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TikTok网红与“减肥神药”

TikTok网红与“减肥神药”

Alexandra Sternlicht 2023-09-25
一个充斥着金钱激励和报酬的网络支撑着TikTok、YouTube和Instagram这类平台上的大多数减肥内容。

像司美格鲁肽这类GLP-1减肥药风靡TikTok。图片来源:FLORIAN GAERTNER/PHOTOTHEK VIA GETTY IMAGES

TikTok上的劳伦·约翰斯顿是一位来自美国阿拉巴马州的母亲,她借助减肥药替西帕肽(Mounjaro),在10个月的时间中从220磅(约199.58斤)减到了144磅(约130.63斤),并详细记录了其减肥历程。约翰斯顿与其女儿跳舞的视频,以及曾几何时的训练紧身衣罩在她苗条身体上晃荡不已的视频,吸引了数十万的点击量。

在其视频下方的评论中,观众分享了他们使用替西帕肽、司美格鲁肽(Ozempic)、Wegovy和其他处方减肥药的减肥历程,并表达了希望能够减肥成功的意愿。

一位用户问:“你是怎么知道用它来减肥的?”

约翰斯顿用一个心形符号回复说:“点击我个人资料中的链接,就是那个Ivim health连接。”该链接有一个独特的代码,可以跟踪约翰斯顿对Ivim Health的推荐。它是一家刚成立了一年半的远程医疗公司,几乎专营像司美格鲁肽和替西帕肽这样的糖尿病药及其化合物,并面向全美的病患开立处方和发货。

像约翰斯顿这样的减肥博主成为了TikTok最新的网红,反映了全球对GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1)药物的狂热追捧。在TikTok搜索“司美格鲁肽”便会发现,无数此前的超重人士都在证实这款可注射药物的疗效。

其中一些网红与这类药物的销售者之间存在着隐晦的关联。约翰斯顿并未回复《财富》杂志有关其与Ivim关联的问题,但对其他多位网红和行业内部人士的采访,则揭示了一个充斥着金钱激励和报酬的网络,这个网络支撑着TikTok、YouTube和Instagram这类平台上的大多数减肥内容。

来自美国长岛的母亲塔拉·杰伊通过使用多种减肥药成功减肥120磅(约108.86斤),并在这一过程中收获了100万的TikTok浏览量。她表示,每当有人使用她的推荐链接来注册Ivim,她都会拿到“近20美元”。这是很常见的事情:杰伊称,那些开处方减肥药的远程医疗公司每周邀请其合作一次。只要她推荐的人每拿到一张处方,公司通常都会向其支付一笔费用。杰伊表示自己并没有这么做。

很多网红都对其推广的药物坚信不疑,并称其视频以及推荐的可开减肥药的远程医疗公司都真心希望帮助其他人获取这一能够改变生活的药物。

杰伊说:“我并不是为了钱。我真的在与这家公司合作,完全是为了帮助那些无法从其医生或其保险公司那里获得这类药物的人群。”

《财富》杂志采访过的多位医学专家表示,网络红人与远程医疗公司之间为推广新类别的处方药而达成了某种联盟,我们有理由为之感到担忧,其中大多数都是降糖药,其减肥效用如今刚获得美国食品与药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)的认可。

美国北卡罗来纳大学(University of North Carolina)的吉林斯全球公共卫生学院(Gillings School of Global Public Health)的助理副教授阿姆丽塔·鲍米克指出,美国民众正日渐通过社交媒体来获取健康建议,因此重要的一点在于,那些在市场上通过推广这些最热门药物来赚钱的人是否进行过任何披露,有没有医学背景或与实际的制药公司有没有关联。

鲍米克称:“远程医疗公司并不像那些拥有或制造这类药物的公司一样,受制于相同的监管标准。”作为病患互动网站Health Union的首席社区官,鲍米克已经成为了研究医疗网红的专家。

互惠合作关系

生产司美格鲁肽和替西帕肽的医药公司在传统电视广告上投入了重金,而网红在社交媒体的营销似乎主要由远程医疗公司主导。

Ivim由泰勒·坎特与安东尼·坎特兄弟于2022年4月创建。谷歌街景(Google Street View)显示,这家由35名员工组成的公司将总部放在了品牌Sur la Table与品牌Kendra Scott之间的高端哥伦布商业街上。然而,尽管公司的数据没有什么看点,但TikTok上的标签#ivimhealth与#ivim各自都有着600多万的浏览量,而且Ivim的首席执行官安东尼·坎特称,这家公司当前与30多名网红签署了合约。

公司医疗总监泰勒·坎特在YouTube视频里表示:“在注册Ivim后,人们就相当于获得了使用GLP-1药物的预审核。”这一点似乎与药商的指引相违背,因为该指引要求不得向患有肾脏疾病、胰腺炎或体重指数低于27的人开立司美格鲁肽、Wegovy或替西帕肽。(Ivim的首席执行官与联合创始人安东尼·坎特,即泰勒·坎特的兄弟,回应了《财富》杂志有关该视频的询问,并表示情况“比那个更加微妙”,同时还称他们已经“不止一次”更改了注册流程。)

另一家远程医疗公司Valhalla Vitality一开始是一家迷幻剂疗法提供商,治疗的病症包括创伤后应激障碍。不过,公司的创始人及首席执行官菲利普·达戈斯蒂诺表示,公司在一年半之后转战减肥药领域。达戈斯蒂诺称,传统医疗和保险通常并不能覆盖像Valhalla这类远程医疗公司提供的疗法。他说:“我的目标只是为人们提供让其可以掌控自身健康的工具,同时得到可信赖医疗专业人士的监督。”

达戈斯蒂诺指出,公司与网红合作是为了帮助教育公众。他说:“我们花钱请博主宣传,是因为他们会在Instagram Live上直播,并带来更多的人,然后帮助广而告之。”除了教育公众这项回报之外,他表示,这家总部位于美国纽约皇后区、相对绿色的公司每月的环比增速达到了100%。

达戈斯蒂诺表示,Valhalla并不会告诉网红如何去说教,但称公司会对网红发布的视频进行审核。他说:“我们与网红签署的唯一协议就是他们得诚实,而且他们会在发布内容之前给我们提供评审的机会。”Valhalla支付网红的方式包括现金(达戈斯蒂诺称“几小时的工作能够赚数百美元”)或药物折扣。

对制药企业诺和诺德(Novo Nordisk)的司美格鲁肽的需求一片欣欣向荣。图片来源:CARSTEN SNEJBJERG/BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES

对于居住在美国田纳西州金斯波特小镇的34岁的母亲蕾切尔·考克斯来说,Valhalla的折扣帮了不少忙,她已经借助替西帕肽减掉了80磅(约72.57斤)。考克斯在TikTok上记录了其减肥历程,并借此获得了近20万的点赞和2.3万名粉丝。她在保险公司停止支付其替西帕肽处方药费用后,于今年早些时候与该公司开始合作。

由于替西帕肽的零售价格超过了1,000美元/月,考克斯不得不转而使用含有替西帕肽成分的化合物(意味着她会自己在注射器中灌注含有替西帕肽成分的药用化合物),这类化合物也不在医保范围之内。为了帮助支付每瓶544美元的费用以及她所谓的“帮助他人”,考克斯向其粉丝推荐了可以开处方药GLP-1s和替西帕肽的Valhalla。只要有人使用考克斯的代码注册Valhalla的100美元的初始咨询费或通过该公司获取GLP-1或替西帕肽药物处方,她都会赚到积分,后者会转化为其药物的折扣。

她在谈到TikTok减肥社区时表示:“感谢我的人给我发了大量的信息,因为当其替西帕肽被拒保之后,他们不知道去哪里获取这类药物。”转而“分享其混合用药历程”收到了不俗的效果,因为她的受众通过她发现了Valhalla,并将他们从互联网相识转化为“真正的好友。”

交汇于法律灰色区域的远程医疗与网红

当然,明星代言人并非是什么新事物。联盟营销在网络红人之间也是一种成熟的商业模式,他们会通过向卖家推荐客户赚取佣金。不过,说到远程医疗处方药以及网红营销,没有明确的法规来界定哪些是合规的。

哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的生物伦理中心(Center for Bioethics)的教授阿龙·凯瑟尔海姆博士称,在每个州,远程医疗公司补偿网红的规定各不相同,甚至各地都有自己的规定。他说:“在远程医疗公司及其操作方面,很多州的监管措施依然处于早期阶段。其中的一些关键问题在于,这些关系是否会被各州欺诈或自我交易法规认定为回扣或不正当自我交易?”

由于远程医疗公司、这类减肥药以及网红相对而言都是全新的理念,地方和联邦监管机构还没有对按推荐付费或产品代言的固定费率所得进行区分。美国西北大学法学院(Northeastern University School of Law)的法律与媒体教授亚历山德拉·罗伯茨表示:“不管是哪种情况,网红都将发布受到赞助的内容,因此有必要要求他们明确声明其发布的内容为广告。如果他们推荐的是一款处方药,则需要按照美国食品与药品监督管理局的要求提供额外的警示声明和披露。如果所有陈述都是虚假的,具有误导性,或没有实例支撑,那么网红以及聘请他们发布内容或向其支付佣金的公司可能就会受到法律的制裁,这里涉及的不仅仅是美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)的法案,同时还有州或联邦虚假广告法。如果发布内容虚假构造与司美格鲁肽生产公司的关联性,此举亦具有欺诈性。”

Ivim的首席执行官坎特指出,使用公司推荐链接的网红“应该提及”其与公司的关系,“我们在协议中明确地提到了这一点。”Valhalla的首席执行官达戈斯蒂诺称,如果他的公司发现某位网红在其网络中并没有披露其与公司的关系,那么合约就会立即终止。(《财富》杂志发现,尽管有些网红提供了有关两家远程医疗公司的推荐链接,但他们似乎没有明确说明双方的商业关系。)然而,哈佛医学院生物伦理中心的凯瑟尔海姆表示,Valhalla提前审核网红发布内容的操作意味着“一定程度的营销协调,而该内容的消费者可能对此并不知情”。不过他指出,仅有这一点还不大可能构成违法。

另一个有意思的法律问题可能涉及,远程医疗公司是否被看作连接医疗提供商与病患的科技平台。罗伯茨在谈到免除平台发布第三方(例如网红)内容民事责任的联邦《通信规范法案》(Communications Decency Act)章节时指出,如果是这样的话,“第230章可能就会适用。”在众多可能会发挥作用的变量里,最主要的是谁为网红提供了其代言的产品,也就是减肥药,以及网红从远程医疗公司拿到的药物折扣是否与这一决定有任何关联。

在减肥药风靡市场之前,多家远程医疗公司因为其在精神疾病药物处方开立方面的操作而备受争议。最大的远程医疗公司Cerebral在2022年成为了美国司法部(Department of Justice)调查的对象,原因在于有报道称,公司超量开立了处方药Xanax和Adderall。包括沃尔玛(Walmart)和CVS在内的药店连锁于2022年停止接受由专注于多动症的远程医疗公司Done开立的Adderall药方。

尽管GLP-1和替西帕肽并非像Adderall和Xanax那样属于管制类药物,但这些药物相对来说都是减肥领域的新药(Wegovy作为减肥药才上市两年的时间;司美格鲁肽用于糖尿病治疗才六年的时间),其长期效果和潜在的副作用依然未知。出于处方过期,以及难以承担自费药物费用的原因,很多病患停了药,并称自己在停药之后的体重恢复到了原来的水平,有时甚至比服药之前更重。

然而,这些药物与减肥之间的关系已经是根深蒂固,即便是美国节食疗法的代言人慧俪轻体(WeightWatchers)也开始部分倾向于使用GLP-1和替西帕肽药方。与此同时,像Ro和Calibrate这样在新冠疫情期间成为了风投资本和消费者心头好的远程医疗机构,也推出了满足减肥需求的项目。与新冠疫情期间居家购药需求一样,GLP-1药物热已经促使多家新公司加入减肥药阵营,包括Ivim、Slym、bmiMD、Push Health、Sunrise、Mochi Health、Accomplish Health等等。

Ivim的首席执行官坎特称,公司的目标不仅仅是为病患提供药物,同时还将提供教育以及诸如健康指导这样的资源获取渠道。

欢迎加入GLP-1的“密友派对”

对于很多减肥网红而言,TikTok视频基本上就是对其自身正面经验的证词,而且也是为面临减肥困境的其他人提供了社区和支持。

今年10月,Ivim的网红蕾切尔·奈特·格莱特,又名LoveNestConversation,称已经在两年半减了146磅(约132.45斤),她将为减肥药社区举行一场“大纳什维尔GLP1密友派对”(Big Nashville GLP1 Bestie Bash)。

“在精彩绝伦的周末派对上,能够相互会面,分享我们的成功故事,为我们的GLP1大家庭加油打气,并结交新朋友。”

蔡斯·弗兰克斯是一位拥有专业资格证的护士,她通过在TikTok上发布有关GLP-1药物的内容收获了超过8.5万名粉丝。对他来说,TikTok上的减肥人群成为了其部落,因为他们经常会在其视频下组织评论。担任Ivim顾问的弗兰克斯说:“TikTok上的GLP-1群体真的吸纳了一群在社会上受到不公平待遇的人群,比如遭遇肥胖恐惧症、体重歧视等。他们就像是一个支持小组。”

他说:“如果查看我视频或创作栏的评论,你就会发现人们在相互打气,并鼓励大家接受和欣赏自己的身体。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

TikTok上的劳伦·约翰斯顿是一位来自美国阿拉巴马州的母亲,她借助减肥药替西帕肽(Mounjaro),在10个月的时间中从220磅(约199.58斤)减到了144磅(约130.63斤),并详细记录了其减肥历程。约翰斯顿与其女儿跳舞的视频,以及曾几何时的训练紧身衣罩在她苗条身体上晃荡不已的视频,吸引了数十万的点击量。

在其视频下方的评论中,观众分享了他们使用替西帕肽、司美格鲁肽(Ozempic)、Wegovy和其他处方减肥药的减肥历程,并表达了希望能够减肥成功的意愿。

一位用户问:“你是怎么知道用它来减肥的?”

约翰斯顿用一个心形符号回复说:“点击我个人资料中的链接,就是那个Ivim health连接。”该链接有一个独特的代码,可以跟踪约翰斯顿对Ivim Health的推荐。它是一家刚成立了一年半的远程医疗公司,几乎专营像司美格鲁肽和替西帕肽这样的糖尿病药及其化合物,并面向全美的病患开立处方和发货。

像约翰斯顿这样的减肥博主成为了TikTok最新的网红,反映了全球对GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1)药物的狂热追捧。在TikTok搜索“司美格鲁肽”便会发现,无数此前的超重人士都在证实这款可注射药物的疗效。

其中一些网红与这类药物的销售者之间存在着隐晦的关联。约翰斯顿并未回复《财富》杂志有关其与Ivim关联的问题,但对其他多位网红和行业内部人士的采访,则揭示了一个充斥着金钱激励和报酬的网络,这个网络支撑着TikTok、YouTube和Instagram这类平台上的大多数减肥内容。

来自美国长岛的母亲塔拉·杰伊通过使用多种减肥药成功减肥120磅(约108.86斤),并在这一过程中收获了100万的TikTok浏览量。她表示,每当有人使用她的推荐链接来注册Ivim,她都会拿到“近20美元”。这是很常见的事情:杰伊称,那些开处方减肥药的远程医疗公司每周邀请其合作一次。只要她推荐的人每拿到一张处方,公司通常都会向其支付一笔费用。杰伊表示自己并没有这么做。

很多网红都对其推广的药物坚信不疑,并称其视频以及推荐的可开减肥药的远程医疗公司都真心希望帮助其他人获取这一能够改变生活的药物。

杰伊说:“我并不是为了钱。我真的在与这家公司合作,完全是为了帮助那些无法从其医生或其保险公司那里获得这类药物的人群。”

《财富》杂志采访过的多位医学专家表示,网络红人与远程医疗公司之间为推广新类别的处方药而达成了某种联盟,我们有理由为之感到担忧,其中大多数都是降糖药,其减肥效用如今刚获得美国食品与药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration)的认可。

美国北卡罗来纳大学(University of North Carolina)的吉林斯全球公共卫生学院(Gillings School of Global Public Health)的助理副教授阿姆丽塔·鲍米克指出,美国民众正日渐通过社交媒体来获取健康建议,因此重要的一点在于,那些在市场上通过推广这些最热门药物来赚钱的人是否进行过任何披露,有没有医学背景或与实际的制药公司有没有关联。

鲍米克称:“远程医疗公司并不像那些拥有或制造这类药物的公司一样,受制于相同的监管标准。”作为病患互动网站Health Union的首席社区官,鲍米克已经成为了研究医疗网红的专家。

互惠合作关系

生产司美格鲁肽和替西帕肽的医药公司在传统电视广告上投入了重金,而网红在社交媒体的营销似乎主要由远程医疗公司主导。

Ivim由泰勒·坎特与安东尼·坎特兄弟于2022年4月创建。谷歌街景(Google Street View)显示,这家由35名员工组成的公司将总部放在了品牌Sur la Table与品牌Kendra Scott之间的高端哥伦布商业街上。然而,尽管公司的数据没有什么看点,但TikTok上的标签#ivimhealth与#ivim各自都有着600多万的浏览量,而且Ivim的首席执行官安东尼·坎特称,这家公司当前与30多名网红签署了合约。

公司医疗总监泰勒·坎特在YouTube视频里表示:“在注册Ivim后,人们就相当于获得了使用GLP-1药物的预审核。”这一点似乎与药商的指引相违背,因为该指引要求不得向患有肾脏疾病、胰腺炎或体重指数低于27的人开立司美格鲁肽、Wegovy或替西帕肽。(Ivim的首席执行官与联合创始人安东尼·坎特,即泰勒·坎特的兄弟,回应了《财富》杂志有关该视频的询问,并表示情况“比那个更加微妙”,同时还称他们已经“不止一次”更改了注册流程。)

另一家远程医疗公司Valhalla Vitality一开始是一家迷幻剂疗法提供商,治疗的病症包括创伤后应激障碍。不过,公司的创始人及首席执行官菲利普·达戈斯蒂诺表示,公司在一年半之后转战减肥药领域。达戈斯蒂诺称,传统医疗和保险通常并不能覆盖像Valhalla这类远程医疗公司提供的疗法。他说:“我的目标只是为人们提供让其可以掌控自身健康的工具,同时得到可信赖医疗专业人士的监督。”

达戈斯蒂诺指出,公司与网红合作是为了帮助教育公众。他说:“我们花钱请博主宣传,是因为他们会在Instagram Live上直播,并带来更多的人,然后帮助广而告之。”除了教育公众这项回报之外,他表示,这家总部位于美国纽约皇后区、相对绿色的公司每月的环比增速达到了100%。

达戈斯蒂诺表示,Valhalla并不会告诉网红如何去说教,但称公司会对网红发布的视频进行审核。他说:“我们与网红签署的唯一协议就是他们得诚实,而且他们会在发布内容之前给我们提供评审的机会。”Valhalla支付网红的方式包括现金(达戈斯蒂诺称“几小时的工作能够赚数百美元”)或药物折扣。

对于居住在美国田纳西州金斯波特小镇的34岁的母亲蕾切尔·考克斯来说,Valhalla的折扣帮了不少忙,她已经借助替西帕肽减掉了80磅(约72.57斤)。考克斯在TikTok上记录了其减肥历程,并借此获得了近20万的点赞和2.3万名粉丝。她在保险公司停止支付其替西帕肽处方药费用后,于今年早些时候与该公司开始合作。

由于替西帕肽的零售价格超过了1,000美元/月,考克斯不得不转而使用含有替西帕肽成分的化合物(意味着她会自己在注射器中灌注含有替西帕肽成分的药用化合物),这类化合物也不在医保范围之内。为了帮助支付每瓶544美元的费用以及她所谓的“帮助他人”,考克斯向其粉丝推荐了可以开处方药GLP-1s和替西帕肽的Valhalla。只要有人使用考克斯的代码注册Valhalla的100美元的初始咨询费或通过该公司获取GLP-1或替西帕肽药物处方,她都会赚到积分,后者会转化为其药物的折扣。

她在谈到TikTok减肥社区时表示:“感谢我的人给我发了大量的信息,因为当其替西帕肽被拒保之后,他们不知道去哪里获取这类药物。”转而“分享其混合用药历程”收到了不俗的效果,因为她的受众通过她发现了Valhalla,并将他们从互联网相识转化为“真正的好友。”

交汇于法律灰色区域的远程医疗与网红

当然,明星代言人并非是什么新事物。联盟营销在网络红人之间也是一种成熟的商业模式,他们会通过向卖家推荐客户赚取佣金。不过,说到远程医疗处方药以及网红营销,没有明确的法规来界定哪些是合规的。

哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)的生物伦理中心(Center for Bioethics)的教授阿龙·凯瑟尔海姆博士称,在每个州,远程医疗公司补偿网红的规定各不相同,甚至各地都有自己的规定。他说:“在远程医疗公司及其操作方面,很多州的监管措施依然处于早期阶段。其中的一些关键问题在于,这些关系是否会被各州欺诈或自我交易法规认定为回扣或不正当自我交易?”

由于远程医疗公司、这类减肥药以及网红相对而言都是全新的理念,地方和联邦监管机构还没有对按推荐付费或产品代言的固定费率所得进行区分。美国西北大学法学院(Northeastern University School of Law)的法律与媒体教授亚历山德拉·罗伯茨表示:“不管是哪种情况,网红都将发布受到赞助的内容,因此有必要要求他们明确声明其发布的内容为广告。如果他们推荐的是一款处方药,则需要按照美国食品与药品监督管理局的要求提供额外的警示声明和披露。如果所有陈述都是虚假的,具有误导性,或没有实例支撑,那么网红以及聘请他们发布内容或向其支付佣金的公司可能就会受到法律的制裁,这里涉及的不仅仅是美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)的法案,同时还有州或联邦虚假广告法。如果发布内容虚假构造与司美格鲁肽生产公司的关联性,此举亦具有欺诈性。”

Ivim的首席执行官坎特指出,使用公司推荐链接的网红“应该提及”其与公司的关系,“我们在协议中明确地提到了这一点。”Valhalla的首席执行官达戈斯蒂诺称,如果他的公司发现某位网红在其网络中并没有披露其与公司的关系,那么合约就会立即终止。(《财富》杂志发现,尽管有些网红提供了有关两家远程医疗公司的推荐链接,但他们似乎没有明确说明双方的商业关系。)然而,哈佛医学院生物伦理中心的凯瑟尔海姆表示,Valhalla提前审核网红发布内容的操作意味着“一定程度的营销协调,而该内容的消费者可能对此并不知情”。不过他指出,仅有这一点还不大可能构成违法。

另一个有意思的法律问题可能涉及,远程医疗公司是否被看作连接医疗提供商与病患的科技平台。罗伯茨在谈到免除平台发布第三方(例如网红)内容民事责任的联邦《通信规范法案》(Communications Decency Act)章节时指出,如果是这样的话,“第230章可能就会适用。”在众多可能会发挥作用的变量里,最主要的是谁为网红提供了其代言的产品,也就是减肥药,以及网红从远程医疗公司拿到的药物折扣是否与这一决定有任何关联。

在减肥药风靡市场之前,多家远程医疗公司因为其在精神疾病药物处方开立方面的操作而备受争议。最大的远程医疗公司Cerebral在2022年成为了美国司法部(Department of Justice)调查的对象,原因在于有报道称,公司超量开立了处方药Xanax和Adderall。包括沃尔玛(Walmart)和CVS在内的药店连锁于2022年停止接受由专注于多动症的远程医疗公司Done开立的Adderall药方。

尽管GLP-1和替西帕肽并非像Adderall和Xanax那样属于管制类药物,但这些药物相对来说都是减肥领域的新药(Wegovy作为减肥药才上市两年的时间;司美格鲁肽用于糖尿病治疗才六年的时间),其长期效果和潜在的副作用依然未知。出于处方过期,以及难以承担自费药物费用的原因,很多病患停了药,并称自己在停药之后的体重恢复到了原来的水平,有时甚至比服药之前更重。

然而,这些药物与减肥之间的关系已经是根深蒂固,即便是美国节食疗法的代言人慧俪轻体(WeightWatchers)也开始部分倾向于使用GLP-1和替西帕肽药方。与此同时,像Ro和Calibrate这样在新冠疫情期间成为了风投资本和消费者心头好的远程医疗机构,也推出了满足减肥需求的项目。与新冠疫情期间居家购药需求一样,GLP-1药物热已经促使多家新公司加入减肥药阵营,包括Ivim、Slym、bmiMD、Push Health、Sunrise、Mochi Health、Accomplish Health等等。

Ivim的首席执行官坎特称,公司的目标不仅仅是为病患提供药物,同时还将提供教育以及诸如健康指导这样的资源获取渠道。

欢迎加入GLP-1的“密友派对”

对于很多减肥网红而言,TikTok视频基本上就是对其自身正面经验的证词,而且也是为面临减肥困境的其他人提供了社区和支持。

今年10月,Ivim的网红蕾切尔·奈特·格莱特,又名LoveNestConversation,称已经在两年半减了146磅(约132.45斤),她将为减肥药社区举行一场“大纳什维尔GLP1密友派对”(Big Nashville GLP1 Bestie Bash)。

“在精彩绝伦的周末派对上,能够相互会面,分享我们的成功故事,为我们的GLP1大家庭加油打气,并结交新朋友。”

蔡斯·弗兰克斯是一位拥有专业资格证的护士,她通过在TikTok上发布有关GLP-1药物的内容收获了超过8.5万名粉丝。对他来说,TikTok上的减肥人群成为了其部落,因为他们经常会在其视频下组织评论。担任Ivim顾问的弗兰克斯说:“TikTok上的GLP-1群体真的吸纳了一群在社会上受到不公平待遇的人群,比如遭遇肥胖恐惧症、体重歧视等。他们就像是一个支持小组。”

他说:“如果查看我视频或创作栏的评论,你就会发现人们在相互打气,并鼓励大家接受和欣赏自己的身体。”(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

Lauren Johnston is an Alabama mom on TikTok who has dutifully documented her 10-month journey from 220 pounds to 144 pounds using weight loss drug Mounjaro. The videos of Johnston dancing with her daughter, and of the once skintight workout tops transformed into billowy neon fabrics hanging from her petite frame, have garnered hundreds of thousands of views.

In the comments under the videos, viewers share their own tales of pound shedding with Mounjaro, Ozempic, Wegovy, and other prescription weight loss drugs, and express their desire to emulate her success.

“How’d you get started on it?” asks one user.

“Click the link in my bio it’s the Ivim health one,” Johnston writes back with a heart emoji. This link has a unique code to track Johnston’s referrals to Ivim Health, a one-and-a-half-year-old telehealth company that deals almost exclusively in antidiabetic drugs like Ozempic and Mounjaro and their compounds, prescribing and shipping the medications to patients around the country.

Weight loss influencers like Johnston are the latest sensation on TikTok, reflecting a worldwide craze for the so-called GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) drugs. Search for “Ozempic” on TikTok and you’ll find an endless feed of formerly obese people attesting to the efficacy of the injectable medications.

What’s less readily apparent are the relationships between some of these influencers and the dispensers of the medications. Johnson did not respond to Fortune’s queries about her relationship with Ivim, but interviews with several other influencers and industry insiders, including the CEO of Ivim, revealed a web of financial incentives and payments underpinning much of the weight loss content on platforms like TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram.

Tara Jay, a Long Island mom who lost 120 pounds on a combination of weight loss medications and picked up 1 million TikTok views in the process, says she gets paid an amount that’s “less than $20” every time someone uses her referral link to register with Ivim. And it’s hardly unusual: Jay says that telehealth companies that prescribe weight loss drugs solicit her for partnerships about once per week, often offering to pay her a fee each time one of her referrals gets a prescription, something Jay says she doesn’t do.

Many of the influencers swear by the drugs they’re promoting, and say their videos and referrals to telehealth companies that can prescribe are born out of a genuine desire to help others get access to a life-changing drug.

“I’m not doing this for money. I really got involved with this company to absolutely help people who just weren’t able to get it from their doctors’ or their insurance,” says Jay.

But several medical experts that Fortune spoke to say there’s reason to be cautious about the alliance between internet influencers and telehealth companies in promoting the new class of prescription drugs, most of which are technically anti-diabetes drugs whose weight loss benefits are just now being recognized by the Food and Drug Administration.

Americans increasingly turn to social media for health advice, so it matters if those pushing the hottest drugs on the market are profiting without any disclosures, medical backgrounds or relationships with the actual pharmaceutical companies, says Amrita Bhowmick, an adjunct assistant professor at the University of North Carolina’s Gillings School of Global Public Health.

“Telehealth companies are not held to the same regulatory standards as a pharmaceutical company that owns or manufactures that drug,” says Bhomwick, who has become an expert on healthcare influencers as the chief community officer of patient-to-patient connection website Health Union.

A mutually beneficial partnership

While the pharmaceutical companies that produce Ozempic and Mounjaro spend hefty sums of money on traditional TV ads, the influencer marketing on social media appears to be primarily led by telehealth companies.

Ivim was incorporated in April 2022 by brothers Taylor and Anthony Kantor. The 35-person company lists headquarters in a high-end Columbus strip mall between Sur la Table and Kendra Scott, according to Google Street View. But despite these low-key corporate data points, on TikTok the hashtags #ivimhealth and #ivim each have over 6 million views and Ivim CEO Anthony Kantor notes that the company has concurrent contracts with over 30 influencers.

“By registering with Ivim, you have already been preapproved for a GLP-1 medication,” says the company’s medical director Taylor Kantor in a YouTube video, which appears to contradict the guidance of the drugmakers that individuals with kidney problems, pancreatitis or a body mass index lower than 27 should not be prescribed Ozempic, Wegovy or Mounjaro. (Ivim CEO and cofounder Anthony Kantor, who also is Taylor Kantor’s brother, responded to Fortune’s query about the video, and said that it’s “a bit more nuanced than that,” adding that they’ve changed the registration process “quite a few times.”)

Valhalla Vitality, another telehealth company, began as a purveyor of psychedelic treatments for conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder, but moved into weight loss drugs a year and a half ago, according to founder and CEO Philip D’Agostino. Conventional medical care and insurance often don’t cover the kind of treatments that telehealth companies like Valhalla provide, D’Agostino says. “My whole goal for this was to give people the access to the tools that they need to control their health in their own hands—with the supervision of a trusted medical professional,” he says.

D’Agostino said the company works with influencers to help educate the public. “If we’re paying somebody, it’s because it’s somebody who’s going to go on Instagram Live and bring in other people and help educate a larger group,” he said. And he’s gotten more than an education, noting that revenues consistently grow 100% month-over-month for the relatively green Queens, N.Y.–based company.

He said Valhalla doesn’t tell influencers what to say, but noted that the company approves the videos that the influencers post. “The only agreements that we have with our influencers is that they’re honest, and that they give us a chance to review it before they post,” he says. Valhalla’s payments to influencers can range from cash—which D’Agostino described as a “couple hundred dollars for a couple of hours’ work”—to discounts on medication.

For Rachel Cox, a 34-year-old mom based in small-town Kingsport, Tenn., who shed 80 pounds on Mounjaro, Valhalla’s discounts have been helpful. Cox, who amassed nearly 200,000 likes and 23,000 followers on TikTok by chronicling her weight loss journey, partnered with the company earlier this year after insurance stopped covering her Mounjaro prescription.

Because Mounjaro retails for over $1,000 per month out of pocket, Cox had to switch over to a compound version of tirzepatide (meaning that she fills the syringes herself with pharmaceutical compounds that constitute a tirzepatide), which also falls outside of insurance coverage. To help cover payments of $544 per vial and, in her words, “help people,” Cox refers her followers to Valhalla, which prescribes compound GLP-1s and tirzepatides. Every time someone uses Cox’s code to register for Valhalla’s $100 initial consultation or gets a GLP-1 or tirzepatide compound prescription through the company, she earns points, which translate to discounts on her medications.

“I get a lot of messages from people thanking me, because when their Mounjaro was declined [by insurance coverage], they didn’t know where to go,” she says of the weight loss TikTok community. Switching to “sharing [her] compounded journey” has been “amazing” because her audience has found Valhalla through her content, transforming them from internet acquaintances to “true friends.”

The legal gray area where telehealths and influencers meet

Celebrity spokespeople are nothing new, of course. And affiliate marketing is a well-established business model among internet influencers, who earn commissions from sellers for referring customers. When it comes to telehealth prescriptions and influencer marketing, though, the rules around what’s acceptable are not so clear-cut.

Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, a professor at Harvard Medical School’s Center for Bioethics, says the rules around how telehealth companies compensate influencers could vary on a state-by-state basis, and even be determined at a local level. “A lot of state regulatory practices with respect to telehealth companies and their practices are still in the early stages,” he says. “Would these relationships be considered kickbacks or improper self-dealing under state fraud or self-dealing statutes should be some of the key questions,” he said.

Because telehealth, this class of weight loss drugs, and influencers are all relatively novel concepts, local and federal regulators have not differentiated between payments based on referrals or flat fees for endorsing a product. “In either case, the influencer is posting sponsored content and is required to disclose clearly and conspicuously that their posts are ads. If they’re advertising a prescription drug, additional warnings and disclosures are likely to be required by the FDA,” says Alexandra Roberts, a professor of law and media at Northeastern University School of Law. “If any representations are false, misleading, or unsubstantiated, both the influencer and the company that is paying them to post or paying them commission may be liable under not just FTC law, but also state or federal false advertising law. And if the posts falsely create the perception of affiliation with the company that makes Ozempic, that can be deceptive too.”

Ivim’s CEO Kantor says influencers who use the firm’s referral links “should be mentioning” their relationship with the company—”we definitely tell them that in our agreement.” D’Agostino, the Valhalla CEO, said that if his company discovers that an influencer in its network is not disclosing their relationship with the company, their contract is immediately terminated. (Fortune found influencers with referral links to both telehealth companies who did not appear to have clear disclosures of their commercial relationships.) Still, Valhalla’s practice of reviewing influencer posts beforehand suggests “a level of marketing coordination that consumers of the content probably aren’t aware of,” said Kessselheim, of Harvard Medical School’s Center for Bioethics, though he noted that alone was unlikely to be illegal.

An interesting legal wrinkle could also involve whether a telehealth firm is considered a technology platform that connects medical providers to patients. In that case, “Section 230 might come into play,” says Roberts, referring to the section of the federal Communications Decency Act that shields platforms from civil liability for content posted by third-parties (for example, influencers). Among the many variables that could come into play are the details about who provided the influencer with the product they endorsed—in this case weight loss drugs—and if the discounts on medication that an influencer received from a telehealth have any bearing on that determination.

The mania for weight loss drugs comes shortly after several telehealth companies became embroiled in controversies over their prescription practices for drugs to treat mental health issues. Cerebral, one of the largest telehealth companies, became the subject of a Department of Justice investigation in 2022 following reports that it overprescribed Xanax and Adderall. Pharmacy chains including Walmart and CVS stopped filling Adderall prescriptions from ADHD-focused telehealth Done in 2022.

While GLP-1 and tirzepatides are not controlled substances like Adderall and Xanax, the drugs are considered relatively novel for weight loss (Wegovy has been on the market for just two years as a weight loss drug; Ozempic for about six to treat diabetes), and their long-term effects and potential adverse effects are still unknown. Many patients report that after they stopped taking the drugs—often because their prescriptions expired and they could not afford to pay out of pocket—they gained back the weight, sometimes getting heavier than they were prior to starting on the medications.

Still, the drugs have become so associated with weight loss that even WeightWatchers, synonymous with American dieting, has in-part pivoted to GLP-1 and tirzepatide prescriptions. Meanwhile telehealths like Ro and Calibrate that became VC and consumer darlings during COVID-19 have launched programs to meet weight loss demands. And just like the demand for medicine from home during the pandemic, the GLP-1 fever has spawned a slew of new companies designed to dose: Ivim, Slym, bmiMD, Push Health, Sunrise, Mochi Health, Accomplish Health, and many more.

Kantor, the CEO of Ivim, says the company’s goal is to provide patients not just medication, but education and access to resources like health coaches.

Welcome to the GLP-1 “Bestie Bash”

For many weight loss influencers, the TikTok videos are most of all a testament to their own positive experiences, and a way to provide community and support for others who have faced similar struggles to get slim.

This October, Ivim influencer Rachael Knight Gullette, who goes by LoveNestConversation and claims to have lost 146 pounds in two and a half years, is hosting a meetup for the prescription weight loss community called the Big Nashville GLP1 Bestie Bash.

The goals: “the most amazing weekend of meeting each other in person, sharing our success stories, providing encouragement to our fellow GLP1 family, and making new friends.”

Chace Franks is a board-certified nurse practitioner who has garnered over 85,000 followers posting about GLP-1s on TikTok. For him, the people of weight loss TikTok have become his tribe as they often organize in the comments of his videos. “The GLP-1 community on Tiktok has really banded together a portion of society that has been treated unfairly—whether it’s fatphobia, weight bias, things like that; it’s like a support group, almost,” says Franks, who is an adviser for Ivim.

“If you look at the comments on my videos or creators’,” he says, “it’s people hyping people up—it’s promoting body positivity.”

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