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坑孩的父母:盗用孩子的身份获取贷款,导致其信用破产

坑孩的父母:盗用孩子的身份获取贷款,导致其信用破产

Chloe Taylor 2023-11-08
许多被父母伤害的人在社交媒体上分享了他们的故事。

儿童身份盗窃影响着许多美国人,而罪魁祸首往往是父母或其他亲属。图片来源:GETTY IMAGES

当阿克斯顿·贝茨-汉密尔顿在大学里第一次支付水电费账单时,她很快就意识到事情极其不对劲。

事实证明,她是身份盗用的受害者——这导致她信用破产。

2001年,当贝茨-汉密尔顿还是一名19岁的学生时,新公用事业公司以她的信用评分低为由,要求她缴纳100美元的保证金才能开通服务。

她对《财富》杂志表示:“我以为是因为自己信用评分不够。”但六周后,当她的信箱里出现了一份信用报告副本时,她才知道事实恰恰相反。

“起初,我认为信用报告一定附有很多说明,因为我的信用报告不应该这么厚。应该只有半页纸的内容——姓名、地址和几笔学生贷款。我打开一看,意识到信用报告并没有附带很多说明,但我的信用报告却长达10页,里面全是欺诈性的信用卡记录。”

其中一些记录可以追溯到1993年,当时她11岁。当她向征信机构提出异议时,部分记录被删除了,仅仅是因为某些债权人破产了。然而,还有一些记录直到过了年限才被从她的历史记录中删除——这通常需要七年左右的时间。

对大多数人来说,身份盗窃会让人联想到匿名的、从事非法活动的黑客。但对包括贝茨-汉密尔顿在内的许多受害者而言,罪魁祸首在更接近家的地方。

在贝茨-汉密尔顿的案例中,罪魁祸首是她的母亲。

普遍存在的问题

贝兹-汉密尔顿在20世纪90年代成为儿童身份盗窃的受害者,但这种犯罪在今天仍然很普遍。

卡内基梅隆大学(Carnegie Mellon)的CyLab在2011年进行的一项具有里程碑意义的研究发现,儿童因为特殊原因更容易成为身份盗窃的受害者。

在对4万多名美国儿童的分析中,该大学的研究人员发现,10%的儿童的社会安全号码被他人盗用。这意味着儿童成为身份盗窃受害者的可能性是成年人的51倍。

报告的作者称,儿童的身份被用来购买房屋和汽车、办理信用卡和获得就业机会,他们在分析里发现的最小的受害者只有五个月大。

与此同时,Javelin Strategy公司在2021年的一项研究发现,每年每50名美国儿童中就有一人成为身份盗窃的受害者,其中73%的受害者成为他们熟识的人的目标。

数字安全公司Aura的首席执行官及创始人哈里·拉维钱德兰告诉《财富》杂志,儿童身份盗窃案的犯罪者“通常”与受害者有亲戚关系。

他说:“很多时候,涉及的家庭都处于水深火热之中,他们面临着严重的财务危机或成瘾问题。当孩子出生时,他们会得到一个社会安全号码,这个号码直到孩子大约17岁或18岁才会使用,因此能够在很长的时间内使用这样一个无不良信用记录的社会安全号码。”

真的是妈妈盗用了身份吗?

直到她的母亲于2013年去世后,贝茨-汉密尔顿才终于意识到谁是导致她陷入经济困境的欺诈行为的幕后黑手。母亲去世几周后,她接到了父亲打来的一个改变她一生的电话。

她说:“他在翻看(我妈妈的旧物)时,拿出一张我名下的信用卡的账单。他准备劈头盖脸训斥我——对我大吼大叫,因为我在2001年透支了信用卡。”

随着谈话的深入,贝茨-汉密尔顿意识到,母亲就是用那张以她的名义开具的信用卡骗取贷款的(这只是其中一项贷款)。在她母亲的档案里进一步发现的证据证明,她母亲是这一切的始作俑者——而且还发现,她不仅对女儿的身份盗窃负有责任,还对以贝茨-汉密尔顿的父亲和祖父的名义进行的欺诈负有责任。

贝茨-汉密尔顿对《财富》杂志表示:“发现真相的那一刻,就像感受到了两种极端的情绪。作为一个在身份盗用阴影中生活了20年,却不知道谁是罪魁祸首的人,当时的感觉就像,哇,我们终于知道谁是始作俑者了,我们再也不用这样生活了——但后来又想:真的是妈妈盗用了身份吗?答案是肯定的。”

贝茨-汉密尔顿还没来得及为自己建立信用,就被她妈妈的欺诈行为拖累,信用分数降到了380分。

在美国,FICO信用评分——最常用的信用评分——介于300分到850分之间,700分或以上通常被贷款机构视为“信用良好”。根据益博睿(Experian)的数据,去年美国人的平均FICO信用评分为714分。

信用评分是贷款机构用来判断某人是否有能力偿还贷款的指标,因此在贷款和信用卡等债务方面非常重要。甚至房东有时也会在同意租房之前要求查看潜在租户的信用评分,如果评分较低,即低于600分左右,可能就会给潜在租户造成困难。

2001年,贝茨-汉密尔顿的不良信用报告使她在美国的所有信用评分中处于第50百分位数。她告诉《财富》杂志,她花了大量的时间和金钱来扭转这种局面。

她说:“首先,我从一家利率很高的次级贷款机构申请了一张信用卡……[而且]额度只有300美元。我的第一笔车贷用来购买一辆用了五年的二手车,年利率为18.23%,这就像用信用卡买了一辆二手车一样。”

在她母亲去世时,贝茨-汉密尔顿的信用报告已经清除了欺诈记录。但她指出,她的母亲“绝对”意识到身份盗窃给女儿造成了多大的经济损失。

贝茨-汉密尔顿解释道:“是我告诉她事情有多严重的。她是我第一个求助的人,因为她在金融服务部门工作,还是家里的理财专家。”

总部位于华盛顿特区的律师事务所Cohen & Cohen的创始人及执行合伙人韦恩·R·科恩对《财富》杂志表示,这种犯罪背后的“主要动机”是父母信用不良,无法进行在债务基础上进行消费。

他说:“在大多数州,这是一种罪行——欺诈罪、身份盗窃罪和挪用资金罪都是检察官可能提出指控的罪名。”

当谈到贝茨-汉密尔顿的母亲犯罪的动机时,贝茨-汉密尔顿永远无法确定,因为她从来没有机会与母亲当面对质。但通过与认识她母亲的人的交谈以及她自己的反思,她有了一些想法。

她说:“我的外婆显然和我妈妈非常相似,她会强迫性购物。这种消费[归结为需要]拥有最豪华的东西,并根据你穿什么样的衣服,开什么样的车,让别人对你的良好经济条件印象深刻。”

“你信任自己的父母”

许多被父母伤害的人在社交媒体上分享了他们的故事。

“我18岁时拿到的第一份信用报告上有1999年的燃气费账单,而我出生于1989年。”一个人在X平台上发帖说,“我很感激他们允许我只用出生证明就提出异议,而不是提交一份针对自己家人的报案证明。但那可能是因为我当时正在试图获得安全许可,而当权派操之过急。”

“我妈妈就是这么做的,[我]成年后一直在偿还根本不属于我的债务。”另一个人说。还有一个人说,在她的父母使用她的个人资料进行贷款后,她直到30多岁才让自己的信用评分稳定下来。

《财富》杂志无法独立验证这些轶事。

一位居住在西雅图、现年27岁的女性在很小的时候就成了家庭身份盗窃的受害者。她向《财富》匿名讲述了自己的经历。

当她在华盛顿大学(University of Washington)读大三的时候,母亲鼓励她申请第一张信用卡。

她告诉《财富》杂志:“你相信自己的父母,尤其是母亲——你认为他们会保护你。我想,的确,你显然比我更了解信贷。但我想她当时会觉得:‘哦,这真的易如反掌。’”

她母亲说服她开了第二张额度更高的信用卡,并承诺为她保管好这张信用卡。但随着时间的推移,她发现信用卡上的债务越来越多,而且没有及时还清。

她说,尽管她对自己的财务状况感到害怕,但她不敢和母亲当面对质。

“母亲是我唯一的抚养人之一——我想如果我把这件事情告诉她,她就会报复我,不供我读完大学,这确实会毁了我们之间的关系。”她解释道。“但(当)我查看自己的信用评分时,却发现情况非常糟糕。(她)让我信用破产。”

她说,她最终鼓起勇气和母亲谈了母亲使用她的信用卡的问题。

她对《财富》杂志表示:“情况并不乐观。我和她断绝关系很长时间。但这真的很难,因为你不仅会想:‘天哪,我身上发生了可怕的事情。’而且这还是母亲造就的。父母应该保护你,即使这么做可能出于善意,或者有她的理由,但这并不能成为借口。父母不应该这样对待自己的孩子。”

特殊的困境

处于这种境地的人面临着特殊的困境:要么举报父母犯罪,要么为父母的欺诈性消费负责。

在2021年的一篇文章中,CyberScout的创始人及身份盗窃专家亚当·莱文把家庭内部欺诈称为“隐匿性”犯罪,但他表示,这种犯罪实施起来“一点都不困难”。

他建议道:“尽管这可能很难,但受害者应该像应对陌生人犯下的罪行一样应对这种犯罪。对你的信用卡设置90天的欺诈警报,立即向警方报案,并对所有欺诈账户和费用提出异议。冻结你在三家信用报告机构的信用贷款。”

最后,这位向《财富》杂志讲述自己母亲盗用自己身份的女士说,她觉得自己别无选择,只能向当局举报自己的母亲。

她解释道:“除非我向警方报案,否则征信机构不会认真对待我。我不想这么做,因为那是我母亲,我不知道他们会(对她)做什么。最终,他们什么也没有做。”

在身份盗窃案发生数年后,她与母亲重归于好。但她表示,她们之间的关系出现了无法弥补的裂痕。

“我们有很长一段时间没有说话,而且,我很受伤。但我想原谅她并迎接新生活。”她说。“归根结底,如果你的家人伤害了你,你就需要尽自己所能保护自己。所以,我们一直保持联系,但我有自己的原则,保证我对我们在一起的时间和交谈的次数感到舒适。”

数字安全公司 Aura 的拉维钱德兰(他的一个朋友在很小的时候就被亲戚盗用了身份)认为,当局应该采取更多的措施来防止儿童身份被盗。

拉维钱德兰告诉《财富》杂志:“我一直不明白的是,为什么人们的信用默认是开放的,然后你必须[主动]进行关闭、冻结或锁定。在我看来,情况应该恰恰相反。监管机构和政府可以在这些方面参与进来,即在默认情况下,每个人的信用和个人资料都处于锁定状态。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

当阿克斯顿·贝茨-汉密尔顿在大学里第一次支付水电费账单时,她很快就意识到事情极其不对劲。

事实证明,她是身份盗用的受害者——这导致她信用破产。

2001年,当贝茨-汉密尔顿还是一名19岁的学生时,新公用事业公司以她的信用评分低为由,要求她缴纳100美元的保证金才能开通服务。

她对《财富》杂志表示:“我以为是因为自己信用评分不够。”但六周后,当她的信箱里出现了一份信用报告副本时,她才知道事实恰恰相反。

“起初,我认为信用报告一定附有很多说明,因为我的信用报告不应该这么厚。应该只有半页纸的内容——姓名、地址和几笔学生贷款。我打开一看,意识到信用报告并没有附带很多说明,但我的信用报告却长达10页,里面全是欺诈性的信用卡记录。”

其中一些记录可以追溯到1993年,当时她11岁。当她向征信机构提出异议时,部分记录被删除了,仅仅是因为某些债权人破产了。然而,还有一些记录直到过了年限才被从她的历史记录中删除——这通常需要七年左右的时间。

对大多数人来说,身份盗窃会让人联想到匿名的、从事非法活动的黑客。但对包括贝茨-汉密尔顿在内的许多受害者而言,罪魁祸首在更接近家的地方。

在贝茨-汉密尔顿的案例中,罪魁祸首是她的母亲。

普遍存在的问题

贝兹-汉密尔顿在20世纪90年代成为儿童身份盗窃的受害者,但这种犯罪在今天仍然很普遍。

卡内基梅隆大学(Carnegie Mellon)的CyLab在2011年进行的一项具有里程碑意义的研究发现,儿童因为特殊原因更容易成为身份盗窃的受害者。

在对4万多名美国儿童的分析中,该大学的研究人员发现,10%的儿童的社会安全号码被他人盗用。这意味着儿童成为身份盗窃受害者的可能性是成年人的51倍。

报告的作者称,儿童的身份被用来购买房屋和汽车、办理信用卡和获得就业机会,他们在分析里发现的最小的受害者只有五个月大。

与此同时,Javelin Strategy公司在2021年的一项研究发现,每年每50名美国儿童中就有一人成为身份盗窃的受害者,其中73%的受害者成为他们熟识的人的目标。

数字安全公司Aura的首席执行官及创始人哈里·拉维钱德兰告诉《财富》杂志,儿童身份盗窃案的犯罪者“通常”与受害者有亲戚关系。

他说:“很多时候,涉及的家庭都处于水深火热之中,他们面临着严重的财务危机或成瘾问题。当孩子出生时,他们会得到一个社会安全号码,这个号码直到孩子大约17岁或18岁才会使用,因此能够在很长的时间内使用这样一个无不良信用记录的社会安全号码。”

真的是妈妈盗用了身份吗?

直到她的母亲于2013年去世后,贝茨-汉密尔顿才终于意识到谁是导致她陷入经济困境的欺诈行为的幕后黑手。母亲去世几周后,她接到了父亲打来的一个改变她一生的电话。

她说:“他在翻看(我妈妈的旧物)时,拿出一张我名下的信用卡的账单。他准备劈头盖脸训斥我——对我大吼大叫,因为我在2001年透支了信用卡。”

随着谈话的深入,贝茨-汉密尔顿意识到,母亲就是用那张以她的名义开具的信用卡骗取贷款的(这只是其中一项贷款)。在她母亲的档案里进一步发现的证据证明,她母亲是这一切的始作俑者——而且还发现,她不仅对女儿的身份盗窃负有责任,还对以贝茨-汉密尔顿的父亲和祖父的名义进行的欺诈负有责任。

贝茨-汉密尔顿对《财富》杂志表示:“发现真相的那一刻,就像感受到了两种极端的情绪。作为一个在身份盗用阴影中生活了20年,却不知道谁是罪魁祸首的人,当时的感觉就像,哇,我们终于知道谁是始作俑者了,我们再也不用这样生活了——但后来又想:真的是妈妈盗用了身份吗?答案是肯定的。”

贝茨-汉密尔顿还没来得及为自己建立信用,就被她妈妈的欺诈行为拖累,信用分数降到了380分。

在美国,FICO信用评分——最常用的信用评分——介于300分到850分之间,700分或以上通常被贷款机构视为“信用良好”。根据益博睿(Experian)的数据,去年美国人的平均FICO信用评分为714分。

信用评分是贷款机构用来判断某人是否有能力偿还贷款的指标,因此在贷款和信用卡等债务方面非常重要。甚至房东有时也会在同意租房之前要求查看潜在租户的信用评分,如果评分较低,即低于600分左右,可能就会给潜在租户造成困难。

2001年,贝茨-汉密尔顿的不良信用报告使她在美国的所有信用评分中处于第50百分位数。她告诉《财富》杂志,她花了大量的时间和金钱来扭转这种局面。

她说:“首先,我从一家利率很高的次级贷款机构申请了一张信用卡……[而且]额度只有300美元。我的第一笔车贷用来购买一辆用了五年的二手车,年利率为18.23%,这就像用信用卡买了一辆二手车一样。”

在她母亲去世时,贝茨-汉密尔顿的信用报告已经清除了欺诈记录。但她指出,她的母亲“绝对”意识到身份盗窃给女儿造成了多大的经济损失。

贝茨-汉密尔顿解释道:“是我告诉她事情有多严重的。她是我第一个求助的人,因为她在金融服务部门工作,还是家里的理财专家。”

总部位于华盛顿特区的律师事务所Cohen & Cohen的创始人及执行合伙人韦恩·R·科恩对《财富》杂志表示,这种犯罪背后的“主要动机”是父母信用不良,无法进行在债务基础上进行消费。

他说:“在大多数州,这是一种罪行——欺诈罪、身份盗窃罪和挪用资金罪都是检察官可能提出指控的罪名。”

当谈到贝茨-汉密尔顿的母亲犯罪的动机时,贝茨-汉密尔顿永远无法确定,因为她从来没有机会与母亲当面对质。但通过与认识她母亲的人的交谈以及她自己的反思,她有了一些想法。

她说:“我的外婆显然和我妈妈非常相似,她会强迫性购物。这种消费[归结为需要]拥有最豪华的东西,并根据你穿什么样的衣服,开什么样的车,让别人对你的良好经济条件印象深刻。”

“你信任自己的父母”

许多被父母伤害的人在社交媒体上分享了他们的故事。

“我18岁时拿到的第一份信用报告上有1999年的燃气费账单,而我出生于1989年。”一个人在X平台上发帖说,“我很感激他们允许我只用出生证明就提出异议,而不是提交一份针对自己家人的报案证明。但那可能是因为我当时正在试图获得安全许可,而当权派操之过急。”

“我妈妈就是这么做的,[我]成年后一直在偿还根本不属于我的债务。”另一个人说。还有一个人说,在她的父母使用她的个人资料进行贷款后,她直到30多岁才让自己的信用评分稳定下来。

《财富》杂志无法独立验证这些轶事。

一位居住在西雅图、现年27岁的女性在很小的时候就成了家庭身份盗窃的受害者。她向《财富》匿名讲述了自己的经历。

当她在华盛顿大学(University of Washington)读大三的时候,母亲鼓励她申请第一张信用卡。

她告诉《财富》杂志:“你相信自己的父母,尤其是母亲——你认为他们会保护你。我想,的确,你显然比我更了解信贷。但我想她当时会觉得:‘哦,这真的易如反掌。’”

她母亲说服她开了第二张额度更高的信用卡,并承诺为她保管好这张信用卡。但随着时间的推移,她发现信用卡上的债务越来越多,而且没有及时还清。

她说,尽管她对自己的财务状况感到害怕,但她不敢和母亲当面对质。

“母亲是我唯一的抚养人之一——我想如果我把这件事情告诉她,她就会报复我,不供我读完大学,这确实会毁了我们之间的关系。”她解释道。“但(当)我查看自己的信用评分时,却发现情况非常糟糕。(她)让我信用破产。”

她说,她最终鼓起勇气和母亲谈了母亲使用她的信用卡的问题。

她对《财富》杂志表示:“情况并不乐观。我和她断绝关系很长时间。但这真的很难,因为你不仅会想:‘天哪,我身上发生了可怕的事情。’而且这还是母亲造就的。父母应该保护你,即使这么做可能出于善意,或者有她的理由,但这并不能成为借口。父母不应该这样对待自己的孩子。”

特殊的困境

处于这种境地的人面临着特殊的困境:要么举报父母犯罪,要么为父母的欺诈性消费负责。

在2021年的一篇文章中,CyberScout的创始人及身份盗窃专家亚当·莱文把家庭内部欺诈称为“隐匿性”犯罪,但他表示,这种犯罪实施起来“一点都不困难”。

他建议道:“尽管这可能很难,但受害者应该像应对陌生人犯下的罪行一样应对这种犯罪。对你的信用卡设置90天的欺诈警报,立即向警方报案,并对所有欺诈账户和费用提出异议。冻结你在三家信用报告机构的信用贷款。”

最后,这位向《财富》杂志讲述自己母亲盗用自己身份的女士说,她觉得自己别无选择,只能向当局举报自己的母亲。

她解释道:“除非我向警方报案,否则征信机构不会认真对待我。我不想这么做,因为那是我母亲,我不知道他们会(对她)做什么。最终,他们什么也没有做。”

在身份盗窃案发生数年后,她与母亲重归于好。但她表示,她们之间的关系出现了无法弥补的裂痕。

“我们有很长一段时间没有说话,而且,我很受伤。但我想原谅她并迎接新生活。”她说。“归根结底,如果你的家人伤害了你,你就需要尽自己所能保护自己。所以,我们一直保持联系,但我有自己的原则,保证我对我们在一起的时间和交谈的次数感到舒适。”

数字安全公司 Aura 的拉维钱德兰(他的一个朋友在很小的时候就被亲戚盗用了身份)认为,当局应该采取更多的措施来防止儿童身份被盗。

拉维钱德兰告诉《财富》杂志:“我一直不明白的是,为什么人们的信用默认是开放的,然后你必须[主动]进行关闭、冻结或锁定。在我看来,情况应该恰恰相反。监管机构和政府可以在这些方面参与进来,即在默认情况下,每个人的信用和个人资料都处于锁定状态。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

When Axton Betz-Hamilton set up her first utility bill at college, she soon realized something was very, very wrong.

It turned out she’d been a victim of identity theft—and it had destroyed her credit rating.

In 2001, when she was a 19-year-old student, Betz-Hamilton’s new utility provider demanded a $100 security deposit to turn on her service, citing her credit score.

“I thought it was because I didn’t have enough credit,” she told Fortune. But when a copy of her credit report turned up in her mailbox six weeks later, she learned the opposite was true.

“At first, I thought credit reports must come with a lot of instructions, because my credit report should not have been thick. It should have been half a page—name, address, and a couple of student loans. I opened it and realized very quickly that credit reports do not come with a lot of instructions, but that mine was 10 pages long and full of fraudulent credit card entries.”

Some of those entries dated back to 1993, when she was 11. When she disputed the file with credit bureaus, parts were removed simply because certain creditors had gone out of business. Others, however, didn’t get scrubbed from her history until they aged off—which typically takes around seven years.

For most people, the idea of identity theft conjures images of anonymous, shady hackers. But for many victims—including Betz-Hamilton—the perpetrator is much closer to home.

In Betz-Hamilton’s case, it was her mother.

A widespread problem

Betz-Hamilton fell victim to child identity theft in the 1990s—but the crime is still widespread today.

A landmark 2011 study by Carnegie Mellon CyLab found that children are uniquely vulnerable to identity theft.

In their analysis of more than 40,000 American children, researchers at the university found that 10% had someone else using their Social Security number. That meant kids were 51 times more likely to fall victim to identity theft than adults.

Children’s identities were being used to buy homes and cars, open credit card accounts and secure employment, the report’s authors said, with the youngest victim they discovered in their analysis being just five months old.

Meanwhile, a 2021 study by Javelin Strategy found that one in 50 U.S. children fall victim to identity theft every year—with 73% of victims being targeted by someone they know personally.

Hari Ravichandran, CEO and founder of digital security firm Aura, told Fortune that the perpetrator in a child identity theft case is “very often” related to the victim.

“A lot of the time, it involves families that are in dire straits, where they’re facing something like a serious economic crunch or addiction issues,” he said. “When kids are born, they get a social security number that generally never gets used until they’re about 17 or 18—so there’s this large window of time where there’s a clean social security number available.”

“It’s mom, really?”

It was only after her mother passed away in 2013 that Betz-Hamilton finally realized who was behind the fraud that landed her in financial difficulty. A couple weeks after her mom’s death, she got a life-changing call from her dad.

“He was going through [my mom’s old things] and pulled out a credit card statement in my name,” she said. “He was ready to tear into me—he was yelling at me for taking a credit card over its limit back in 2001.”

As the conversation progressed, Betz-Hamilton realized that the credit card in question was one of the debts that had been fraudulently taken out in her name. Further discoveries made among her mom’s files proved her mom had been the perpetrator of all of it—and revealed that she was not only guilty of her daughter’s identity theft, but of fraud committed in Betz-Hamilton’s dad and grandfather’s names.

“That moment of discovery, it was like experiencing two extreme emotions,” Betz-Hamilton told Fortune. “As someone who’d been living with identity theft for 20 years and not knowing who was responsible, it was like, wow, we figured out who did it finally, and we don’t have to live like this anymore—but then it’s like: it’s mom, really? It’s mom.”

The fraud her mom had committed dragged Betz-Hamilton’s credit score down to 380 before she’d even had a chance to build any credit for herself.

In the U.S., FICO Scores—the most commonly used credit scores—sit between 300 and 850, with a rating of 700 or above generally deemed “good” by lenders. According to Experian, the average American had a FICO Score of 714 last year.

Credit scores are used by lenders to determine whether someone is likely to pay them back, and are therefore hugely significant when it comes to taking out debt like loans and credit cards. Even landlords sometimes ask to see potential tenants’ credit scores before agreeing to rent them an apartment, and having a poor rating—that is, one below around 600—could make things difficult for would-be renters.

Betz-Hamilton’s damaged credit report landed her in the second percentile of all credit scores in the U.S. back in 2001. It took her a lot of time and money to remedy the situation, she told Fortune.

“I started by getting a credit card from a subprime lender that had an exorbitant interest rate…[and] it had a $300 limit.,” she said. “My first car loan on a five-year-old used car had APR 18.23% interest—that’s like putting a used car on a credit card.”

By the time her mom passed away, Betz-Hamilton’s credit report had been cleared of fraudulent entries. But she said her mother had “absolutely” been aware of just how financially damaging the identity theft had been.

“I’m the one who told her how bad it was,” Betz-Hamilton explained. “She was the first person I called for help because she worked in financial services. She was the financial expert in the family.”

Wayne R. Cohen, founder and managing partner of Washington, D.C.-based law firm Cohen & Cohen, told Fortune the “chief motivation” behind the crime was when a parent has bad credit and is not able to make a debt-based purchase.

“In most states this is a crime—fraud, identify theft, and misappropriation of funds are all possible charges a prosecutor could bring,” he said.

When it comes to what motivated Betz-Hamilton’s mom to commit her crimes, Betz-Hamilton can never know for sure as she never got the chance to confront her. But through conversations with people who knew her mom and her own reflections, she has a few ideas.

“My grandmother was very similar, apparently, to my mom, in that she would compulsively spend,” she said. “That spending [came down to a need to] have the nicest things and impress other people with their perception of your wealth, based on the kind of clothes you have the kind of car you drive.”

“You trust your parents”

A number of people who were victimized by their parents have shared their stories on social media.

“First credit report I pulled at 18 had a gas bill from 1999. I was born in 89,” one person said in a post on X. “Was very thankful they allowed me to dispute simply using my birth certificate instead of doing a police report against my own family. But that was probably because I was trying to get a security clearance and the powers that be rushed things.”

“My mom did this, whole adult life [I’ve] been paying off debt that wasn’t even mine,” another said, while another said it had taken her until her thirties to stabilize her credit score after her parents used her details.

Fortune was not able to independently verify those anecdotes.

One Seattle-based woman, who is now 27, became a victim of family identity theft at a young age. She spoke to Fortune anonymously about her own experience.

When she was a junior at the University of Washington, her mother encouraged her to apply for her first credit card.

“You trust your parents, especially your mom—you think they’re there to protect you,” she told Fortune. “I thought, sure, you’re obviously more knowledgeable about credit than me. But I think she then felt like, ‘oh, that was really easy.’”

Her mom convinced her to open up a second credit card with a higher spending limit, which she promised to keep safe for her. But over time, she realized debts were being racked up on the cards that weren’t being paid off when they should have been.

She said she was afraid to confront her mother despite feeling scared about her financial situation.

“My mom was one of my sole providers—I thought if I brought this up to her that she’d retaliate and not help me through college, and that this was really going to ruin our relationship,” she explained. “But [when] I checked my credit score, it was pretty bad. [She] totally trashed my credit.”

She said she eventually mustered up the strength to talk to her mom about her use of her credit cards.

“It didn’t go great,” she told Fortune. “I halted my relationship with her for a long time. But it was really hard because you’re not only thinking, ‘oh my gosh, something horrible is happening to me,’ but it’s my mom of all people. Your parents are supposed to protect you, and even though there may have been some good intent behind it, or she had her reasonings, it doesn’t excuse it. That’s not what a parent should be doing to their children.”

Unique dilemma

People in this position face a unique dilemma: report their parents for committing a crime, or be held responsible for their parent’s fraudulent spending.

In a 2021 article, CyberScout founder and identity theft expert Adam Levin labeled intrafamily fraud an “insidious” crime, but said it was one that could be carried out “with no difficulty at all.”

“As hard as it may be, victims should respond to the crime exactly as they would had it been perpetrated by a stranger,” he advised. “Place a 90-day fraud alert on your credit, file a police report immediately, and dispute all fraudulent accounts and charges. Freeze your credit at the three credit reporting agencies.”

Ultimately, the woman who told Fortune about her mother stealing her identity said felt she had little choice but to report her mother to the authorities.

“The credit bureaus wouldn’t take me seriously unless I filed a police report,” she explained. “I didn’t want to because it was my mom, I didn’t know what they would do [to her]. Ultimately, they didn’t do anything.”

Several years after the identity theft, she is back on speaking terms with her mother. But she says their relationship has been irreparably damaged.

“We didn’t talk for a long time, and I was very hurt. But I wanted to forgive and move on,” she said. “Ultimately, if your family is hurting you, you need to do whatever you can to protect yourself. So, we’re in contact, but I have my own parameters that make me feel comfortable with how much we’re together or how much we talk.”

Ravichandran of the digital security firm Aura—who has a friend whose identity was stolen by a relative when they were younger—argues that authorities should do more to prevent child identity theft.

“What’s never been clear to me is why somebody’s credit should be open, by default, and then you have to [actively] close it, or freeze it or lock it,” Ravichandran told Fortune. “To me, it seems like it ought to be the opposite. And that’s something that regulators and government could get involved with, which is make everybody’s credit and personal info locked by default.”

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