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高盛:美国楼市将比2008年更糟糕

高盛:美国楼市将比2008年更糟糕

SYDNEY LAKE 2023-11-03
由于房屋供应不足,高抵押贷款利率并没有起到降低房价的效果。

图片来源:SCOTT OLSON/GETTY IMAGES

有人说历史往往会重演。目前,美国房地产市场正在重复历史,只是高盛(Goldman Sachs)的分析显示,现在的状况在某些方面比2008年的房地产崩盘危机更加严重。

目前,抵押贷款利率接近7.5%,达到二十多年来的最高水平,但由于数十年的房屋建设量不足和房屋供应不足,房价依旧在上涨。据美国人口普查局(Census Bureau)统计,2023年第二季度,美国平均房价接近500,000美元,比2008年房地产泡沫破灭时的房价几乎增长了一倍。

高盛常务董事罗杰·阿什沃斯回顾了16年前引发大衰退的房地产市场崩盘。他发现,除了可负担性以外,大多数指标“都更加强劲”。

他在周二发布的信用策略研究报告中写道:“虽然目前房地产市场和消费者基本面的表现更强劲,但与2006年房地产市场崩盘之前的最高点相比,增量购房人的可负担性却变得更差。除非整体经济受到任何负面冲击,能够刺激市场上房屋供应过剩或者导致失业率升高,我们依旧认为房价会缓慢上涨。”

该华尔街银行并非唯一一家对房屋成本给出负面评估的机构。亚特兰大联储(Atlanta Fed)通过其住房所有权可负担性监测(Home Ownership Affordability Monitor)工具发现,与2006年相比,住房可负担性持续恶化。该工具跟踪包括中位数房价、中位数收入、抵押贷款利率、本月本金和利息支付以及用于偿还抵押贷款的收入平均比例等因素。截至2023年7月,住房可负担性同比下降了近8个百分点,依旧比被认为购房人普遍有能力购房的阈值低超过31个百分点。

阿什沃思在名为《美国房地产市场崩盘可能比16年前更严重》(U.S. Housing market crash turns not-so-sweet 16)的报告中预测,到今年年底,房价会上涨1.8%,到2024年底将上涨3.5%。十多年来,阿什沃思一直在研究抵押贷款担保证券和房地产市场,他之前在花旗集团(Citi)任职。据eFinancialCareers披露,他在7月加入高盛。阿什沃思未答复《财富》杂志的置评请求,对该研究论文发表更多评论。

虽然房屋可负担性依旧值得担忧,但自2008年以来,已经有许多情况发生了变化。2008年,房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)被美国政府接管,而目前房地产市场面临的主要挑战不同于以往。

一方面,二十年前,在上一次危机时,零首付抵押贷款和房屋净值贷款等产品,帮助更多美国人购房,推高了房价。现在,房价高企的原因是,待售房屋更少。事实上,房屋库存量接近历史最低水平。据Realtor.com统计,2018年9月至2023年9月期间,市场上的平均房屋数量骤减60%,有效房源低于700,000套。

阿什沃思写道:“目前房屋库存量低,可以解释为什么即使面对可负担性挑战,房价依旧能保持韧性。”但2004年至2009年期间,房屋供应量开始增长,而房价上涨速度放缓。他表示:“在失业潮开始之前,不仅房屋供应量有几个月创新高,‘影子’库存量,即面临止赎的借款人的房屋数量,也在增加。”

现在,我们看到抵押贷款利率和房价同时上涨,这对潜在购房人造成了严重影响,他们被上涨的房价挤出了市场。在上一次房地产市场崩盘时,更高的贷款还款额开始导致房价疲软,这与目前的情况截然不同。

房地美首席经济学家山姆·哈特在9月29日发布的一份声明中表示:“与千禧年之交的情形不同,现在房价与抵押贷款利率同步上涨,主要原因是低库存。这些不利因素导致买方和卖方都在等待更好的市场环境。”

可惜,阿什沃思以及其他许多房地产经济学家和专家们预测,对于潜在购房人,短期内不会有更好的交易机会。高盛认为,如果没有房屋供应增多、失业率上升或抵押贷款利率下降,明年房价将会继续上涨。

阿什沃思写道:“现在利率趋势已经逆转,利率变得更高,因此增量购房人的可负担性,比2004年至2007年期间变得更有挑战性。我们依旧预测在中期内房价会缓慢上涨。”(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

有人说历史往往会重演。目前,美国房地产市场正在重复历史,只是高盛(Goldman Sachs)的分析显示,现在的状况在某些方面比2008年的房地产崩盘危机更加严重。

目前,抵押贷款利率接近7.5%,达到二十多年来的最高水平,但由于数十年的房屋建设量不足和房屋供应不足,房价依旧在上涨。据美国人口普查局(Census Bureau)统计,2023年第二季度,美国平均房价接近500,000美元,比2008年房地产泡沫破灭时的房价几乎增长了一倍。

高盛常务董事罗杰·阿什沃斯回顾了16年前引发大衰退的房地产市场崩盘。他发现,除了可负担性以外,大多数指标“都更加强劲”。

他在周二发布的信用策略研究报告中写道:“虽然目前房地产市场和消费者基本面的表现更强劲,但与2006年房地产市场崩盘之前的最高点相比,增量购房人的可负担性却变得更差。除非整体经济受到任何负面冲击,能够刺激市场上房屋供应过剩或者导致失业率升高,我们依旧认为房价会缓慢上涨。”

该华尔街银行并非唯一一家对房屋成本给出负面评估的机构。亚特兰大联储(Atlanta Fed)通过其住房所有权可负担性监测(Home Ownership Affordability Monitor)工具发现,与2006年相比,住房可负担性持续恶化。该工具跟踪包括中位数房价、中位数收入、抵押贷款利率、本月本金和利息支付以及用于偿还抵押贷款的收入平均比例等因素。截至2023年7月,住房可负担性同比下降了近8个百分点,依旧比被认为购房人普遍有能力购房的阈值低超过31个百分点。

阿什沃思在名为《美国房地产市场崩盘可能比16年前更严重》(U.S. Housing market crash turns not-so-sweet 16)的报告中预测,到今年年底,房价会上涨1.8%,到2024年底将上涨3.5%。十多年来,阿什沃思一直在研究抵押贷款担保证券和房地产市场,他之前在花旗集团(Citi)任职。据eFinancialCareers披露,他在7月加入高盛。阿什沃思未答复《财富》杂志的置评请求,对该研究论文发表更多评论。

虽然房屋可负担性依旧值得担忧,但自2008年以来,已经有许多情况发生了变化。2008年,房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)被美国政府接管,而目前房地产市场面临的主要挑战不同于以往。

一方面,二十年前,在上一次危机时,零首付抵押贷款和房屋净值贷款等产品,帮助更多美国人购房,推高了房价。现在,房价高企的原因是,待售房屋更少。事实上,房屋库存量接近历史最低水平。据Realtor.com统计,2018年9月至2023年9月期间,市场上的平均房屋数量骤减60%,有效房源低于700,000套。

阿什沃思写道:“目前房屋库存量低,可以解释为什么即使面对可负担性挑战,房价依旧能保持韧性。”但2004年至2009年期间,房屋供应量开始增长,而房价上涨速度放缓。他表示:“在失业潮开始之前,不仅房屋供应量有几个月创新高,‘影子’库存量,即面临止赎的借款人的房屋数量,也在增加。”

现在,我们看到抵押贷款利率和房价同时上涨,这对潜在购房人造成了严重影响,他们被上涨的房价挤出了市场。在上一次房地产市场崩盘时,更高的贷款还款额开始导致房价疲软,这与目前的情况截然不同。

房地美首席经济学家山姆·哈特在9月29日发布的一份声明中表示:“与千禧年之交的情形不同,现在房价与抵押贷款利率同步上涨,主要原因是低库存。这些不利因素导致买方和卖方都在等待更好的市场环境。”

可惜,阿什沃思以及其他许多房地产经济学家和专家们预测,对于潜在购房人,短期内不会有更好的交易机会。高盛认为,如果没有房屋供应增多、失业率上升或抵押贷款利率下降,明年房价将会继续上涨。

阿什沃思写道:“现在利率趋势已经逆转,利率变得更高,因此增量购房人的可负担性,比2004年至2007年期间变得更有挑战性。我们依旧预测在中期内房价会缓慢上涨。”(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

They say that history tends to repeat itself. That’s happening in the housing market right now—except it’s actually worse than the disastrous crash of 2008 in some ways, according to a Goldman Sachs analysis.

Mortgage rates are at their highest levels in more than two decades at nearly 7.5%, and home prices continue to creep upward because of decades of underbuilding and the resultant lack of houses. For the second quarter of 2023, the average sale price in the U.S. hit nearly $500,000, according to the Census Bureau, nearly double the price of homes at the time that the housing bubble burst in 2008.

Roger Ashworth, a managing director at Goldman Sachs, looked at the housing crash that sparked the Great Recession 16 years later, and found most things in a “much stronger position”—with the major exception of affordability.

“While housing and more generally consumer fundamentals are in a much stronger position today, affordability for the incremental buyer is worse than it was at the peak in 2006 before the crash,” he wrote in a credit strategy research paper released Tuesday. “Absent any negative shocks to the broader economy that would either boost excess supply of homes on the market or fuel an uptick in unemployment, we continue to expect home prices to rise at a slow pace.”

The Wall Street bank is far from alone in its withering assessment of housing costs. The Atlanta Fed found that housing affordability has deteriorated beyond 2006 levels in its Home Ownership Affordability Monitor, which tracks factors including median home prices, median income, mortgage rate, monthly principal and interest payments, and the average percentage of income spent on mortgages. As of July 2023, housing affordability had dropped nearly eight percentage points year-over-year—and remains more than 31 percentage points below the threshold considered widely accessible.

By the end of this year, we’ll see home prices rise by 1.8%, with a 3.5% increase by the end of 2024, Ashworth predicted in the paper titled, “U.S. Housing market crash turns not-so-sweet 16.” Ashworth has been studying mortgage-backed securities and the real estate market for more than a decade, most recently with Citi. He joined Goldman in July, according to eFinancialCareers. Ashworth did not respond to Fortune’s request for further comment on the research paper.

Although there’s still reason to be concerned about housing affordability, a lot has changed since 2008, when Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were placed under conservatorship by the U.S. government—and the major challenges facing the housing market today differ from before.

For one, two decades ago, products like zero-down-payment mortgages and taking out cash from a home’s equity helped more Americans buy property, boosting real estate prices at the time of the last crisis. Today, prices are high because there are much fewer homes for sale. Indeed, housing housing inventory levels are near historic lows. Between September 2018 and September 2023, the average number of homes on the market dropped a whopping 60% to below 700,000 active listings, according to Realtor.com.

“The current low home inventory could help explain why home prices appear to be resilient despite the challenging affordability environment we find ourselves in,” Ashworth wrote. But in the 2004 to 2009 period, home supply started growing while home price appreciation slowed, he noted: “Not only was the months’ supply of homes high, there was also a buildup in ‘shadow’ inventory of homes of borrowers facing foreclosure even before job losses started.”

Today, we’re seeing mortgage rates and home prices climb in tandem—a brutal storm for would-be homebuyers who find themselves priced out. During the last crash, higher loan payments started to translate into weaker home prices, which isn’t the case today.

“[U]nlike the turn of the millennium, house prices today are rising alongside mortgage rates, primarily due to low inventory,” Sam Khater, Freddie Mac’s chief economist, said in a statement released Sept. 29. “These headwinds are causing both buyers and sellers to hold out for better circumstances.”

Unfortunately for those would-be buyers, Ashworth, along with many other real estate economists and experts, doesn’t expect better deals any time soon. Without a boost in home supply, an uptick in unemployment, or a drop in mortgage rates, Goldman holds to its projection that home prices will continue to climb into next year.

“Now that interest rates have reversed course and are now far higher, affordability for the incremental home buyer is more challenged than during the 2004-07 period,” Ashworth wrote. “We continue to expect home prices to rise at a slow pace over the medium term.”

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