% will not be able to afford assisted living.”

Rethinking risk

These expenses have become more onerous for older Americans over time. In 2002, adults over 65 spent $48,000 (adjusted for inflation) a year on average, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Today, the average is $58,000, a more than 20% increase. The average rent and medical costs for those in assisted living currently stand at $65,000 a year.

As noted in a Harvard University report, “In 2021, older households with annual incomes between $15,000 and $30,000 had a median of $1,000 per month available to cover other expenses after paying for housing. Those earning less had incomes that, on average, were insufficient to meet their housing costs, to say nothing of other basic needs.”

Racial disparities are only compounding this situation, with people of color experiencing more financial hardship as they age.

Most people want to see their parents stay in their own homes. The same goes for their parents: 89% of Americans over 55 want to age in place, according to a survey by Today’s Homeowner.

Meanwhile, more than half of all Americans feel they’re not on pace to retire comfortably. With younger generations unsure about funding their eventual retirement, they are woefully unprepared to also support their parents.

Something has to give. If you’re in the sandwich generation–Gen X and older millennials–and want to share in the responsibility for their parents’ retirement, you should begin by thinking of your parents’ retirement plans in the context of your own.

Most financial advice suggests people calculate what they’ll need in retirement, and then plan their savings around that number. That’s good counsel, but it’s likely they’re only applying it to themselves and their dependents. Instead, caregivers should recalculate that number and discuss it with their parents.

Tragically, many middle-income older adults might actually benefit from spending down their savings so they qualify for Medicaid, which would enable them to receive government support for assisted living and healthcare.

In addition to understanding that Medicare will not pay for everything, caregivers should have a strong grasp on what their costs will be.

To avoid being caught off-guard by towering monthly expenses, caregivers can derisk by establishing a rainy day fund for their parents’ retirement. Such a fund can be structured differently depending on one’s risk tolerance. Some might choose to only set aside money for their parents’ living costs, while others might want to have emergency funds available for more serious situations.

Having tough conversations

Figuring this all out means having hard conversations with parents. It’s critical that everyone’s on the same page as soon as possible.

For many parents, it’s embarrassing to consider receiving help from their children. Others may feel guilty about burdening them. But families that prefer to brush these discussions under the rug could be in for unexpected and catastrophic surprises when a loved one falls ill or becomes unable to take care of themselves. When this happens, the last thing anyone wants to think about is money.

If it helps, they can be framed more as joint financial planning sessions. That makes everyone feel that they’re playing a vital role. I’ve had such conversations with my parents, and they always went best when I approached them with an inquisitive and open attitude.

These conversations weren’t easy, but they went a long way toward reassuring me about our joint financial health going forward.

Supporting policy changes

Solving this problem on a macro level means working to support policies that aid caregivers.

In particular, the bipartisan Credit for Caring Act, introduced in 2021, would mark a significant step in alleviating the burden on caregivers. The bill provides a tax credit of 30% for qualified caregiving expenses over $2,000, with a maximum credit of $5,000. And it has widespread support from organizations such as the AARP, Alzheimer’s Association, United Way, and Walgreens.

In addition, more states are enacting mandatory paid family leave laws for private employers. As of September 2023, eight states required caregiver leave, and five more are set to implement these policies by 2026.

Writing letters to political representatives, speaking up at town halls, and talking to the media about caregiver struggles can also help influence policymakers’ views on caregiver support.

Some people are also pushing for caregiver leave policies at their workplaces in states without mandatory leave policies. Though employers offer these voluntarily, the more paid leave policies are enacted, the more the idea becomes normalized.

Confronting the affordability crisis for older adults will require a combination of small steps like these and courageous changes among society’s most influential institutions. With dedicated effort, we can help ensure our parents have what they need to age gracefully.

Sarita A. Mohanty is president and CEO of The SCAN Foundation, an organization committed to addressing systemic factors that influence an older individual’s financial security.

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

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