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研究发现,新冠仍是更严重的威胁,但流感也不容忽视

研究发现,新冠仍是更严重的威胁,但流感也不容忽视

CAROLYN BARBER 2023-12-18
一项最新研究发现,新冠感染者在首次感染几个月后,出现了更糟糕的健康后果。

摄影:DAN KITWOOD —— 盖蒂图片社

几乎从新冠病毒肆虐全球开始,研究人员和流行病学家们就警告,新冠病毒与已知病毒尤其是季节性流感病毒的行为方式截然不同。新冠病毒不仅比流感病毒有更强的传染力,它还可能引发静脉和动脉血栓,造成嗅觉和/或味觉丧失,甚至导致罕见的儿童多系统炎症综合征。

人们对待这条信息的严肃程度,取决于地理位置,而且通常会受到政治因素的影响。但一项最新研究表明,这些警告被证明是可怕的预言。

这项研究对因新冠和因季节性流感住院的患者进行了为期18个月的随访和对比分析。研究发现,新冠患者的死亡率、医疗保健利用率和大多数器官系统出现负面健康后果的比例,远高于流感患者。研究结果发表于12月14日的医学期刊《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)传染病部分。

“一种多系统疾病”

临床流行病学中心(Clinical Epidemiology Center)主任、圣路易斯退伍军人事务中心医疗保健系统(Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System)研究与发展服务主管以及本篇论文的高级作者齐亚德·阿尔阿里表示:“无论是德尔塔之前的病毒还是德尔塔病毒或者奥密克戎病毒流行期间,无论患者是否接种了疫苗,这种情况都非常明显。新冠病毒依旧是对人类健康比流感更严重的威胁。”

在这篇论文发表时,美国与新冠有关的住院人数激增,有15个州表示呼吸道疾病发病率水平较高或极高,其中包括新冠、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒和其他呼吸道疾病。虽然住院人数远低于奥密克戎最高峰时期的水平,但随着气温下降,人们更多地留在室内和人群密集的环境,预计住院人数会持续增多。

阿尔阿里的研究对比分析了94种预先指定的健康结果。研究发现,在18个月跟进期内,新冠病毒与其中64种或近70%的健康结果的“风险显著增加”有关。新冠增加的风险包括心脏骤停、中风、慢性肾病和认知障碍,以及精神健康与疲劳等。后两种风险通常与长新冠有关。

相比之下,季节性流感只会导致其中六种状况的风险增加。此外,新冠会导致研究中的几乎所有器官系统的风险增加,而流感主要会导致肺部的健康风险增加。阿里阿尔表示,这些研究结果表明,“新冠是一种多系统疾病,而流感更多的是一种呼吸道疾病”。

“一个可怕的敌人”

研究人员表示,虽然新冠带来了更大风险,但对流感依旧不能掉以轻心。事实上,该项研究的一个明确结果是,长新冠是比急性新冠更严重的健康问题,同样,长流感带来的威胁远高于急性流感阶段。

阿尔阿里表示:“五年前,我不会想到研究‘长流感’的可能性。但我们从新冠疫情中得到的一个重要教训是,最初被认为只会导致短期疾病的感染,也可能引发慢性疾病。将疾病概念化成一种急性疾病,掩盖了后期发生的健康损失带来的更沉重的负担。这启发我们研究新冠和流感的长期后果。”

他们的研究结果是:新冠在短期和长期内带来的风险,远高于流感。但阿尔阿里表示,流感依旧是“一个可怕的敌人。进入今年冬季,新冠和流感病例持续增多,人们务必要接种两种疫苗,符合条件的还应该接种呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗,而且要采取预防措施以降低风险。”

美国疾病预防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)表示,美国近80%的成年人已经接种了基础新冠疫苗,但只有17%接种了加强针。此外,据疾控中心估计,截至11月25日,约40%的成年人接种了季节性流感疫苗。

约15%的美国成年人出现了长新冠症状,但在俄克拉荷马州,这个比例高达34%。阿尔阿里团队今年早些时候在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine)发表的一篇论文称,长新冠对身体的影响可能持续两年甚至更长时间,而且即使初始症状不需要住院治疗的患者,其生活质量也会因为长新冠受到影响。

“轻视新冠感染是在冒险”

显然,长新冠依旧是一个迫在眉睫的威胁。此外,研究表明每一次连续感染新冠,都是在赌博。一个健康的、接种了疫苗的年轻人,在首次感染新冠时可能只有轻度症状,但在下一次感染的时候却可能莫名其妙地出现长新冠症状。长新冠可能包括记忆力丧失、新患糖尿病、中风等症状,而且我们没有任何经过验证的治疗方法,因此最佳策略是避免感染。

阿尔阿里的研究使用美国退伍军人事务部的数据,分析了2020年3月至2022年6月期间入院治疗的80,000名新冠患者,以及2015年10月至2019年2月期间入院治疗的近11,000名流感患者。研究称,除了预先指定的健康结果、器官系统、重新住院和入住重症监护室等因素以外,他们还选择了对受试者长达18个月的跟进随访,“以比较评估死亡风险和负担”。

在分析中,研究人员将健康结果分成了10个器官系统,分别是:心血管、凝血和血液学、疲劳、肠胃、肾脏、精神健康、新陈代谢、肌肉骨骼、神经和肺。研究发现,新冠病毒导致其中9个系统的风险增加,而流感仅导致肺部系统的风险增加。

在所有研究周期(30天、180天、360天和540天)内,新冠患者入住重症监护室的风险更高,重新住院的风险同样更高。研究人员表示,两种病毒的绝对死亡率、负面健康结果和医疗保健使用率都较高,但尽管新冠病毒从德尔塔之前的病毒到德尔塔再到奥密克戎,经历了多次进化,“新冠的风险依旧远高于季节性流感”。

研究作者指出了研究存在的两个关键局限性。首先,弗吉尼亚州参与研究的人员以老年白人男性为主,这可能限制了研究结果的普遍适用性。而且由于研究人员仅评估了因新冠或流感住院的患者,因此研究结果并不能外推,将未住院的患者包含在内。

另外一种病毒株JN.1已被发现。这种病毒株相比其他病毒株的成长优势表明,它可能更容易传播,或者更有可能逃避人体的免疫系统。每一次感染或多或少都存在长新冠风险。 “轻视新冠感染是在冒险。客观证据是显而易见的,无论是首次感染还是再次感染,新冠都是人类健康面临的严重威胁。”(财富中文网)

本文作者医学博士卡罗琳·巴伯在国际上发表过科学和医学论文,她是一位25岁的急诊医生。她著有《失控的药物:你不知道的事情可能会害死你》(Runaway Medicine: What You Don’t Know May Kill You)一书,并参与创建了加州的无家可归者就业计划“改变之轮”(Wheels of Change)。

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

几乎从新冠病毒肆虐全球开始,研究人员和流行病学家们就警告,新冠病毒与已知病毒尤其是季节性流感病毒的行为方式截然不同。新冠病毒不仅比流感病毒有更强的传染力,它还可能引发静脉和动脉血栓,造成嗅觉和/或味觉丧失,甚至导致罕见的儿童多系统炎症综合征。

人们对待这条信息的严肃程度,取决于地理位置,而且通常会受到政治因素的影响。但一项最新研究表明,这些警告被证明是可怕的预言。

这项研究对因新冠和因季节性流感住院的患者进行了为期18个月的随访和对比分析。研究发现,新冠患者的死亡率、医疗保健利用率和大多数器官系统出现负面健康后果的比例,远高于流感患者。研究结果发表于12月14日的医学期刊《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)传染病部分。

“一种多系统疾病”

临床流行病学中心(Clinical Epidemiology Center)主任、圣路易斯退伍军人事务中心医疗保健系统(Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System)研究与发展服务主管以及本篇论文的高级作者齐亚德·阿尔阿里表示:“无论是德尔塔之前的病毒还是德尔塔病毒或者奥密克戎病毒流行期间,无论患者是否接种了疫苗,这种情况都非常明显。新冠病毒依旧是对人类健康比流感更严重的威胁。”

在这篇论文发表时,美国与新冠有关的住院人数激增,有15个州表示呼吸道疾病发病率水平较高或极高,其中包括新冠、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒和其他呼吸道疾病。虽然住院人数远低于奥密克戎最高峰时期的水平,但随着气温下降,人们更多地留在室内和人群密集的环境,预计住院人数会持续增多。

阿尔阿里的研究对比分析了94种预先指定的健康结果。研究发现,在18个月跟进期内,新冠病毒与其中64种或近70%的健康结果的“风险显著增加”有关。新冠增加的风险包括心脏骤停、中风、慢性肾病和认知障碍,以及精神健康与疲劳等。后两种风险通常与长新冠有关。

相比之下,季节性流感只会导致其中六种状况的风险增加。此外,新冠会导致研究中的几乎所有器官系统的风险增加,而流感主要会导致肺部的健康风险增加。阿里阿尔表示,这些研究结果表明,“新冠是一种多系统疾病,而流感更多的是一种呼吸道疾病”。

“一个可怕的敌人”

研究人员表示,虽然新冠带来了更大风险,但对流感依旧不能掉以轻心。事实上,该项研究的一个明确结果是,长新冠是比急性新冠更严重的健康问题,同样,长流感带来的威胁远高于急性流感阶段。

阿尔阿里表示:“五年前,我不会想到研究‘长流感’的可能性。但我们从新冠疫情中得到的一个重要教训是,最初被认为只会导致短期疾病的感染,也可能引发慢性疾病。将疾病概念化成一种急性疾病,掩盖了后期发生的健康损失带来的更沉重的负担。这启发我们研究新冠和流感的长期后果。”

他们的研究结果是:新冠在短期和长期内带来的风险,远高于流感。但阿尔阿里表示,流感依旧是“一个可怕的敌人。进入今年冬季,新冠和流感病例持续增多,人们务必要接种两种疫苗,符合条件的还应该接种呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗,而且要采取预防措施以降低风险。”

美国疾病预防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)表示,美国近80%的成年人已经接种了基础新冠疫苗,但只有17%接种了加强针。此外,据疾控中心估计,截至11月25日,约40%的成年人接种了季节性流感疫苗。

约15%的美国成年人出现了长新冠症状,但在俄克拉荷马州,这个比例高达34%。阿尔阿里团队今年早些时候在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine)发表的一篇论文称,长新冠对身体的影响可能持续两年甚至更长时间,而且即使初始症状不需要住院治疗的患者,其生活质量也会因为长新冠受到影响。

“轻视新冠感染是在冒险”

显然,长新冠依旧是一个迫在眉睫的威胁。此外,研究表明每一次连续感染新冠,都是在赌博。一个健康的、接种了疫苗的年轻人,在首次感染新冠时可能只有轻度症状,但在下一次感染的时候却可能莫名其妙地出现长新冠症状。长新冠可能包括记忆力丧失、新患糖尿病、中风等症状,而且我们没有任何经过验证的治疗方法,因此最佳策略是避免感染。

阿尔阿里的研究使用美国退伍军人事务部的数据,分析了2020年3月至2022年6月期间入院治疗的80,000名新冠患者,以及2015年10月至2019年2月期间入院治疗的近11,000名流感患者。研究称,除了预先指定的健康结果、器官系统、重新住院和入住重症监护室等因素以外,他们还选择了对受试者长达18个月的跟进随访,“以比较评估死亡风险和负担”。

在分析中,研究人员将健康结果分成了10个器官系统,分别是:心血管、凝血和血液学、疲劳、肠胃、肾脏、精神健康、新陈代谢、肌肉骨骼、神经和肺。研究发现,新冠病毒导致其中9个系统的风险增加,而流感仅导致肺部系统的风险增加。

在所有研究周期(30天、180天、360天和540天)内,新冠患者入住重症监护室的风险更高,重新住院的风险同样更高。研究人员表示,两种病毒的绝对死亡率、负面健康结果和医疗保健使用率都较高,但尽管新冠病毒从德尔塔之前的病毒到德尔塔再到奥密克戎,经历了多次进化,“新冠的风险依旧远高于季节性流感”。

研究作者指出了研究存在的两个关键局限性。首先,弗吉尼亚州参与研究的人员以老年白人男性为主,这可能限制了研究结果的普遍适用性。而且由于研究人员仅评估了因新冠或流感住院的患者,因此研究结果并不能外推,将未住院的患者包含在内。

另外一种病毒株JN.1已被发现。这种病毒株相比其他病毒株的成长优势表明,它可能更容易传播,或者更有可能逃避人体的免疫系统。每一次感染或多或少都存在长新冠风险。 “轻视新冠感染是在冒险。客观证据是显而易见的,无论是首次感染还是再次感染,新冠都是人类健康面临的严重威胁。”(财富中文网)

本文作者医学博士卡罗琳·巴伯在国际上发表过科学和医学论文,她是一位25岁的急诊医生。她著有《失控的药物:你不知道的事情可能会害死你》(Runaway Medicine: What You Don’t Know May Kill You)一书,并参与创建了加州的无家可归者就业计划“改变之轮”(Wheels of Change)。

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Almost from the start of SARS-CoV-2’s rampage around the globe, researchers and epidemiologists warned that it appeared to behave differently than known viruses, particularly seasonal flu. That included not only COVID-19’s general contagiousness compared to flu viruses, but also its ability to cause clotting problems in the veins and arteries, result in loss of smell and/or taste, and even lead to a rare multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

That message was taken more or less seriously, depending on geography and, often, politics. But as a new study makes clear, the warnings have proved darkly prophetic.

The study, a comparative analysis with 18 months of follow-up of hospital admissions for those with COVID-19 and those with seasonal flu, found that COVID-19 patients experienced significantly higher rates of death, healthcare utilization, and adverse health outcomes in most organ systems than did patients with the flu. Its results were published on Dec. 14 in the infectious diseases section of the medical journal The Lancet.

‘A multi-systemic disease’

“This was evident in pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron (strains), and evident in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals,” says Ziyad Al-Aly, the director of the Clinical Epidemiology Center, chief of research and development service at the Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, and senior author of the study. “COVID remains a much more serious threat to human health than the flu.”

The study arrives as the U.S. is seeing a significant uptick in COVID-related hospitalizations and with 15 states reporting high or very high levels of respiratory illness, which takes in COVID-19, the flu, RSV, and other respiratory diseases. The hospitalization numbers are well below those posted during Omicron’s peak, but with colder weather moving more people indoors and into crowded settings, they may reasonably be expected to continue rising.

Al-Aly’s study undertook a comparative analysis of 94 pre-specified health outcomes and found that over 18 months of follow-up, COVID was associated with a “significantly increased risk” for 64 of them, or nearly 70%. The disease’s enhanced risk list includes everything from cardiac arrest, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and cognitive impairment to mental health and fatigue, two characteristics often associated with long COVID.

By comparison, the seasonal flu was associated with increased risk in only six of the 94 conditions specified. Further, while COVID increased the risks for almost all the organ systems studied, the flu heightened risk primarily for the pulmonary(lung) system. Those findings, Al-Aly says, suggest that “COVID is really a multi-systemic disease, and flu is more a respiratory virus.”

‘A formidable foe’

Though COVID poses a greater risk, the seasonal flu should continue to be taken seriously, the researcher says. In fact, one clear finding of the study is that, much in the same way that long COVID is much more of a health problem than acute COVID, long flu poses more danger than does its acute phase.

“Five years ago, it wouldn’t have occurred to me to examine the possibility of a ‘long flu,’” Al-Aly says. “But a major lesson we learned from SARS-CoV-2 is that an infection which was initially thought to only cause brief illness can also lead to chronic disease. Conceptualizing the illness as an acute event obscures the much larger burden of health loss that occurs later. This revelation motivated us to look at long-term outcomes of COVID-19 versus flu.”

The result: COVID-19 poses a much higher risk, both in the short run and long term, than flu. But the flu remains “a formidable foe,” Al-Aly says. “Going into this winter season where cases of COVID and flu are rising, people should make sure they are vaccinated for both, and for RSV if they qualify, and take precautions to lower their risk.”

According to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), nearly 80% of adult Americans have completed their primary series of COVID-19 vaccines, but only 17% have received a booster. Meanwhile, nearly four in 10 adults had received a seasonal flu shot as of Nov. 25, the CDC estimated.

Roughly 15% of all U.S. adults have experienced long COVID symptoms, though figures range as high as the reported 34% in Oklahoma. According to a paper published earlier this year by Al-Aly’s team in Nature Medicine, the physical fallout from long COVID may last two years or longer–and it can take a toll on the quality of life even for those whose initial cases didn’t require hospital care.

‘We trivialize COVID infections at our peril’

Clearly, long COVID remains a looming threat. Moreover, research shows that with each successive COVID-19 infection, we roll the dice. One can be young, healthy, and vaccinated, having experienced only mild symptoms during initial infections–then, almost inexplicably, develop long COVID on the next infection. Considering that long COVID can include conditions like memory loss, new diabetes, stroke, etc, and we have no proven treatments, the best strategy is to avoid it altogether.

Al-Aly’s study mined the databases of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to analyze data for more than 80,000 COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals between March 2020 and June 2022, and for nearly 11,000 flu patients between October 2015 and February 2019. Up to 18 months of follow-up for participants was chosen “to comparatively evaluate risks and burdens of death” in addition to the pre-specified health outcomes, organ systems, hospital readmission, and admission to intensive care, the study says.

As part of their analysis, the researchers composited the health outcomes into 10 organ systems: cardiovascular, coagulation and hematological, fatigue, gastrointestinal, kidney, mental health, metabolic, musculoskeletal, neurological, and pulmonary. COVID-19 showed increased risk in nine of the 10, with the flu showing increased risk only in the pulmonary system.

The COVID group also had a higher risk of admission to intensive care in all of the time periods studied (30, 180, 360, and 540 days) versus the flu group, as well as a higher risk of readmission to the hospital. And absolute rates of death, adverse health outcomes, and healthcare utilization, while high for both viruses, were “significantly higher for COVID-19 compared to seasonal influenza,” despite changes in SARS-CoV-2 over time from pre-Delta to Delta to Omicron, the researchers said.

The study’s authors noted two key limitations. First, the V.A. study population is predominantly older white males, which may limit the generalizability of the study’s findings. And as the researchers assessed only people who were hospitalized with COVID or flu, the results should not be extrapolated to include non-hospitalized individuals.

Another strain of the virus, JN.1, has been detected. The growth advantage it appears to have over other variants suggests that it is either more transmissible or more capable of evading our immune systems. And the specter of long COVID hangs over each infection, to some degree or other. “We trivialize COVID infections at our peril,” says Al-Aly. “The objective evidence is clear, whether it is a first infection or reinfection, COVID is still a serious threat to human health.”

Carolyn Barber, M.D., is an internationally published science and medical writer and a 25-year emergency physician. She is the author of the book Runaway Medicine: What You Don’t Know May Kill You, and the co-founder of the California-based homeless work program Wheels of Change.

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