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坐拥创纪录现金的风投,2024会怎么投?

坐拥创纪录现金的风投,2024会怎么投?

REBECCA LYNN 2023-12-30
一位明星风投创始人关注这六大趋势。

Canvas Ventures联合创始人丽贝卡·林恩(Rebecca Lynn)表示,这是十多年来¬¬——自上次经济衰退以来——风险投资最激动人心的时刻。图片来源:COURTESY OF CANVAS VENTURES

风险投资是周期性的,因此每隔7到10年就会出现“风投已死”的头条新闻。这一次,隔了15年,再一次出现这样的头条新闻。

我开始职业生涯时,正好赶上了上一次经济衰退。在全球金融危机期间,雷曼兄弟公司破产的那一周,我们募集完成了一只4亿美元的基金。结果证明,该基金取得了巨大成功,投资的公司包括面向医疗专业人士的领先数字平台Doximity(股票代码:DOCS)、借贷俱乐部(Lending Club,股票代码:LC)和软件服务商Check公司(已被财捷集团(Intuit)收购)。当时,iPhone的出现,以及围墙花园(注:封闭的平台或生态系统)的消亡,成为强大的助推器,为新公司和现有企业创造了机会。如今,生成式人工智能成为新的助推器。

我认为,这是十多年来——自上次经济衰退以来——风险投资最激动人心的时刻。一方面,外部环境复杂严峻。利率上升、经济不确定性和全球不稳定性等宏观环境因素使得投资者暂停投资。初创企业获得的资金同比下降了48%,因此,企业必须在资源稀缺的情况下更加精挑细选。与2009年的情况类似,风险投资公司拥有创纪录的现金可供投资,但他们并没有将其投入到新交易中。2023年,近一半的A轮和B轮融资由内部人士领投,以保护2021年以来的过高估值。由于后期市场仍处于冻结状态,我们将看到这一趋势持续下去。

另一方面,脱颖而出的公司都是在这样的环境中成长起来的:创始人必须就把时间和金钱花在哪里做出艰难而深思熟虑的决定。对于那些能够获得资金的公司来说,人才和广告费用方面的竞争已经有所缓和。生成式人工智能正在催生新公司,并推动现有公司实现发展。

有鉴于后见之明,以下是我对未来一年将出现的六大趋势做出的预测。

1. 随着新人工智能公司和用例严重超过人工智能算力,人工智能气球将破裂

很少有技术创新能像人工智能那样见证生态系统的快速发展。ChatGPT在2022年11月才被广泛使用。然而,到2023年,每4美元的初创企业投资中,就有1美元投向了人工智能。许多人工智能模型的开源,以及从这些模型中开发新用例相对容易,意味着我们将继续看到人工智能初创公司的爆炸式增长。诚然,我们所看到的人工智能创新意义重大,且卓尔不群!但是我们也需要从现实情况出发来看待这一问题:难以将算力规模和降本提升到足以满足需求的地步。拥有现有客户群和独有数据的现有企业可能会成为主要受益者。

大多数人工智能初创公司甚至无法获得扩展其应用程序所需的算力,更不必提及在竞争激烈的市场中负担得起算力费用了。即使是大型科技公司也在努力寻找有利可图的用例,但至少它们拥有支持长期实验和开发的现金引擎。谷歌(Google)、亚马逊(Amazon)和微软(Microsoft)正在向OpenAI和Anthropic的基础模型投入最大一笔资金,以换取FAANG平台上的云计算合同支出。一些人开始将此称为“云计算洗钱”,但所有参与方都予以否认。对于那些规模较小的初创公司来说,这一切都构成了不公平的优势,并为其获得价值不菲的算力资源带来了更大的压力。

注:FAANG是美国市场上五大最受欢迎和表现最佳的科技股的首字母缩写,即社交网络巨头Facebook(NASDAQ:FB)、苹果(NASDAQ:AAPL)、在线零售巨头亚马逊(NASDAQ:AMZN)、流媒体视频服务巨头奈飞(Netflix,NASDAQ:NFLX)和谷歌母公司Alphabet(NASDAQ:GOOG,NASDAQ:GOOGL)

2. 哈佛大学和斯坦福大学的精英文凭将被“减记”

作为家庭中的第一代大学生,我在密苏里州长大,并在那里上学,我一直觉得自己与这个国家中部地区的人们有着深厚的感情。我也曾在欧洲生活过,但与美国不同的是,在欧洲,职业学校是四年制大学学位的热门替代选择。这些职业课程为毕业生的职业生涯和更高的生活水平铺路,而在美国,大学毕业生往往发现自己背负债务,找不到工作。在美国,职业教育应该成为强有力的、可行的选择,我们不应该再强迫每个人都去上大学。相反,我们应该确保为学生提供培训和教育,让他们掌握技能,过上富有成效的生活。

我对非传统教育的偏重也得到了数据支撑。四年制大学的入学人数全面下降,而建筑等职业课程的入学人数却出现了两位数的增长。不过,随着职业学徒的增多,这不仅仅是白领和蓝领之间区分的问题。学徒制的形式多种多样,但往往包括小额工资和现场学习,人们通常会在社区大学学习作为补充,有时也由公司支付这笔费用。《华尔街日报》报道称,专业服务咨询公司怡安集团(Aon)去年的90个职业学徒项目名额吸引了1100名申请者。今年,则是1500人申请100个项目名额,这使得该项目“与康奈尔大学(Cornell University)和达特茅斯学院(Dartmouth College)一样对申请者严加筛选”。

替代教育途径的兴起既提供了经济上的独立(通常可避免终身贷款),也提供了雇主所需的硬技能。据美联社今年早些时候报道,美国国家学生信息交换所(National Student Clearinghouse)的数据显示,从2021年春季到2022年春季,机械和维修职业计划的入学人数增长了11.5%。

这和风险投资有什么关系?如果这类趋势持续到2024年——我希望如此——我相信我们将看到一个更加健康的经济生态系统:1)为更多的人提供新创业途径,这些人天生擅长提供那些对普罗大众来说最重要的产品和服务;2)为实现新创新输送所需的高技能劳动力。他们做出的贡献有可能获取价值,并比我们过去所看到的更平均地分配价值,从而提振美国中产阶级(这正是他们亟需实现的)。

3. 旧金山:衰落但未被淘汰

2023年,关于科技和文化中心旧金山消亡的哀歌不绝于耳,但它会像往常一样再次反弹,而且会在越来越多的重返办公室运动的推动下实现反弹。

无论是从投资资金份额、实际办公空间还是首次公开募股来看,旧金山一直是人们对科技的普遍态度的风向标。尽管自疫情爆发以来,这座城市的发展轨迹坎坷不平,但2024年,旧金山将重新成为吸引建筑商的磁石。人工智能的繁荣只是其中一个例子,它将展示聪明绝顶的人在近距离内相互竞争、相互学习所带来的积极影响。OpenAI刚刚从优步(Uber)转租了使命湾(Mission Bay)48.7万平方英尺(约合4.5万平方米)的优质办公空间。Anthropic 计划在SoMa区租用25万平方英尺(约合2.3万平方米)的办公空间,Slack之前就在这里办公。

建筑商和他们周围的整个创业生态系统产生了能量、对话,然后新建了更多建筑。虽然疫情结束后,人们普遍期望封城后迅速“重返办公室办公”,但这种期望尚未全面实现。但很快就要实现了。员工将无法在居家办公时浑水摸鱼。(即使是我所投资的那些热衷于倡导分布式工作的公司也发现,他们的员工希望定期聚在一起,而新建这些办公地点是一项昂贵、耗时的工作。为什么不一直聚在一起工作呢?!)分布式工作的时代已经一去不复返了,因为人们还牢记将聪明绝顶、雄心勃勃的人聚在一起的乐趣和好处,这样可以更快地将产品推向市场、减少繁文缛节、缩短协调时间,并最终解决重大问题。

很少有地方能像旧金山那样迅速实现复苏。在未来的一年时间里,随着新一批初创企业以优惠的价格转租利用率不高的空间(以前大型公司占用着这部分空间,如今这些公司实现了精简),我们将看到更多这样的情况。

4. 脚踏实地实现盈利比成为独角兽更精彩

在过去的几年里,初创公司一直以独角兽地位为荣。现在我们看到,过高的估值实际上可能是一大问题。在公开上市或退出之前,私人估值是任意的,初创公司利用(过高的)估值承担高额债务可能会有风险。

在过去的几个月里,我们已经看到数家大公司倒闭了,原因是它们在贷款人要求偿还债务时面临流动性问题。数字货运经纪公司Convoy从估值36亿美元到因达到债务上限而突然破产。同样,WeWork在10月份透露,它手头的现金不足以支付利息。我认为这只是冰山一角,因为还有更多的账单将在2024年到期。债务仍在流动,但考虑到利率高企、条款更严苛,它不再是免费的。

显而易见的是,即使没有发现保持低估值的好处,精明的初创企业也会审时度势,在新一轮融资对话中不再强调估值,而且会在进行下一轮融资时保持适当的预期。归根结底,我对回归透明、可比的基本面(即在公司准备进行B轮融资时实现盈利性增长的路径),并将其作为投资决策的关键驱动因素持乐观态度。我期待与那些更关心销售额而非地位的创始人建立联系。

5. 风险投资将迎来整合(一如既往)

自由现金不仅导致出现太多估值过高的初创企业。在过去的几年里,许多投资管理公司成立,或者大肆招聘员工,以部署这些涌入的资金。根据美国国家风险投资协会(National Venture Capital Association)的数据,2007年有987家风险投资公司;到2021年,这一数字是原数字的近三倍,达到2889家。

新兴投资管理公司,即那些只推出了不到四只基金的投资管理公司(根据皮特齐布克公司(PitchBook)的数据),可能会首当其冲,预计将迎来过去7年来最糟糕的募资周期。到今年第三季度末,美国新兴投资管理公司仅筹集到23亿美元,这是自2016年以来,该数字首次降至200亿美元以下(2021年,这一群体募集到的资金高达570亿美元)。

在通常的旧金山/纽约市中心之外,新兴投资管理公司数量庞大,在风投生态系统中扮演着重要角色,是推动投资资金流向实现多元化的独特力量。

此外,在过去十年中,许多大型公司只有一两个合伙人为其有限合伙人创造了实际回报。有鉴于此,我希望看到公司合并。也就是说,那些能带来回报的公司合伙人将联合起来成立新实体。我们过去已经看到过这种情况,包括基准电子公司(Benchmark)、红点创投(Redpoint)和三一圣物科技(Trinity)等公司的成立。我们还将看到传统公司收购最出色的新兴投资管理公司,这将增加未来生态系统的多样性。

6. 女性高管已经学会了如何向前一步,而且她们比以往任何时候都更具领导力

新一代年轻女性高管已经登上了领导宝座,未来几年,我们将在《财富》世界100强中看到越来越多这样的女性高管。女性比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates)、史蒂夫·乔布斯(Steve Jobs)或埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)的时代已经到来。最让我兴奋的是,如今成功的女企业家并不局限于消费品和约会应用程序领域。我们看到,在边缘技术、企业软件即服务、金融科技、健康科技、治疗等领域,都有女性领导的著名公司,无论是上市公司是私营公司。我想到了格温·肖特韦尔(Gwynne Shotwell,SpaceX)、梅拉妮·珀金斯(Melanie Perkins,可画(Canva))、茱莉亚·哈茨(Julia Hartz,Eventbrite)、珍妮弗·杜德纳(Jennifer Doudna,Crispr)、阿迪·塔塔尔科(Adi Tatarko,Houzz)、克里斯蒂娜·卡乔波(Christina Cacioppo,Vanta)、克里斯蒂娜·胡恩奎拉(Cristina Junqueira,Nubank)、达芙妮·科勒(Daphne Koller,Coursera)等等。在当今创意科技创业者做出艰难而深思熟虑的决定变得尤为重要的时刻,我认为我们将看到更多的女性直面挑战。你可以说我有偏见,但我认为这是一件好事。(财富中文网)

Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。

译者:中慧言-王芳

风险投资是周期性的,因此每隔7到10年就会出现“风投已死”的头条新闻。这一次,隔了15年,再一次出现这样的头条新闻。

我开始职业生涯时,正好赶上了上一次经济衰退。在全球金融危机期间,雷曼兄弟公司破产的那一周,我们募集完成了一只4亿美元的基金。结果证明,该基金取得了巨大成功,投资的公司包括面向医疗专业人士的领先数字平台Doximity(股票代码:DOCS)、借贷俱乐部(Lending Club,股票代码:LC)和软件服务商Check公司(已被财捷集团(Intuit)收购)。当时,iPhone的出现,以及围墙花园(注:封闭的平台或生态系统)的消亡,成为强大的助推器,为新公司和现有企业创造了机会。如今,生成式人工智能成为新的助推器。

我认为,这是十多年来——自上次经济衰退以来——风险投资最激动人心的时刻。一方面,外部环境复杂严峻。利率上升、经济不确定性和全球不稳定性等宏观环境因素使得投资者暂停投资。初创企业获得的资金同比下降了48%,因此,企业必须在资源稀缺的情况下更加精挑细选。与2009年的情况类似,风险投资公司拥有创纪录的现金可供投资,但他们并没有将其投入到新交易中。2023年,近一半的A轮和B轮融资由内部人士领投,以保护2021年以来的过高估值。由于后期市场仍处于冻结状态,我们将看到这一趋势持续下去。

另一方面,脱颖而出的公司都是在这样的环境中成长起来的:创始人必须就把时间和金钱花在哪里做出艰难而深思熟虑的决定。对于那些能够获得资金的公司来说,人才和广告费用方面的竞争已经有所缓和。生成式人工智能正在催生新公司,并推动现有公司实现发展。

有鉴于后见之明,以下是我对未来一年将出现的六大趋势做出的预测。

1. 随着新人工智能公司和用例严重超过人工智能算力,人工智能气球将破裂

很少有技术创新能像人工智能那样见证生态系统的快速发展。ChatGPT在2022年11月才被广泛使用。然而,到2023年,每4美元的初创企业投资中,就有1美元投向了人工智能。许多人工智能模型的开源,以及从这些模型中开发新用例相对容易,意味着我们将继续看到人工智能初创公司的爆炸式增长。诚然,我们所看到的人工智能创新意义重大,且卓尔不群!但是我们也需要从现实情况出发来看待这一问题:难以将算力规模和降本提升到足以满足需求的地步。拥有现有客户群和独有数据的现有企业可能会成为主要受益者。

大多数人工智能初创公司甚至无法获得扩展其应用程序所需的算力,更不必提及在竞争激烈的市场中负担得起算力费用了。即使是大型科技公司也在努力寻找有利可图的用例,但至少它们拥有支持长期实验和开发的现金引擎。谷歌(Google)、亚马逊(Amazon)和微软(Microsoft)正在向OpenAI和Anthropic的基础模型投入最大一笔资金,以换取FAANG平台上的云计算合同支出。一些人开始将此称为“云计算洗钱”,但所有参与方都予以否认。对于那些规模较小的初创公司来说,这一切都构成了不公平的优势,并为其获得价值不菲的算力资源带来了更大的压力。

注:FAANG是美国市场上五大最受欢迎和表现最佳的科技股的首字母缩写,即社交网络巨头Facebook(NASDAQ:FB)、苹果(NASDAQ:AAPL)、在线零售巨头亚马逊(NASDAQ:AMZN)、流媒体视频服务巨头奈飞(Netflix,NASDAQ:NFLX)和谷歌母公司Alphabet(NASDAQ:GOOG,NASDAQ:GOOGL)

2. 哈佛大学和斯坦福大学的精英文凭将被“减记”

作为家庭中的第一代大学生,我在密苏里州长大,并在那里上学,我一直觉得自己与这个国家中部地区的人们有着深厚的感情。我也曾在欧洲生活过,但与美国不同的是,在欧洲,职业学校是四年制大学学位的热门替代选择。这些职业课程为毕业生的职业生涯和更高的生活水平铺路,而在美国,大学毕业生往往发现自己背负债务,找不到工作。在美国,职业教育应该成为强有力的、可行的选择,我们不应该再强迫每个人都去上大学。相反,我们应该确保为学生提供培训和教育,让他们掌握技能,过上富有成效的生活。

我对非传统教育的偏重也得到了数据支撑。四年制大学的入学人数全面下降,而建筑等职业课程的入学人数却出现了两位数的增长。不过,随着职业学徒的增多,这不仅仅是白领和蓝领之间区分的问题。学徒制的形式多种多样,但往往包括小额工资和现场学习,人们通常会在社区大学学习作为补充,有时也由公司支付这笔费用。《华尔街日报》报道称,专业服务咨询公司怡安集团(Aon)去年的90个职业学徒项目名额吸引了1100名申请者。今年,则是1500人申请100个项目名额,这使得该项目“与康奈尔大学(Cornell University)和达特茅斯学院(Dartmouth College)一样对申请者严加筛选”。

替代教育途径的兴起既提供了经济上的独立(通常可避免终身贷款),也提供了雇主所需的硬技能。据美联社今年早些时候报道,美国国家学生信息交换所(National Student Clearinghouse)的数据显示,从2021年春季到2022年春季,机械和维修职业计划的入学人数增长了11.5%。

这和风险投资有什么关系?如果这类趋势持续到2024年——我希望如此——我相信我们将看到一个更加健康的经济生态系统:1)为更多的人提供新创业途径,这些人天生擅长提供那些对普罗大众来说最重要的产品和服务;2)为实现新创新输送所需的高技能劳动力。他们做出的贡献有可能获取价值,并比我们过去所看到的更平均地分配价值,从而提振美国中产阶级(这正是他们亟需实现的)。

3. 旧金山:衰落但未被淘汰

2023年,关于科技和文化中心旧金山消亡的哀歌不绝于耳,但它会像往常一样再次反弹,而且会在越来越多的重返办公室运动的推动下实现反弹。

无论是从投资资金份额、实际办公空间还是首次公开募股来看,旧金山一直是人们对科技的普遍态度的风向标。尽管自疫情爆发以来,这座城市的发展轨迹坎坷不平,但2024年,旧金山将重新成为吸引建筑商的磁石。人工智能的繁荣只是其中一个例子,它将展示聪明绝顶的人在近距离内相互竞争、相互学习所带来的积极影响。OpenAI刚刚从优步(Uber)转租了使命湾(Mission Bay)48.7万平方英尺(约合4.5万平方米)的优质办公空间。Anthropic 计划在SoMa区租用25万平方英尺(约合2.3万平方米)的办公空间,Slack之前就在这里办公。

建筑商和他们周围的整个创业生态系统产生了能量、对话,然后新建了更多建筑。虽然疫情结束后,人们普遍期望封城后迅速“重返办公室办公”,但这种期望尚未全面实现。但很快就要实现了。员工将无法在居家办公时浑水摸鱼。(即使是我所投资的那些热衷于倡导分布式工作的公司也发现,他们的员工希望定期聚在一起,而新建这些办公地点是一项昂贵、耗时的工作。为什么不一直聚在一起工作呢?!)分布式工作的时代已经一去不复返了,因为人们还牢记将聪明绝顶、雄心勃勃的人聚在一起的乐趣和好处,这样可以更快地将产品推向市场、减少繁文缛节、缩短协调时间,并最终解决重大问题。

很少有地方能像旧金山那样迅速实现复苏。在未来的一年时间里,随着新一批初创企业以优惠的价格转租利用率不高的空间(以前大型公司占用着这部分空间,如今这些公司实现了精简),我们将看到更多这样的情况。

4. 脚踏实地实现盈利比成为独角兽更精彩

在过去的几年里,初创公司一直以独角兽地位为荣。现在我们看到,过高的估值实际上可能是一大问题。在公开上市或退出之前,私人估值是任意的,初创公司利用(过高的)估值承担高额债务可能会有风险。

在过去的几个月里,我们已经看到数家大公司倒闭了,原因是它们在贷款人要求偿还债务时面临流动性问题。数字货运经纪公司Convoy从估值36亿美元到因达到债务上限而突然破产。同样,WeWork在10月份透露,它手头的现金不足以支付利息。我认为这只是冰山一角,因为还有更多的账单将在2024年到期。债务仍在流动,但考虑到利率高企、条款更严苛,它不再是免费的。

显而易见的是,即使没有发现保持低估值的好处,精明的初创企业也会审时度势,在新一轮融资对话中不再强调估值,而且会在进行下一轮融资时保持适当的预期。归根结底,我对回归透明、可比的基本面(即在公司准备进行B轮融资时实现盈利性增长的路径),并将其作为投资决策的关键驱动因素持乐观态度。我期待与那些更关心销售额而非地位的创始人建立联系。

5. 风险投资将迎来整合(一如既往)

自由现金不仅导致出现太多估值过高的初创企业。在过去的几年里,许多投资管理公司成立,或者大肆招聘员工,以部署这些涌入的资金。根据美国国家风险投资协会(National Venture Capital Association)的数据,2007年有987家风险投资公司;到2021年,这一数字是原数字的近三倍,达到2889家。

新兴投资管理公司,即那些只推出了不到四只基金的投资管理公司(根据皮特齐布克公司(PitchBook)的数据),可能会首当其冲,预计将迎来过去7年来最糟糕的募资周期。到今年第三季度末,美国新兴投资管理公司仅筹集到23亿美元,这是自2016年以来,该数字首次降至200亿美元以下(2021年,这一群体募集到的资金高达570亿美元)。

在通常的旧金山/纽约市中心之外,新兴投资管理公司数量庞大,在风投生态系统中扮演着重要角色,是推动投资资金流向实现多元化的独特力量。

此外,在过去十年中,许多大型公司只有一两个合伙人为其有限合伙人创造了实际回报。有鉴于此,我希望看到公司合并。也就是说,那些能带来回报的公司合伙人将联合起来成立新实体。我们过去已经看到过这种情况,包括基准电子公司(Benchmark)、红点创投(Redpoint)和三一圣物科技(Trinity)等公司的成立。我们还将看到传统公司收购最出色的新兴投资管理公司,这将增加未来生态系统的多样性。

6. 女性高管已经学会了如何向前一步,而且她们比以往任何时候都更具领导力

新一代年轻女性高管已经登上了领导宝座,未来几年,我们将在《财富》世界100强中看到越来越多这样的女性高管。女性比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates)、史蒂夫·乔布斯(Steve Jobs)或埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)的时代已经到来。最让我兴奋的是,如今成功的女企业家并不局限于消费品和约会应用程序领域。我们看到,在边缘技术、企业软件即服务、金融科技、健康科技、治疗等领域,都有女性领导的著名公司,无论是上市公司是私营公司。我想到了格温·肖特韦尔(Gwynne Shotwell,SpaceX)、梅拉妮·珀金斯(Melanie Perkins,可画(Canva))、茱莉亚·哈茨(Julia Hartz,Eventbrite)、珍妮弗·杜德纳(Jennifer Doudna,Crispr)、阿迪·塔塔尔科(Adi Tatarko,Houzz)、克里斯蒂娜·卡乔波(Christina Cacioppo,Vanta)、克里斯蒂娜·胡恩奎拉(Cristina Junqueira,Nubank)、达芙妮·科勒(Daphne Koller,Coursera)等等。在当今创意科技创业者做出艰难而深思熟虑的决定变得尤为重要的时刻,我认为我们将看到更多的女性直面挑战。你可以说我有偏见,但我认为这是一件好事。(财富中文网)

Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。

译者:中慧言-王芳

Venture is cyclical—and so the headlines read, “Venture Capital Is Dead” every seven to 10 years. This time, it just took 15.

I kicked off my career precisely as we hit the last downturn. We closed a $400 million fund the week Lehman crashed during the global financial crisis. That fund turned out to be a monster success with portfolio companies including Doximity (DOCS), Lending Club (LC), and Check (acquired by Intuit). At that time, it was the iPhone, and the demise of the walled garden, as a powerful accelerant, creating opportunities for new companies and incumbents. Now it’s generative AI.

I believe this is the most exciting time to be investing in venture capital in over a decade—since the last downturn. On one hand, it’s not easy out there. The macro environment of rising rates, economic uncertainty, and global instability is causing investors to pause. Funding for startups dropped 48% year over year, and as a result, companies must become more selective with their scarce resources. Similar to 2009, venture capital firms have record amounts of cash to invest, but they are not deploying it into new deals. Nearly half of the A and B rounds in 2023 were led by insiders protecting the overheated valuations from 2021. We will see this trend continue as the later stage market remains frozen.

On the other hand, the best companies are grown in an environment where founders have to make tough, thoughtful decisions about where to spend their time and money. For companies that can secure funding, the competition for talent and ad dollars has eased up. Generative AI is spawning new companies and advancing existing ones.

With all the benefit of hindsight, here are six trends I predict we’ll see in the coming year.

1. The air will come out of the AI balloon, as new AI companies and use cases severely outpace AI computing capacity

Few tech innovations have seen ecosystems grow as quickly as AI. ChatGPT was only made widely accessible in November 2022. Yet one out of every $4 invested in startups in 2023 went to AI. The open-sourcing of many AI models, and relative ease of developing new use cases from these models means we’ll continue to see an explosion of AI startups. It’s true that the AI innovation we’re seeing is meaningful and cool! But let’s also be realistic: Compute capacity and costs will not easily scale to meet the demand. And incumbents with existing customer bases and unique data will likely be the major benefactors.

Most AI startups can’t even get access to the computing power necessary to scale their applications, to say nothing of affording it in a competitive marketplace. Even Big Tech is struggling to find profitable use cases, but at least they have the cash engines to support long-term experimentation and development. Google, Amazon, and Microsoft are writing some of the largest checks into the foundational models from OpenAI and Anthropic—in exchange for contracted cloud spending on those FAANG platforms. Some have started referring to this as “cloud money-laundering,” which all involved deny. For smaller startups out there, this just all adds up to an unfair advantage, and puts heavier pressure on getting access to that ever-so-valuable compute.

2. Elite credentials from the Harvards and Stanfords of the world will get a ‘write-down’

Growing up as a first-generation college student and attending school in Missouri, I’ve always felt a deep connection to the people that make up the geographic middle of the country. I’ve also lived in Europe, where, unlike in the U.S., vocational trade schools are popular alternatives to a four-year college degree. These vocational programs provide graduates with a professional career and standard of living, whereas college graduates in the U.S. often find themselves saddled with debt and unemployable. Vocational programs should be a strong and viable alternative in the U.S., and we should stop pushing everyone to go to college. We should instead ensure that we provide training and education for students to acquire skills and earn a productive living.

The data is starting to bear out my bias toward nontraditional education. Four-year college enrollment is down across the board while vocational programs for trades like construction are seeing double-digit increases in enrollment. This isn’t just about white collar versus blue collar, though, as professional apprenticeships grow, too. Apprenticeships can take a variety of forms but tend to include a mix of a small wage and learning on-site, and people often supplement this with classes at a community college, which are sometimes also paid for by the company. The Wall Street Journal reported that Aon, a professional services consulting firm, drew 1,100 applicants for 90 spots in its professional apprenticeship program last year. This year, it was 1,500 for 100 positions, making the program “as selective as Cornell University and Dartmouth College.”

This rise in alternative education paths offers both financial independence (often bypassing crippling lifelong loans) and hard skills that employers are looking for. As reported by the AP earlier this year, mechanic and repair trade programs saw an enrollment increase of 11.5% from spring 2021 to 2022, per data from the National Student Clearinghouse.

What does this have to do with venture investing? If these trends continue into 2024—and I hope they do—I believe we’ll see a healthier economic ecosystem that 1) offers new paths to entrepreneurship for more people that are naturally attuned to those products and services that matter most to average people; and 2) provides the highly skilled labor required to execute against new innovations. Their contributions have the potential to unlock value and distribute it more evenly than we’ve seen in the past, driving a much-needed boost for the American middle class.

3. San Francisco: Down but not out

There was no shortage of obituaries for San Francisco as a technological and cultural hub in 2023, but it will bounce back again, like it always does—and it will be advanced by an increasing movement to get back into the office.

The city of San Francisco has always been a bellwether for general attitudes toward tech, whether looking at share of investment dollars, physical office space, or IPOs. Despite the city’s rocky trajectory since the pandemic, 2024 will see San Francisco’s resurgence as a magnet for builders. The AI boom, as just one example, will showcase the positive effects of smart people competing against and learning from one another in close proximity. OpenAI just moved into 487,000 square feet of prime office space in Mission Bay, subleasing from Uber. Anthropic plans to take over 250,000 square feet in SoMa, where Slack previously resided.

Builders and the overall startup ecosystem around them generate energy, conversation, and more building. While the collective expectation coming out of COVID was for a quick “return to office” post-lockdown, it has not occurred in full force—yet. But it’s just about here. Employees will lose their ability to slide under the radar working from home. (Even the companies I have invested in that have passionately advocated for distributed work are finding that their people want to come together regularly, and setting up these on-sites is an expensive, time-consuming exercise. Why not just work together all the time?!) The days of distributed work are numbered as people remember the joy and benefits of bringing together smart, ambitious people in person to bring products to market faster, cut red tape, improve coordination time, and ultimately, solve big problems.

There are few places where that process can rebound as quickly as San Francisco. We will see much more of this in the coming year as a new class of startups sublease some of San Francisco’s underutilized space—formerly occupied by newly slimmed down bigger corporates—at favorable cost.

4. A realistic path to profitability is cooler than unicorn status

Over the past several years, startups have wielded unicorn status as a point of pride. Now we’re seeing that inflated valuations can actually be a problem. Private valuations are arbitrary until a public listing or exit, and startups using their (inflated) valuations to take on pricey debt can be risky.

We’ve seen several big companies go down in the past few months, as they face liquidity issues when their lenders call in the debt. Convoy, a digital freight broker, went from a $3.6 billion valuation to shutting down on a dime as a debt line was called. Similarly, WeWork revealed in October it didn’t have enough cash on hand to make its interest payments. I think this is just the tip of the iceberg, as more bills come due in 2024. Debt is still flowing, but it is no longer free, given higher interest rates and tougher terms.

Savvy startups will read the room and de-emphasize valuations during new funding round conversations, if not discover benefits to keeping them low, with notably rightsized expectations when it comes to raising the next round. At the end of the day, I’m optimistic about a return to transparent, comparable fundamentals (namely, a path to profitable growth by the time a company is ready to raise a Series B) as a key driver of investment decisions. And I look forward to connecting with founders who care more about sales than status.

5. Venture capital will see consolidation (as it has before)

Free cash hasn’t just led to too many overvalued startups. Many investment managers were formed—or hired extensively—over the past few years to deploy this influx of capital. In 2007, there were 987 VC firms; by 2021, there were nearly three times that number at 2,889, according to the National Venture Capital Association.

Emerging managers, or those who have launched fewer than four funds (per PitchBook), will likely take the brunt of the impact and are anticipating their worst fundraising cycles in the past seven years. By the end of the third quarter of this year, emerging U.S. managers secured only $2.3 billion, the first time since 2016 that number has dropped below $20 billion (in 2021, this same group raised a whopping $57 billion).

Emerging managers play an important role in the VC ecosystem, making up a disproportionate number of firms outside the usual SF/NYC epicenters. They can be uniquely suited to drive diversity around where and to whom investment dollars flow.

Further, many large firms have only one or two partners who have generated real returns for their limited partners in the past decade. With that in mind, I expect to see consolidation of firms. That is, the partners at firms who have generated returns will combine to form new entities. We’ve seen this in the past with the formation of firms including Benchmark, Redpoint, and Trinity. We will also see legacy firms scoop up the best emerging managers, and this will add to the diversity of the ecosystem going forward.

6. Women executives have learned how to lean in, and more than ever before, they’re leading

There’s a new generation of younger women executives sitting at the head of the table, and we’ll see more and more of this in the coming years in the Fortune 100. The time is right for a female Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, or Elon Musk. What most excites me is that today’s cast of successful women entrepreneurs is not limited to consumer products and dating apps. We’re seeing breakout companies, public and private, being led by women across edge tech, enterprise SaaS, fintech, health tech, therapeutics, and much more. I’m thinking of Gwynne Shotwell (SpaceX), Melanie Perkins (Canva), Julia Hartz (Eventbrite), Jennifer Doudna (Crispr), Adi Tatarko (Houzz), Christina Cacioppo (Vanta), Cristina Junqueira (Nubank), Daphne Koller (Coursera), just to name a few. At a time when it’s all the more important for today’s creative tech entrepreneurs to make tough, thoughtful decisions, I think we’ll see even more women rising to the occasion. Call me biased, but I think this is a very good thing.

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

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