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耗资8.5万美元的招聘测试是什么样的?

耗资8.5万美元的招聘测试是什么样的?

Trey Williams 2023-08-30
首席执行官在被选择任用前要经过漫长而严格的评估。

图片来源:NICO_BLUE—GETTY IMAGES

每个白领职位的招聘过程都可能是漫长、令人沮丧和充满压力的。这一过程通常包括多轮面试——旨在展示应聘者的相关技能和经验,有时还会进行能力倾向测验以淘汰不合适的候选人。然而,与首席执行官职位竞争者面临的严苛评估过程相比,这可以说是小巫见大巫。

在企业高层领导的招聘过程中,候选人需要进行一系列的认知和心理测验、行为评估和工作情境模拟,以便让董事会确定他们是否具备一名出色高管所需要具备的性格、技能和特质。

这类评估已经成为高管招聘人员了解潜在首席执行官的职业道德、态势感知能力、判断力、情感能力、团队建设方法、毅力、对细节的关注度以及决策的速度和准确性的重要手段。

不同于针对普通员工的一般雇前调查,为了确保长期的职业匹配,首席执行官的评估需要远远更加严格的审查和更大的投入。Miles Group(一家进行心理测验和评估的高管培训与发展公司)的首席运营官泰勒·格里芬表示,合理的继任规划是董事会最重要的工作之一,它能够确保领导层的无缝交接,从而对企业盈利能力几乎不会造成任何负面影响。填补高管职位空缺时几乎不容许出现差错,糟糕的选择可能会带来巨大的损失。

因此,董事会利用大量强化的评估策略。美国人力资源管理协会(Society for Human Resource Management)的首席人力资源官吉姆·林克称,工作情境模拟是近五年开始流行的一种评估手段。模拟情节会因为公司需求和实施模拟的公司的不同而有所差别。

领导力顾问和高管猎头公司罗盛咨询(Russell Reynolds Associates)通常会在模拟前给首席执行官候选人发送一份信息包,其中说明了高管可能会遇到的模拟情境。该信息包还包含一家虚构公司的相关电子邮件、分析师报告、财务信息、媒体文章以及季度和年度披露信息。

候选人会花大概半天的时间参加五次左右的面对面会议,让自己沉浸在编造的情境中来寻求解决办法。有专门的演员负责扮演董事会成员、其他高管、股东、监管机构和投资者,从而营造出一种毫无破绽的真实感。

罗盛咨询的团队每个月都会组织几场这类模拟。该机构的总经理迪安·斯塔穆利斯说:“候选人被要求迅速做出反应,以展示他们的决策能力和领导力。他们似乎很喜欢沉浸在情境当中,因为这让他们有机会展示自己的能力,而不是只能口头表述。”

模拟的情节是根据公司的优先事项和即将上任的首席执行官面临的挑战来设计的。

斯塔穆利斯举例道:“比如,情节可能是董事会的两位董事对企业并购战略意见不一致,因此首席执行官必须引导和影响他们,并通过自己的方式解决问题。也可能是某种关于伦理难题的危机,例如活动家不断地向公司施压。”

Miles Group的格里芬表示,各种评估通常并不会让候选人难以应对。只不过他们的评估结果有助于董事会了解这位高管在承受压力时是如何做出决策或进行沟通的。答案没有正确或者错误之分,董事会往往明白并不存在完美的首席执行官工作模式。

格里芬说:“董事会通常会确定企业的前瞻性需求,然后将其转化为涉及行为、经验、技能和能力等要素的简要描述。我们认为继任筹备是一项多人参与的工作,需要一个强大的团队来开展,以弥补个人技能组合的不足。”

林克称,虽然现在有更多的公司对首席执行官进行多种多样的评估,但仅有6%的公司在高管级别招聘中采取模拟测试。这可能是因为这类评估更加耗时,而且成本不低。每位候选人进行工作情境模拟的费用可以高达8.5万美元,一些高管猎头公司则按照套餐(其中涵盖多种类型的首席执行官评估)来收取固定费用,最高费用能够达到50万美元。

不过,行为与认知测试是最受欢迎的高管评估方法。根据美国人力资源管理协会的数据,32%的公司在招聘高管时会进行行为或者性格评估,54%的公司会开展行为面试,16%的公司会做认知技能评估。

公司通过心理测验分析候选人的性格特征、心理能力和行为方式,基于此来评估候选人是否适合首席执行官一职。这些测试(无论是现场测试还是在线测试)通常分为两个环节:其中一个环节发生在招聘过程的开始阶段,另一环节发生在接近结束的时候。首席执行官候选人每轮要接受两项至五项心理测验,两轮测试时间总计超过五个小时。公司会聘请博士级别的顾问来制定和实施评估方案,并分析结果。

斯塔穆利斯说:“你会被问到一大堆自我描述性的问题,比如‘我有多自信?我有多令人信服?’当然,实际上的问题要细致得多。它们会涉及你的沟通、决策和领导方式。其想法是,如果以微妙的方式问一连串这类问题,就可以从整张问卷中得出一个明显的趋势。”

霍根测评(Hogan assessment)是一项行业标准性格测试,许多公司都参照它来出自己的测试题。该测评的心理测验问题表述让答题者能够用“强烈赞同”到“强烈不赞同”等一系列不同态度的选项来回答。例如,候选人可能会看到这样的肯定陈述:我希望我所做的每件事情都可以成功;我对别人的情绪很敏感;我总能承认自己的错误;以及我注定要成为伟人。

心理测验有助于全面剖析候选人,反映出他们是否具备现代领导者所需的软技能。为此,史宾沙(Spencer Stuart)等一些高管猎头公司还会对候选人的经理、同事、下属甚至公司外的朋友和熟人进行全方面评估。

林克称,从数据上看,如此大费周章地摸清潜在首席执行官的管理模式是有道理的。他指出,美国人力资源管理协会的一项分析显示,78%的人力资源专业人士表示由于评估过程包含心理测试,他们企业的招聘质量有所提高。23%的受访者指出评估有助于提高雇员的多样性,36%的受访者称在评估中得分高的候选人即使没有达到最低工作经验年限要求,也“很有可能”进入最终候选人名单。

林克表示:“这些评估正在取代其他准则。”而且随着董事会寻求更高的高管招聘质量,这一趋势很可能会蔓延至高管层的招聘中。

然而,衡量软技能(干劲、抱负、可靠性、沟通风格)可能挑战重重,尤其是当一家公司有两三个候选人竞争时。史宾沙认为其评估结果的评分公式已经接近完美。

该公司的首席执行官继任服务负责人凯西·安特拉希安表示:“‘给评估结果评分’听起来像是不经之谈,但实际上其背后有着数学理论依据。”该公司采用了一套“高管智力”衡量标准,量化首席执行官候选人的批判性思维和概念性思维、社会智力和情商以及即使企业环境发生变化仍然可以在工作中学习和成长的能力。

史宾沙指出,根据他们2015年发布的数据,在其评估中得分高的高管更有可能获得晋升,晋升速度比得分低的高管快22%。史宾沙拒绝提供更多反映首席执行官评估分数高与其就任后公司财务业绩之间的相关性的最新数据。

史宾沙的首席营销官兼首席通讯官本·马赫蒂格称,公司的分析师接受了大量的培训,以确保评估的执行和评分方式的一致性和准确性。

他说:“看到约20名史宾沙员工一起观看高管候选人面试的视频,然后给他们的回答评分,这种感觉太神奇了。接着,他们会讨论‘为什么你会这样做或那样做?’”

即便如此,猎头公司和行业边缘的专家们也表示,评估不应该成为预测首席执行官候选人潜力的唯一指标。它只是董事会应该使用的众多方法里的又一种。

宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院(University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business)的管理和人力资源学教授彼得·卡佩利称:“挑战在于你的决定要有所依据。高管以往在类似环境下的表现和行为是我们所能够获得的最佳依据。问题是,还有什么方法可以提供帮助?就我来说,我会审慎而明智地利用通过评估得到的信息,并主要用它来回答涉及过往表现相关信息的问题。”

尽管如此,有一整个行业的存在就是为了帮助董事会谨慎做出能够确保长盛不衰的最重要决策。

林克说:“这些信息可以很好地反映而不是预测未来表现。要说能够预测什么的话,它们倒是可以完美地预测我们大多数人认为可能妨碍工作的行为。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-刘嘉欢

每个白领职位的招聘过程都可能是漫长、令人沮丧和充满压力的。这一过程通常包括多轮面试——旨在展示应聘者的相关技能和经验,有时还会进行能力倾向测验以淘汰不合适的候选人。然而,与首席执行官职位竞争者面临的严苛评估过程相比,这可以说是小巫见大巫。

在企业高层领导的招聘过程中,候选人需要进行一系列的认知和心理测验、行为评估和工作情境模拟,以便让董事会确定他们是否具备一名出色高管所需要具备的性格、技能和特质。

这类评估已经成为高管招聘人员了解潜在首席执行官的职业道德、态势感知能力、判断力、情感能力、团队建设方法、毅力、对细节的关注度以及决策的速度和准确性的重要手段。

不同于针对普通员工的一般雇前调查,为了确保长期的职业匹配,首席执行官的评估需要远远更加严格的审查和更大的投入。Miles Group(一家进行心理测验和评估的高管培训与发展公司)的首席运营官泰勒·格里芬表示,合理的继任规划是董事会最重要的工作之一,它能够确保领导层的无缝交接,从而对企业盈利能力几乎不会造成任何负面影响。填补高管职位空缺时几乎不容许出现差错,糟糕的选择可能会带来巨大的损失。

因此,董事会利用大量强化的评估策略。美国人力资源管理协会(Society for Human Resource Management)的首席人力资源官吉姆·林克称,工作情境模拟是近五年开始流行的一种评估手段。模拟情节会因为公司需求和实施模拟的公司的不同而有所差别。

领导力顾问和高管猎头公司罗盛咨询(Russell Reynolds Associates)通常会在模拟前给首席执行官候选人发送一份信息包,其中说明了高管可能会遇到的模拟情境。该信息包还包含一家虚构公司的相关电子邮件、分析师报告、财务信息、媒体文章以及季度和年度披露信息。

候选人会花大概半天的时间参加五次左右的面对面会议,让自己沉浸在编造的情境中来寻求解决办法。有专门的演员负责扮演董事会成员、其他高管、股东、监管机构和投资者,从而营造出一种毫无破绽的真实感。

罗盛咨询的团队每个月都会组织几场这类模拟。该机构的总经理迪安·斯塔穆利斯说:“候选人被要求迅速做出反应,以展示他们的决策能力和领导力。他们似乎很喜欢沉浸在情境当中,因为这让他们有机会展示自己的能力,而不是只能口头表述。”

模拟的情节是根据公司的优先事项和即将上任的首席执行官面临的挑战来设计的。

斯塔穆利斯举例道:“比如,情节可能是董事会的两位董事对企业并购战略意见不一致,因此首席执行官必须引导和影响他们,并通过自己的方式解决问题。也可能是某种关于伦理难题的危机,例如活动家不断地向公司施压。”

Miles Group的格里芬表示,各种评估通常并不会让候选人难以应对。只不过他们的评估结果有助于董事会了解这位高管在承受压力时是如何做出决策或进行沟通的。答案没有正确或者错误之分,董事会往往明白并不存在完美的首席执行官工作模式。

格里芬说:“董事会通常会确定企业的前瞻性需求,然后将其转化为涉及行为、经验、技能和能力等要素的简要描述。我们认为继任筹备是一项多人参与的工作,需要一个强大的团队来开展,以弥补个人技能组合的不足。”

林克称,虽然现在有更多的公司对首席执行官进行多种多样的评估,但仅有6%的公司在高管级别招聘中采取模拟测试。这可能是因为这类评估更加耗时,而且成本不低。每位候选人进行工作情境模拟的费用可以高达8.5万美元,一些高管猎头公司则按照套餐(其中涵盖多种类型的首席执行官评估)来收取固定费用,最高费用能够达到50万美元。

不过,行为与认知测试是最受欢迎的高管评估方法。根据美国人力资源管理协会的数据,32%的公司在招聘高管时会进行行为或者性格评估,54%的公司会开展行为面试,16%的公司会做认知技能评估。

公司通过心理测验分析候选人的性格特征、心理能力和行为方式,基于此来评估候选人是否适合首席执行官一职。这些测试(无论是现场测试还是在线测试)通常分为两个环节:其中一个环节发生在招聘过程的开始阶段,另一环节发生在接近结束的时候。首席执行官候选人每轮要接受两项至五项心理测验,两轮测试时间总计超过五个小时。公司会聘请博士级别的顾问来制定和实施评估方案,并分析结果。

斯塔穆利斯说:“你会被问到一大堆自我描述性的问题,比如‘我有多自信?我有多令人信服?’当然,实际上的问题要细致得多。它们会涉及你的沟通、决策和领导方式。其想法是,如果以微妙的方式问一连串这类问题,就可以从整张问卷中得出一个明显的趋势。”

霍根测评(Hogan assessment)是一项行业标准性格测试,许多公司都参照它来出自己的测试题。该测评的心理测验问题表述让答题者能够用“强烈赞同”到“强烈不赞同”等一系列不同态度的选项来回答。例如,候选人可能会看到这样的肯定陈述:我希望我所做的每件事情都可以成功;我对别人的情绪很敏感;我总能承认自己的错误;以及我注定要成为伟人。

心理测验有助于全面剖析候选人,反映出他们是否具备现代领导者所需的软技能。为此,史宾沙(Spencer Stuart)等一些高管猎头公司还会对候选人的经理、同事、下属甚至公司外的朋友和熟人进行全方面评估。

林克称,从数据上看,如此大费周章地摸清潜在首席执行官的管理模式是有道理的。他指出,美国人力资源管理协会的一项分析显示,78%的人力资源专业人士表示由于评估过程包含心理测试,他们企业的招聘质量有所提高。23%的受访者指出评估有助于提高雇员的多样性,36%的受访者称在评估中得分高的候选人即使没有达到最低工作经验年限要求,也“很有可能”进入最终候选人名单。

林克表示:“这些评估正在取代其他准则。”而且随着董事会寻求更高的高管招聘质量,这一趋势很可能会蔓延至高管层的招聘中。

然而,衡量软技能(干劲、抱负、可靠性、沟通风格)可能挑战重重,尤其是当一家公司有两三个候选人竞争时。史宾沙认为其评估结果的评分公式已经接近完美。

该公司的首席执行官继任服务负责人凯西·安特拉希安表示:“‘给评估结果评分’听起来像是不经之谈,但实际上其背后有着数学理论依据。”该公司采用了一套“高管智力”衡量标准,量化首席执行官候选人的批判性思维和概念性思维、社会智力和情商以及即使企业环境发生变化仍然可以在工作中学习和成长的能力。

史宾沙指出,根据他们2015年发布的数据,在其评估中得分高的高管更有可能获得晋升,晋升速度比得分低的高管快22%。史宾沙拒绝提供更多反映首席执行官评估分数高与其就任后公司财务业绩之间的相关性的最新数据。

史宾沙的首席营销官兼首席通讯官本·马赫蒂格称,公司的分析师接受了大量的培训,以确保评估的执行和评分方式的一致性和准确性。

他说:“看到约20名史宾沙员工一起观看高管候选人面试的视频,然后给他们的回答评分,这种感觉太神奇了。接着,他们会讨论‘为什么你会这样做或那样做?’”

即便如此,猎头公司和行业边缘的专家们也表示,评估不应该成为预测首席执行官候选人潜力的唯一指标。它只是董事会应该使用的众多方法里的又一种。

宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院(University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business)的管理和人力资源学教授彼得·卡佩利称:“挑战在于你的决定要有所依据。高管以往在类似环境下的表现和行为是我们所能够获得的最佳依据。问题是,还有什么方法可以提供帮助?就我来说,我会审慎而明智地利用通过评估得到的信息,并主要用它来回答涉及过往表现相关信息的问题。”

尽管如此,有一整个行业的存在就是为了帮助董事会谨慎做出能够确保长盛不衰的最重要决策。

林克说:“这些信息可以很好地反映而不是预测未来表现。要说能够预测什么的话,它们倒是可以完美地预测我们大多数人认为可能妨碍工作的行为。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-刘嘉欢

The hiring process for any white-collar gig can be long, frustrating, and stressful. It typically involves multiple interview rounds, showcasing relevant skills and experience, and sometimes an aptitude test to weed out unfit candidates. That, however, pales in comparison to what can be a grueling assessment process for CEO contenders.

At the highest level of corporate leadership, candidates go through a series of cognitive and psychometric tests, behavioral assessments, and job simulations so boards can determine whether they have the personality, skills, and characteristics needed to excel in the corner office.

Such assessments have become a vital tool for executive recruiters to learn about a potential CEO’s work ethic, situational awareness, judgment, emotional faculty, approach to team-building, stamina, attention to detail, and the speed and precision with which they make decisions.

Unlike the standard pre-employment screening for rank-and-file employees, CEO assessments demand far greater scrutiny and investment to ensure a long-term job match. Proper succession planning—one that makes certain that leadership transitions are seamless with little to no negative impact on profitability—is one of the most important jobs of the board of directors, says Taylor Griffin, chief operating officer at the Miles Group, an executive coaching and development firm that conducts psychometric tests and assessments. The room for error when filling a corner office vacancy is small, and a bad pick can result in a material loss.

As such, boards avail themselves of a host of intensive evaluation tactics. According to Jim Link, chief human resource officer at the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), job simulation is one assessment tool that has gained popularity in the last five years. Simulation plots vary depending on company needs and the firm conducting them.

Russell Reynolds Associates, a leadership advisory and executive search firm, sends CEO candidates a packet of information ahead of the simulation that lays out a mock scenario in which an executive might find themself. The packet contains relevant emails, analyst reports, financial information, media articles, and quarterly and annual disclosures for a fictitious company.

Candidates spend roughly half a day in about five in-person meetings immersing themselves in the concocted scenario as they work toward a resolution. Actors play the role of board members, other executives, stakeholders, regulators, and investors to create an all-encompassing real-world feel.

“The candidate is pushed to act on their feet, showing their decision-making and leadership,” says Dean Stamoulis, managing director at Russell Reynolds, whose team conducts a handful of these simulations monthly. “They seem to like the contextual immersion because they get a chance to show what they can do, as opposed to just talking about it.”

Simulation plots are constructed based on the company’s priorities and looming challenges for the incoming CEO.

“It could be that two directors on the board disagree about the M&A strategy of the business, so the CEO has to lead and influence them and work his or her way through that,” says Stamoulis. “It could be some type of crisis involving an ethical dilemma; let’s say activists are constantly pushing the company.”

Candidates don’t typically struggle with the various assessments, says Griffin of the Miles Group. But their results help boards understand how an executive arrives at a decision or communicates when stressed. There is no right or wrong answer, and boards tend to recognize the perfect CEO model doesn’t exist.

“The board defines the forward-looking needs of the organization and translates that to a profile that has behavioral, experiential, skill, and competency elements,” Griffin says. “We view succession as a multi-person event, requiring a strong team that complements the individual’s skill sets.”

Though more companies today are using a range of CEO assessments, Link says, just 6% use simulation exercises in executive-level hiring. That’s likely because they’re more time-consuming and don’t come cheap. Simulations can run upwards of $85,000 per candidate, while some executive search firms charge a flat package fee that includes multiple CEO assessment types for as much as $500,000.

Behavioral and cognitive testing, however, is the most popular C-suite evaluation. Thirty-two percent of companies use behavioral or personality assessments in executive hiring, 54% conduct behavioral interviews, and 16% perform cognitive skill assessments, according to SHRM.

Companies use psychometric testing to assess candidates’ suitability for the CEO role based on their personality traits, mental capability, and behavioral style. These tests, either in person or online, typically occur in two parts: one at the beginning of the hiring process and another closer to the end. CEO candidates take two to five psychometric tests in each round, totaling over five hours for both rounds. Firms hire Ph.D.-level consultants to develop and conduct the assessments and analyze the results.

“You’re asked a bunch of questions where all you’re doing is describing yourself, such as, ‘How assertive am I? How persuasive am I?’ The questions, of course, are much more detailed and nuanced,” Stamoulis says. “They address the way you communicate, the way you make decisions, the way you lead. The idea is that if you ask a bunch of these questions in a nuanced way, you get a clear trend across the entire questionnaire.”

The Hogan assessment, an industry-standard personality test that many firms use to formulate their own, phrases its psychometric questions as statements offering a “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” range of responses. Candidates might see, for example, assertions like: I expect to succeed at everything I do; I am sensitive to others’ feelings; I always admit it when I make a mistake; and I am destined for greatness.

Psychometric tests help paint a full picture of the candidate, indicating whether they have the soft skills needed for modern leadership. To that end, some executive search firms like Spencer Stuart conduct 360 reviews with managers, peers, report staff, and even friends and acquaintances outside the office.

Going to such lengths to uncover a potential CEO’s mode of governing makes sense when looking at the data, Link says. He points to a SHRM analysis wherein 78% of HR professionals said the quality of their organizations’ hires improved due to assessments that included psychometric testing. Twenty-three percent said assessments have helped improve the diversity of their hires, and 36% said candidates who score high on assessments are “very likely” to make the final list of candidates even without the minimum years of requested experience.

“These assessments are superseding other criteria,” Link says. And it’s a trend that will likely shinny up into the C-suite as boards search for high-quality executive hires.

But measuring soft skills—drive, ambition, reliability, communication style—can be challenging, especially when a company has two or three candidates competing. Spencer Stuart believes it has come close to perfecting its appraisal formula for assessments.

“[Grading assessments] sounds like a conversation, but there’s actually a mathematical method behind it,” says Cathy Anterasian, who leads the company’s CEO succession services. The firm uses an “executive intelligence” rubric, quantifying CEO candidates’ critical and conceptual thinking, social and emotional intelligence, and ability to learn and grow in the job even as the corporate landscape changes.

Spencer Stuart says that senior executives who score high on its assessments are more likely to be promoted and promoted 22% faster than lower-scoring executives, according to data it released in 2015. The firm declined to provide more recent data on the correlation between high CEO assessment scores and their company’s financial performance once in the role.

Ben Machtiger, chief marketing and communications officer at Spencer Stuart, says the firm’s analysts undergo extensive training to ensure consistency and precision in how the assessments are executed and scored.

“It’s pretty amazing to watch a group of like 20 Spencer Stuart people watching a video of somebody being interviewed and scoring executives’ answers,” he says. “Then there’s a discussion about, ‘Why did you do this or do that?’”

Even then, experts at search firms and on the industry’s periphery say assessments shouldn’t be the only indicator to predict a candidate’s CEO potential. They’re merely another tool among a litany that boards should use.

“The challenge is that you need to base the decision on something. Prior performance and behavior in similar contexts are as good as we can get,” says Peter Cappelli, a management and human resources professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business. “The question is, what else would help? I would be judicious as to how I used the information from assessments and mainly use it to answer questions from information about prior performance.”

Still, an entire industry exists to help boards inch their way through one of the most significant decisions for a company’s continued longevity.

“These things are great indicators, not predictors, of future performance,” Link says. “If anything, they’re pretty good predictors of the behaviors that most of us would think of as potential derailers for the job.”

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