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2024年经济和股市预测:回报率将低于平均水平

2024年经济和股市预测:回报率将低于平均水平

Shawn Tully 2023-11-21
Research Associates的顶级分析师认为,市场和经济将面临难题。

图片来源:Getty Images

美国正处在从富足的十年转向漫长而痛苦的紧缩时期的风口浪尖上。

这是Research Affiliates的首席投资官吉姆·马斯图尔佐的观点。该公司为太平洋投资管理公司(Pimco)和嘉信理财(Charles Schwab)等管理公司设计价值超过1,300亿美元的共同基金和交易所交易基金(ETF)的投资策略。由资本市场传奇人物罗布·阿诺特成立的Research Affiliates创立了首批采用“基本面指数”的基金,这种方法通过销售额、账面价值和股息等特征(反映其在经济中的重要性)来衡量股票的权重。因此,RAFI基本基金避免了市值加权工具的弊端,即追逐最昂贵的股票,并过度集中地持有最昂贵的股票。对笔者来说,Research Affiliates提供了基于学术研究的高见,既能够指出经济走向,又可以指出投资者应该如何更好地布局,以便从即将到来的趋势中获利。

在过去十年中,超低的利率和巨额的政府支出带来了富足。一切都结束了。

马斯图尔佐指出,在金融大危机(Great Financial Crisis)之后的几年里,有两种不同寻常的做法让美国人变得更加富有。第一个是美联储(Federal Reserve)制定的超低利率制度。实施宽松的货币政策最初是为了刺激经济,使其免受2008年至2009年经济飓风的影响。然后,在短暂的正常化之后,美联储再次降息以抵消美国前总统唐纳德·特朗普加征关税造成的影响(拖累经济增长),并在新冠疫情期间大举降息。从2010年年初到2022年年初,联邦基金利率仅在两年半的时间里徘徊在1%以上,并有10年时间接近于零。

其次,在2012年至2019年期间,联邦支出已经远远超过了通胀率,在新冠疫情爆发及其余波期间,联邦支出爆炸性增长,从2019财年的4.45万亿美元增加到2021财年的6.82万亿美元,两年内增长了53%,接近2.4万亿美元。尽管支出有所下降,但仍然处于高位,使新冠疫情爆发前的支出水平相形见绌。2023年6.35万亿美元的预算与两年前的峰值相比仅下降了7%。

尽管背负了巨额债务,但美国在2021财年之前依旧设法把赤字控制在低于灾难性数字的水平,这在很大程度上要归功于美联储推行的近零利率。为了最大限度地降低持有成本,美国财政部借入了“短债”——在2020年和2021年的大部分时间里,美国通过发行收益率低于1%的5年期国债来填补大部分缺口。

无风险利率如此之低,以至于经常滞后于通胀,从而推高了资产价格。根据美国企业研究所的住房中心(American Enterprise Institute's Housing Center)的数据,从2019年年底到2022年第二季度,全美平均房价飙升了45%,年均涨幅为16%,自2012年以来累计上涨了130%。美国人急于通过抵押贷款套现来获得房屋的巨大升值。股市的表现甚至好于楼市。从2019年12月初到2021年年底,标准普尔500指数(S&P 500)跃升了54%,领涨的是大型科技公司和特斯拉(Tesla)等投机明星公司,这些公司从低利率中获益匪浅,这是因为它们的市值中占很高比例的部分依赖于未来盈利的快速增长。

马斯图尔佐说,由于“股票和债券价格稳步上涨带来的财富效应”,当然还有“郊区”殖民地风格房屋和牧场式住宅不断升值,都让消费者肆意挥霍。他补充道:“新冠疫情期间的慷慨支出让人们的银行账户余额充足,企业大量借入廉价贷款。”为新工厂和晶圆厂以及库存融资的热潮,往往以低个位数的利率提高了企业的利润。这些商业贷款中有一半以上在2030年之前不会到期。事实上,实现富足的政策的好处仍旧在继续。房价依然略高于2022年的峰值,不过相对于通胀而言有所下降,标准普尔指数仅较2021年年底的高点低6%。依然强劲的就业使失业率严格控制在3.9%的低位,尽管美国家庭正在削减开支,但由于资金充裕和工资上涨,他们仍然相当富裕。消费者惊人的持久力帮助第三季度国内生产总值增长了惊人的4.9%。

清算终于来临

马斯图尔佐承认,在短期内,“经济可能会保持繁荣,投资者也会保持韧性。”但他认为,为这场狂欢提供资金的巨额联邦支出和美联储的“免费资金”(救助金)政策将很快留下严重的后遗症。“宏观层面的抢椅子游戏不可能永远持续下去。”他写道。马斯图尔佐表示,今年3月开始的地区银行危机暴露了第一道裂缝。但在经历了大幅抛售之后,人们对人工智能未来的狂热,让大型科技公司股价再次飙升。现在,马斯图尔佐认为,经济和市场正处于历史性拐点附近,这种拐点只能通过人工智能热潮和11月14日利好的消费者价格指数(CPI)报告等可能转瞬即逝的现象来暂时避免。新冠疫情期间积攒的资金耗尽、学生贷款宽限期的终止,以及物价的顽固上涨势必会让消费者感到恐慌,这些都将“为最终的经济衰退铺平道路”,并将迎来多年的紧缩时期。

小说家约翰·奥哈拉称之为狂欢之后的“布道和苏打水”时间。

被迫采取紧缩政策的第一个因素:政府借贷的巨大成本

马斯图尔佐说,富足时代和紧缩时代的决定性区别在于利率水平。自2022年3月以来,美国央行已经把基准利率从接近零上调至目前的5.25%至5.5%。美国财政部目前正在为1.57万亿美元的赤字融资,预计2024财年所有支出中有四分之一是赤字,其成本是三年前的数倍。因此,美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)预计,2024年的净利息支出将达到7,450亿美元,是2019年的两倍,约为该机构对2020年代中期的预测的三倍,其前提是美国财政部能够将平均借贷率保持在2%以下。到2028年,美国国会预算办公室预计利息支出将超过1万亿美元,相当于所有个人所得税收入的三分之一,比医疗保险(Medicare)支出高出63%。

马斯图尔佐断言,提高利率将严重限制股票和房价的上涨,从而减少从资本利得中获得的收益。这一打击将导致联邦收入紧缩,产生新的借贷需求,并迫使“赤字和债务在恶性循环中螺旋式上升”。马斯图尔佐说,不断恶化的预算状况将让美国失去财政灵活性,无法在经济动荡时启动支持国内生产总值的新刺激计划。此外,马斯图尔佐称,巨大的资金缺口往往会助长通货膨胀。因此,正如他所说的那样,所有借贷对物价造成的压力将抑制美联储在经济低迷时“出手相救”(就像过去十年中美联储屡次所做的那样)。原因是:在预算严重不足的情况下,新的扩张性货币政策将推高物价。“美联储将无法像过去那样避免经济衰退。”马斯图尔佐说道。

被迫采取紧缩政策的第二个因素:持续高企的通胀

Research Affiliates预测,美联储无法持续地将通胀率控制在2%的目标水平,而消费者价格指数将在未来十年远高于央行的理想水平,即平均2.6%。两大主要驱动因素将让物价持续快速上涨(这令人失望):一个是势必会进一步扩大的赤字,另一个是来自大宗商品的巨大推动力。马斯图尔佐指出,由于生产商担心来自绿色能源的竞争,石油和天然气生产的资本支出大幅下降。但是现在,可再生能源的发展速度比几年前设想的要慢得多,化石燃料的前景看起来愈加强劲。国际能源署(International Energy Agency)预测,从2022年到2027年,石油消费量将从每天1亿桶增加到1.06亿桶。投资不足造成的短缺与对原油、天然气及其衍生品不可避免的日益增长的需求相冲突,从而导致消费者和企业的成本快速上升。

马斯图尔佐指出,可再生能源对商品的依赖性也很高,这是因为可再生能源是金属的大用户,尤其是铜、稀土和为核电站提供动力的铀。自2021年以来,核能的复兴使铀的价格飙升了100%。

当通货膨胀长期处于高位时,它也是不稳定的。这对企业不利,尤其是那些依赖大宗商品的企业,它们的成本未来可能会大幅上升。水银价格也引发了投资者的担忧,他们希望获得更高的回报,以弥补支持企业的风险,这些企业难以将价格提高到足以抵消不稳定但普遍上升的投入成本。市盈率的下降,即股东每股支付一美元,就能获得更多的收益,为股东提供了额外的缓冲。提供更多的安全边际意味着,目前的市盈率可能需要从25倍左右的水平降下来(以历史标准衡量,这相当高)。

未来一个巨大的结构性变化:“实际"利率回归正常水平。这是指无风险政府证券提供的超出预计通胀率的利润率。十年来,美国一直依赖于极低的实际利率;从2012年到2022年年初,10年期美国国债的平均实际利率约为0.5%,从2020年中期到2021年中期为负值。截至11月14日,10年期国债实际利率为2.15%,接近2007年以来的最高水平。曾经的贸易顺风现在变成了吹向投资者的狂风。

Research Affiliates预测,较高的实际利率将持续下去,并将在未来数年内保持在2%以上。请记住,汽车贷款、信用卡贷款、抵押贷款、公司债务和所有其他信贷都或多或少地收取固定的溢价,高于同期限国债的“实际”利率。因此,这一基准利率在过去富足十年里小幅上涨1.5%,意味着所有借贷的成本都将比黄金时代高得多。正如马斯图尔佐所指出的那样,额外的持有成本将掏空消费者的钱包,使得从食品杂货到旅游等一切消费都将减少。

紧缩政策的到来要求做出新投资选择

在新模式下,过去十年里表现最好的投资类别在未来的表现会最糟糕,而近年来遭受重创、无人问津的行业可能会蓬勃发展。例如,Research Affiliates预测,未来10年美国大盘股的总回报率将仅为4.9%,远低于过去10年11.6%的水平。“成长型”股票的前景甚至更糟糕,这类股票以包括苹果(Apple)、微软(Microsoft)、亚马逊(Amazon)、Alphabet、Meta、英伟达(Nvidia)和特斯拉(Tesla)在内实现高增长的“七巨头”(Magnificent Seven)为代表。到2033年,预计标准普尔“成长股”每年将仅为投资者带来3.7%的收益,仅比消费者价格指数高出1.1%。主要原因是:在新利率机制的推动下,这些股票的超高市盈率再次下降。

相比之下,市盈率和账面价值低于平均水平的价值型股票,也就是便宜的选择,其回报率应该是7.3%的两倍,这是因为它们的股息收益率要高得多,市盈率也更加适中。马斯图尔佐还推荐那些价格可能超过通胀率的稀缺商品,以及其他硬资产,比如黄金、艺术品、手表,甚至是少量加密货币。过去十年有点像幻想世界,资产价格与基本面脱节,政府似乎可以在不造成重大痛苦的情况下发放慷慨补助。现在,基本面重新掌权,账单也到期了。欢迎来到紧缩新世界。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

美国正处在从富足的十年转向漫长而痛苦的紧缩时期的风口浪尖上。

这是Research Affiliates的首席投资官吉姆·马斯图尔佐的观点。该公司为太平洋投资管理公司(Pimco)和嘉信理财(Charles Schwab)等管理公司设计价值超过1,300亿美元的共同基金和交易所交易基金(ETF)的投资策略。由资本市场传奇人物罗布·阿诺特成立的Research Affiliates创立了首批采用“基本面指数”的基金,这种方法通过销售额、账面价值和股息等特征(反映其在经济中的重要性)来衡量股票的权重。因此,RAFI基本基金避免了市值加权工具的弊端,即追逐最昂贵的股票,并过度集中地持有最昂贵的股票。对笔者来说,Research Affiliates提供了基于学术研究的高见,既能够指出经济走向,又可以指出投资者应该如何更好地布局,以便从即将到来的趋势中获利。

在过去十年中,超低的利率和巨额的政府支出带来了富足。一切都结束了。

马斯图尔佐指出,在金融大危机(Great Financial Crisis)之后的几年里,有两种不同寻常的做法让美国人变得更加富有。第一个是美联储(Federal Reserve)制定的超低利率制度。实施宽松的货币政策最初是为了刺激经济,使其免受2008年至2009年经济飓风的影响。然后,在短暂的正常化之后,美联储再次降息以抵消美国前总统唐纳德·特朗普加征关税造成的影响(拖累经济增长),并在新冠疫情期间大举降息。从2010年年初到2022年年初,联邦基金利率仅在两年半的时间里徘徊在1%以上,并有10年时间接近于零。

其次,在2012年至2019年期间,联邦支出已经远远超过了通胀率,在新冠疫情爆发及其余波期间,联邦支出爆炸性增长,从2019财年的4.45万亿美元增加到2021财年的6.82万亿美元,两年内增长了53%,接近2.4万亿美元。尽管支出有所下降,但仍然处于高位,使新冠疫情爆发前的支出水平相形见绌。2023年6.35万亿美元的预算与两年前的峰值相比仅下降了7%。

尽管背负了巨额债务,但美国在2021财年之前依旧设法把赤字控制在低于灾难性数字的水平,这在很大程度上要归功于美联储推行的近零利率。为了最大限度地降低持有成本,美国财政部借入了“短债”——在2020年和2021年的大部分时间里,美国通过发行收益率低于1%的5年期国债来填补大部分缺口。

无风险利率如此之低,以至于经常滞后于通胀,从而推高了资产价格。根据美国企业研究所的住房中心(American Enterprise Institute's Housing Center)的数据,从2019年年底到2022年第二季度,全美平均房价飙升了45%,年均涨幅为16%,自2012年以来累计上涨了130%。美国人急于通过抵押贷款套现来获得房屋的巨大升值。股市的表现甚至好于楼市。从2019年12月初到2021年年底,标准普尔500指数(S&P 500)跃升了54%,领涨的是大型科技公司和特斯拉(Tesla)等投机明星公司,这些公司从低利率中获益匪浅,这是因为它们的市值中占很高比例的部分依赖于未来盈利的快速增长。

马斯图尔佐说,由于“股票和债券价格稳步上涨带来的财富效应”,当然还有“郊区”殖民地风格房屋和牧场式住宅不断升值,都让消费者肆意挥霍。他补充道:“新冠疫情期间的慷慨支出让人们的银行账户余额充足,企业大量借入廉价贷款。”为新工厂和晶圆厂以及库存融资的热潮,往往以低个位数的利率提高了企业的利润。这些商业贷款中有一半以上在2030年之前不会到期。事实上,实现富足的政策的好处仍旧在继续。房价依然略高于2022年的峰值,不过相对于通胀而言有所下降,标准普尔指数仅较2021年年底的高点低6%。依然强劲的就业使失业率严格控制在3.9%的低位,尽管美国家庭正在削减开支,但由于资金充裕和工资上涨,他们仍然相当富裕。消费者惊人的持久力帮助第三季度国内生产总值增长了惊人的4.9%。

清算终于来临

马斯图尔佐承认,在短期内,“经济可能会保持繁荣,投资者也会保持韧性。”但他认为,为这场狂欢提供资金的巨额联邦支出和美联储的“免费资金”(救助金)政策将很快留下严重的后遗症。“宏观层面的抢椅子游戏不可能永远持续下去。”他写道。马斯图尔佐表示,今年3月开始的地区银行危机暴露了第一道裂缝。但在经历了大幅抛售之后,人们对人工智能未来的狂热,让大型科技公司股价再次飙升。现在,马斯图尔佐认为,经济和市场正处于历史性拐点附近,这种拐点只能通过人工智能热潮和11月14日利好的消费者价格指数(CPI)报告等可能转瞬即逝的现象来暂时避免。新冠疫情期间积攒的资金耗尽、学生贷款宽限期的终止,以及物价的顽固上涨势必会让消费者感到恐慌,这些都将“为最终的经济衰退铺平道路”,并将迎来多年的紧缩时期。

小说家约翰·奥哈拉称之为狂欢之后的“布道和苏打水”时间。

被迫采取紧缩政策的第一个因素:政府借贷的巨大成本

马斯图尔佐说,富足时代和紧缩时代的决定性区别在于利率水平。自2022年3月以来,美国央行已经把基准利率从接近零上调至目前的5.25%至5.5%。美国财政部目前正在为1.57万亿美元的赤字融资,预计2024财年所有支出中有四分之一是赤字,其成本是三年前的数倍。因此,美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)预计,2024年的净利息支出将达到7,450亿美元,是2019年的两倍,约为该机构对2020年代中期的预测的三倍,其前提是美国财政部能够将平均借贷率保持在2%以下。到2028年,美国国会预算办公室预计利息支出将超过1万亿美元,相当于所有个人所得税收入的三分之一,比医疗保险(Medicare)支出高出63%。

马斯图尔佐断言,提高利率将严重限制股票和房价的上涨,从而减少从资本利得中获得的收益。这一打击将导致联邦收入紧缩,产生新的借贷需求,并迫使“赤字和债务在恶性循环中螺旋式上升”。马斯图尔佐说,不断恶化的预算状况将让美国失去财政灵活性,无法在经济动荡时启动支持国内生产总值的新刺激计划。此外,马斯图尔佐称,巨大的资金缺口往往会助长通货膨胀。因此,正如他所说的那样,所有借贷对物价造成的压力将抑制美联储在经济低迷时“出手相救”(就像过去十年中美联储屡次所做的那样)。原因是:在预算严重不足的情况下,新的扩张性货币政策将推高物价。“美联储将无法像过去那样避免经济衰退。”马斯图尔佐说道。

被迫采取紧缩政策的第二个因素:持续高企的通胀

Research Affiliates预测,美联储无法持续地将通胀率控制在2%的目标水平,而消费者价格指数将在未来十年远高于央行的理想水平,即平均2.6%。两大主要驱动因素将让物价持续快速上涨(这令人失望):一个是势必会进一步扩大的赤字,另一个是来自大宗商品的巨大推动力。马斯图尔佐指出,由于生产商担心来自绿色能源的竞争,石油和天然气生产的资本支出大幅下降。但是现在,可再生能源的发展速度比几年前设想的要慢得多,化石燃料的前景看起来愈加强劲。国际能源署(International Energy Agency)预测,从2022年到2027年,石油消费量将从每天1亿桶增加到1.06亿桶。投资不足造成的短缺与对原油、天然气及其衍生品不可避免的日益增长的需求相冲突,从而导致消费者和企业的成本快速上升。

马斯图尔佐指出,可再生能源对商品的依赖性也很高,这是因为可再生能源是金属的大用户,尤其是铜、稀土和为核电站提供动力的铀。自2021年以来,核能的复兴使铀的价格飙升了100%。

当通货膨胀长期处于高位时,它也是不稳定的。这对企业不利,尤其是那些依赖大宗商品的企业,它们的成本未来可能会大幅上升。水银价格也引发了投资者的担忧,他们希望获得更高的回报,以弥补支持企业的风险,这些企业难以将价格提高到足以抵消不稳定但普遍上升的投入成本。市盈率的下降,即股东每股支付一美元,就能获得更多的收益,为股东提供了额外的缓冲。提供更多的安全边际意味着,目前的市盈率可能需要从25倍左右的水平降下来(以历史标准衡量,这相当高)。

未来一个巨大的结构性变化:“实际"利率回归正常水平。这是指无风险政府证券提供的超出预计通胀率的利润率。十年来,美国一直依赖于极低的实际利率;从2012年到2022年年初,10年期美国国债的平均实际利率约为0.5%,从2020年中期到2021年中期为负值。截至11月14日,10年期国债实际利率为2.15%,接近2007年以来的最高水平。曾经的贸易顺风现在变成了吹向投资者的狂风。

Research Affiliates预测,较高的实际利率将持续下去,并将在未来数年内保持在2%以上。请记住,汽车贷款、信用卡贷款、抵押贷款、公司债务和所有其他信贷都或多或少地收取固定的溢价,高于同期限国债的“实际”利率。因此,这一基准利率在过去富足十年里小幅上涨1.5%,意味着所有借贷的成本都将比黄金时代高得多。正如马斯图尔佐所指出的那样,额外的持有成本将掏空消费者的钱包,使得从食品杂货到旅游等一切消费都将减少。

紧缩政策的到来要求做出新投资选择

在新模式下,过去十年里表现最好的投资类别在未来的表现会最糟糕,而近年来遭受重创、无人问津的行业可能会蓬勃发展。例如,Research Affiliates预测,未来10年美国大盘股的总回报率将仅为4.9%,远低于过去10年11.6%的水平。“成长型”股票的前景甚至更糟糕,这类股票以包括苹果(Apple)、微软(Microsoft)、亚马逊(Amazon)、Alphabet、Meta、英伟达(Nvidia)和特斯拉(Tesla)在内实现高增长的“七巨头”(Magnificent Seven)为代表。到2033年,预计标准普尔“成长股”每年将仅为投资者带来3.7%的收益,仅比消费者价格指数高出1.1%。主要原因是:在新利率机制的推动下,这些股票的超高市盈率再次下降。

相比之下,市盈率和账面价值低于平均水平的价值型股票,也就是便宜的选择,其回报率应该是7.3%的两倍,这是因为它们的股息收益率要高得多,市盈率也更加适中。马斯图尔佐还推荐那些价格可能超过通胀率的稀缺商品,以及其他硬资产,比如黄金、艺术品、手表,甚至是少量加密货币。过去十年有点像幻想世界,资产价格与基本面脱节,政府似乎可以在不造成重大痛苦的情况下发放慷慨补助。现在,基本面重新掌权,账单也到期了。欢迎来到紧缩新世界。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

The U.S. is on the cusp of switching from a decade of plenty to an long and painful period of austerity.

That’s the view from Jim Masturzo, chief investment officer at Research Affiliates, a firm that oversees strategies for over $130 billion in mutual funds and ETFs for the likes of Pimco and Charles Schwab. Founded by capital markets legend Rob Arnott, RA created the first funds deploying “fundamental indexing,” an approach that weights equities by such features as sales, book value and dividends reflecting their importance in the economy. Hence, the RAFI fundamental funds avoid the pitfalls of cap weighted vehicles that chase the most expensive stocks and over-concentrate their holdings in the priciest names. For this writer, RA provides superb, academically-based insights into both where the economy is headed, and how investors should best position themselves to profit from the looming trends.

In the last decade, super-low rates and big government spending brought abundance. It’s over.

Masturzo points out that two extraordinary practices made Americans a lot richer in the years following the Great Financial Crisis. The first: A regime of super-slender interest rates engineered by the Fed. The easy money started as stimulus to shield the economy from the 2008-2009 hurricane. Then, after a brief period of normalization, the Fed cut again to counter drag from the Donald Trump tariffs, and went into full-on overdrive during the Pandemic. From the start of 2010 to early 2022, the Fed Funds rate hovered above 1% for just two-and-half years, and spent ten years at near zero.

Second, federal spending—already far exceeding inflation in the 2012-19 period—exploded during the COVID outbreak and its aftermath, rising from $4.45 trillion in fiscal 2019 to $6.82 trillion in 2021, a jump of 53% or nearly $2.4 trillion in two years. And though outlays have retreated a bit, they’re still on a plateau dwarfing the pre-pandemic levels. The $6.35 trillion budget for 2023 is down just 7% from the apex reached two years ago.

Despite the gigantic borrowings, the U.S. managed to hold deficits at less than disastrous numbers through fiscal 2021, thanks largely to the Fed-fashioned near-zero rates. To minimize carrying costs, the Treasury borrowed “short”—for most of 2020 and 2021, the U.S. was funding a big part of the shortfalls by issuing 5 year treasuries yielding under 1%.

Risk-free rates so low that they frequently lagged inflation ignited asset prices. From the close of 2019 to Q2 of 2022, average home prices across America jumped by 45% according to the American Enterprise Institute’s Housing Center, an annual clip of 16%, capping a total 130% increase since 2012. Americans rushed to tap the burgeoning equity in their houses by taking cash-out mortgages. Stocks fared even better than dwellings. The S&P 500 leapt 54% from early December of 2019 to the end of 2021, led by the mega-tech names and such speculative stars as Tesla that benefit greatly from low rates, since such a high proportion of their market caps rely on fast-rising earnings far into the future.

Consumers spent freely, says Masturzo, buoyed by “the wealth effect of steadily rising stock and bond prices,” and of course the swelling equity in their colonials and ranches in the ‘burbs. “Generous outlays in the pandemic padded their bank accounts, and companies gorged on cheap borrowings,” he adds. The rush to finance new plants and fabs, as well as inventories, often at low-single digit rates lifted corporate profits. And more than half of those business loans don’t come due before 2030. Indeed, the benefits of the policies that brought all that abundance linger on. Home prices are still sitting just above their 2022 summit, though they’ve declined versus inflation, and the S&P is only 6% off the late ’21 highs. Still-strong hiring is holding the jobless rate at a tight 3.9%, and though families are cutting back, they’re still pretty flush thanks to their ample war chests and rising paychecks. Their amazing durability helped send GDP upwards an astounding 4.9% in Q3.

The reckoning is finally at hand

Masturzo concedes that in the short term, “The economy could remain buoyant and investors resilient.” But he believes that the big federal spending and “free money” Fed policy that funded the bash will soon leave a stiff hangover. “The macro game of musical chairs cannot go on forever,” he writes. It was the regional banking crisis starting in March, he says, that exposed the first cracks. But after a steep selloff, frenzied excitement over the future of AI sent Big Tech soaring once again. Now, Masturzo believes the economy and the markets stand near an historic inflection point that can only temporarily be averted by such probably ephemeral phenomena as the AI craze and the favorable November 14 CPI report that got shares jumping. The exhaustion of the COVID money, the end of student loan forbearance, and the stubbornly rising prices bound to spook consumers will “pave the way for an eventual recession,” and bring usher in years of austerity.

At hand is what novelist John O’Hara called the time of “sermons and soda water” that follow a binge.

First factor forcing austerity: The huge cost of government borrowing

The decisive difference between the ages of abundance and austerity, says Masturzo, is the level of interest rates. Since March of 2022, the Central Bank has hiked its benchmark gauge from near zero to the current 5.25% to 5.5%. The Treasury is now financing the deficits running at $1.57 trillion or a projected one dollar in four of all spending in fiscal 2024, at costs that are a multiple of three years ago. As a result, the CBO expects net interest expense to hit $745 billion in 2024, double the number in 2019, and around three times what the agency forecast that year for the mid-2020s, on the assumption the Treasury could keep borrowing, on average, at under 2%. By 2028, the CBO expects the interest line to reach over $1 trillion, equal to one-third of all individual income tax receipts, and 63% more than outlays for Medicare.

Higher rates, Masturzo asserts, will severely limit stock and home price increases, reducing the take from capital gains. That hit will cause a federal revenue squeeze, creating the need for new borrowing, and forcing the “deficit and debt to spiral higher in a vicious cycle.” The worsening budget picture, says Masturzo, will deprive the U.S. of the financial flexibility to initiate new stimulus programs that support GDP when the economy suffers turbulence. In addition, says Masturzo, gigantic shortfalls tend to feed inflation. As a result, the pressure on prices from all the borrowing will inhibit the Fed from, as he puts it, “coming to the rescue” in a downturn, as it did repeatedly the past ten years. The reason: A newly-expansive monetary policy would turbocharge prices at a time of huge budget shortfalls. “The Fed won’t be able to stave off recessions as in the past,” says Masturzo.

Second factor tightening the grip: persistently high inflation

RA predicts that the Fed will be unable to consistently hold inflation at its target rate of 2%, and that the CPI will wax well above the Central Bank’s ideal at an average at 2.6% over the next decade. The two main drivers will keep prices chugging at that disappointingly rapid clip are the already yawning deficits destined to grow from here, and a big push from commodities. Masturzo notes that capital spending for oil and gas production has declined sharply as producers fret over competition from green energy sources. But now, renewables are gaining traction far more slowly than posited a few years ago, and the outlook for fossil fuels looks increasingly strong. The International Energy Agency predicts that oil consumption will rise from 100 to 106 million bbd by from 2022 to 2027. The shortages caused by under-investment and the inevitably rising thirst for crude, natural gas, and their derivatives will collide to keep their costs to consumers and businesses on a fast-rising trajectory.

Masturzo observes that renewables are also highly commodity-dependent as big users of metals, notably copper, rare earth, and uranium that powers nuclear plants. The revival in nuclear has sent uranium prices soaring 100% since 2021.

When inflation’s chronically high, it’s also volatile. That’s bad for companies, especially those relying on commodities, whose costs are likely to careen widely in the future. Quicksilver prices also spawn fear among investors, who want a higher return to compensate for the risk of backing companies that constantly struggle to raise prices sufficiently to offset erratic but generally rising input costs. A fall in PE multiples, giving shareholders more dollars in earnings for each dollar they’re paying per share, is what provides the extra cushion. Delivering more margin for safety means that today’s multiples probably need to fall from mid-20s level, an expensive tag by historical standards.

A huge structural change moving forward: The return of pretty normal “real” interest rates. That’s the margin provided by risk-free government securities over and above projected inflation. For a decade, the U.S. was hooked on minuscule real rates; on the ten-year Treasury bond, they averaged about 0.5% from 2012 to early 2022, and went negative from mid-2020 to mid-2021. As of November 14, the real 10-year rate stood at 2.15%, nearly its highest reading since 2007. A once bounteous trade wind is now a gale blowing in investors’ faces.

RA forecasts that higher real rates are here to stay, and will remain above the 2% for years to come. Keep in mind that car and credit card loans, mortgages, corporate debt and all other credit charges a more or less fixed premium over the “real” rate on treasuries of comparable duration. So the 1.5% rise in that benchmark over the tiny numbers pertaining in the abundance decade means that all borrowing will be a lot more expensive than in that golden era. As Masturzo points out, the extra carrying costs will deplete consumers’ wallets, leaving less to spend on everything from groceries to travel.

Austerity’s onset mandates new investment choices

In the new paradigm, the best investment categories of the last decade should prove the worst performers going forward, while the beaten-down, unloved sectors of recent years are likely to thrive. For example, RA forecasts that U.S. large cap stocks will generate total returns of just 4.9% over the next ten years, far below the 11.6% they delivered in the past decade. The outlook’s even worse for “growth” stocks, a grouping epitomized by the high-flying Magnificent Seven encompassing Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, Nvidia and Tesla. S&P “growth” is expected to hand investors just 3.7% annually through 2033, beating the CPI by a tiny 1.1%. The big reason: A decline in their extremely high multiples, once again, driven by the new regime in rates.

By contrast, value stocks that are below average in PEs and book value, and hence the cheap choices, should provide returns twice as high at 7.3%, since their dividend yields are much richer and their multiples more modest. Masturzo also recommends those scarce commodities whose prices are likely to outstrip inflation, as well as other hard assets such as gold, art, watches and even a limited slug of cryptocurrency. The past decade’s been something of a fantasyland where asset prices flew unmoored to fundamentals and the government could seemingly spread largesse without inflicting significant pain. Now the basics are back in charge, and the bill’s come due. Welcome to grinding new world of austerity.

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