立即打开
长新冠造成的损害可能持续两年

长新冠造成的损害可能持续两年

Erin Prater 2023-08-24
任何感染过新冠病毒的人都可能患上长新冠,无论其病情严重程度如何。

图片来源:MICHAEL KAPPELER/PICTURE ALLIANCE VIA GETTY IMAGES

今年8月21日发表在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine)的一篇里程碑式的研究显示,对于那些在2020年感染了新冠病毒并因此住院的人来说,死亡和住院治疗的风险在两年内都“显著增加”。

这是首次就感染新冠病毒后头两年里对健康可能产生的影响进行广泛研究。此前的大多数研究只研究了感染新冠病毒后一年,或者在略长于一年的时间里对健康产生的影响,而且研究范围较窄。

美国退伍军人事务部(U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs)和华盛顿大学(Washington University)的研究人员表示,对于那些在2020年感染了新冠病毒并因此住院的人而言,死亡和住院治疗的风险在两年内都“显著增加”。

研究人员发现,在同年感染新冠病毒但在首次感染期间未住院的患者中,感染后头六个月时间里出现死亡的风险仍然在统计学上具有显著意义。在感染后约一年半的时间里,住院的风险依旧很高。

该研究的作者写道:“研究结果强调了(长新冠)造成的健康损失的巨大累积负担,并呼吁人们关注因为该病毒而受到长期健康影响的人群的护理需求。”

对住院患者来说,前路漫漫

研究人员调查了美国退伍军人事务部关于近14万名新冠幸存者(在2020年期间)的医疗记录,以及近600万在此期间从未感染新冠病毒的人的医疗记录。研究人员对他们进行了为期两年的跟踪调查,以评估他们因为各种原因而死亡的风险,以及80种已知的新冠后急性后遗症(PASC,通常被称为长新冠)的发病率。

对于那些没有因为感染新冠病毒而住院的人而言,在感染后的前两年时间里,大多数疾病的风险(69%)微不足道,但“影响几大主要器官系统”的“重大”风险仍然存在。作者指出,除了疲劳和糖尿病外,出现血液、肺部、胃肠道或肌肉骨骼疾病的几率依旧很高,这表明这些疾病的长期风险较高。

在8月21日的一篇博客文章中,斯克里普斯研究所(Scripps Research)的分子医学教授、斯克里普斯研究转化研究所(Scripps Research Translational Institute)的创始人及主任埃里克·托波尔博士写道,这一统计数据是“研究中唯一让没有因为感染新冠病毒而住院的人感到宽慰的发现”。

对于那些因为感染新冠病毒而住院的人来说,大多数疾病的风险(65%),影响所有检查的器官系统,包括心血管、血液、内分泌、胃肠道、肾脏、心理健康、肌肉骨骼和肺组织——在感染后的头两年时间里仍然具有显著意义。研究人员写道,这些发现证实了以下说法:“对于那些在感染急性期病情严重到必须住院治疗的患者而言,康复之路艰难而漫长”。

作者写道,研究结果“表明,随着时间的推移,许多(但不是所有)急性期后遗症的风险都在下降,并变得在统计学上没有显著意义,但在感染急性期住院的患者里,这种下降并不明显。”

人人喜闻乐见的好消息:研究人员发现,无论住院与否,感染过新冠病毒的患者的患癌风险都没有增加。

正如作者所指出的那样,这项研究虽然意义重大,但也有其局限性。所有参与者都是退伍军人,而且大多数是年长男性。长新冠持续时间和相关症状在以女性或年轻人为主的人群中可能会有所不同。就像托波尔指出的那样,该研究的样本是一名61岁的男性,与30多岁的女性(这一人群更容易受到长新冠的影响)相差甚远。

此外,所有参与者都是在新冠疫情爆发的第一年感染的,当时德尔塔和奥密克戎等变体还没有出现。虽然人们认为长新冠并不常见,但感染后来变体引发的长新冠症状可能会有显著差异。

此外,我们还将同一年感染过新冠病毒的人与从未感染过新冠病毒的人进行比较。但他们中的一些人可能在不知情的情况下感染了新冠病毒,或是感染了新冠病毒却没有告诉医生,不管怎样,这都影响了新冠确诊病例死亡率、住院率和残疾率统计的准确性。

长新冠对免疫系统的长期影响

8月18日发表在《细胞》期刊(Cell)上的另一项新研究详述了新冠重症可能引发的免疫系统长期变化。这些发现有助于阐释为什么一些有长新冠症状的患者会出现与长期炎症相关的症状,例如肺部和肾脏损伤以及神经系统变化。任何感染过新冠病毒的人都可能患上长新冠,无论其病情严重程度如何。

位于美国纽约市的威尔康奈尔医学院(Weill Cornell Medicine)和其他机构的研究人员研究了数十名患者的血液数据,这些患者包括新冠重症康复患者,以及其他类型危重疾病康复患者。值得一提的是,研究人员无需进行骨髓活检就能够分离血液中发现的一种罕见类型的干细胞(CD34+造血干细胞和祖细胞),从而对数据进行分析,这要归功于他们开发的一项新技术。

他们的发现包括:单核细胞——一种由干细胞每隔几天产生的白细胞——在罹患新冠重症后的头一年时间里,呈现出表观遗传编程变化。

美国国立卫生研究院(U.S. National Institutes of Health)称,表观遗传编程指的是表观基因组——由化学物质、压力、饮食、药物和疾病等因素组成,这些因素会修饰DNA,告诉它“完成什么、在哪里完成、何时完成”。这些改变,也可以被称为DNA“包装”,能够在细胞分裂时在细胞之间传递,并代代相传。

研究人员还发现,那些罹患新冠重症的人的干细胞更有可能激活炎症相关基因。这样的细胞也更有可能产生白血球,作为感染免疫的“第一反应者”。

干细胞“可以将它们的表观遗传‘记忆’传递给后代免疫细胞,从而改变这些细胞的炎症程序。”威尔康奈尔医学院的病理学和实验室医学副教授史蒂文·约瑟夫维奇博士告诉《财富》杂志。“因此,当它们看到另一种病原体时,它们的反应方式与来自没有经受过同样程度炎症的细胞的干细胞的反应方式不同。”

约瑟夫维奇指出,免疫系统的这种变化可能会持续一年以上,并补充说这项研究只持续了一年。这些变化也可能发生在那些新冠轻症患者身上——至少在某种程度上是这样,不过还需要进一步的研究来证明。

什么是长新冠?

专家称,长新冠有200多种症状,从持续的咳嗽和疲劳到耳朵麻木和“大脑着火”的感觉——毋庸置疑,它不是一种疾病,而是多种疾病。

一些人认为,长新冠的最佳定义是感染新冠病毒后出现的慢性疲劳样综合症,类似于感染疱疹、莱姆病和埃博拉等后可能出现的其他病毒感染后综合征。

一些专家指出,其他新冠并发症,比如器官损伤,不应该被定义为“长新冠”,而更适合纳入PASC这一更大的范畴。这一术语也被称为新冠后急性后遗症,用于涵盖各种新冠后遗症,从慢性疲劳样症状和心脏病到持久的肺损伤和尿失禁、瘙痒和皮肤病损等怪异的新症状。

凯撒家庭基金会(Kaiser Family Foundation)1月26日的一份报告援引美国疾病控制与预防中心(U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)的数据称,截至1月16日,15%的美国成年人报告在新冠疫情期间的某个阶段出现了长新冠症状,6%的人报告这些症状持续时间很长。

报告显示,感染过新冠病毒但报告长新冠症状的美国人的比例从6月的19%降至1月的11%。

哪些人最容易患上长新冠?

根据3月发表在《美国医学会杂志·内科学》(Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine)上的一项研究,年龄、性别、体重指数和既往病史等因素可能使个人遭受长新冠困扰的风险更高。

这项基于英国的研究发现,某些人群患新冠后遗症的风险明显更高,新冠后遗症困扰着全球数百万人。这些人群包括:

 女性

 40岁以上

 肥胖人群

 吸烟者

 感染新冠前免疫功能抑制患者

 曾经因为感染新冠病毒而住院治疗的患者

 在感染新冠前患有以下疾病的人:

 焦虑症或抑郁症

 糖尿病

 哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病

研究人员调查了41项已经发表的研究结果,这些研究总共涉及超过86万名患者。他们发现,上述情况与患新冠后遗症(新冠后遗症是指感染新冠病毒三个月后还有症状,这些症状持续三个月或更长时间)的风险密切相关。

研究结果支持了女性和高龄是患新冠后遗症的风险因素的说法。几种风险类别之间的一个潜在共同点是:先前存在的炎症可能会延长新冠急性期(“甚至是在患者康复后”)。作者写道,就女性而言,激素可能发挥促炎作用,而肥胖则与长新冠有着共同的促炎特征。

这对大部分人来说不是什么好消息。然而,也有好消息:研究人员发现,至少接种两剂新冠疫苗似乎可以降低患长新冠的风险。他们指出,其他研究也得出了类似的结论。其中包括英国国家统计局(U.K. Office of National Statistics)的一份报告,该报告发现,接种两剂新冠疫苗的人患潜在致残疾病的风险降低了42%。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

今年8月21日发表在《自然医学》(Nature Medicine)的一篇里程碑式的研究显示,对于那些在2020年感染了新冠病毒并因此住院的人来说,死亡和住院治疗的风险在两年内都“显著增加”。

这是首次就感染新冠病毒后头两年里对健康可能产生的影响进行广泛研究。此前的大多数研究只研究了感染新冠病毒后一年,或者在略长于一年的时间里对健康产生的影响,而且研究范围较窄。

美国退伍军人事务部(U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs)和华盛顿大学(Washington University)的研究人员表示,对于那些在2020年感染了新冠病毒并因此住院的人而言,死亡和住院治疗的风险在两年内都“显著增加”。

研究人员发现,在同年感染新冠病毒但在首次感染期间未住院的患者中,感染后头六个月时间里出现死亡的风险仍然在统计学上具有显著意义。在感染后约一年半的时间里,住院的风险依旧很高。

该研究的作者写道:“研究结果强调了(长新冠)造成的健康损失的巨大累积负担,并呼吁人们关注因为该病毒而受到长期健康影响的人群的护理需求。”

对住院患者来说,前路漫漫

研究人员调查了美国退伍军人事务部关于近14万名新冠幸存者(在2020年期间)的医疗记录,以及近600万在此期间从未感染新冠病毒的人的医疗记录。研究人员对他们进行了为期两年的跟踪调查,以评估他们因为各种原因而死亡的风险,以及80种已知的新冠后急性后遗症(PASC,通常被称为长新冠)的发病率。

对于那些没有因为感染新冠病毒而住院的人而言,在感染后的前两年时间里,大多数疾病的风险(69%)微不足道,但“影响几大主要器官系统”的“重大”风险仍然存在。作者指出,除了疲劳和糖尿病外,出现血液、肺部、胃肠道或肌肉骨骼疾病的几率依旧很高,这表明这些疾病的长期风险较高。

在8月21日的一篇博客文章中,斯克里普斯研究所(Scripps Research)的分子医学教授、斯克里普斯研究转化研究所(Scripps Research Translational Institute)的创始人及主任埃里克·托波尔博士写道,这一统计数据是“研究中唯一让没有因为感染新冠病毒而住院的人感到宽慰的发现”。

对于那些因为感染新冠病毒而住院的人来说,大多数疾病的风险(65%),影响所有检查的器官系统,包括心血管、血液、内分泌、胃肠道、肾脏、心理健康、肌肉骨骼和肺组织——在感染后的头两年时间里仍然具有显著意义。研究人员写道,这些发现证实了以下说法:“对于那些在感染急性期病情严重到必须住院治疗的患者而言,康复之路艰难而漫长”。

作者写道,研究结果“表明,随着时间的推移,许多(但不是所有)急性期后遗症的风险都在下降,并变得在统计学上没有显著意义,但在感染急性期住院的患者里,这种下降并不明显。”

人人喜闻乐见的好消息:研究人员发现,无论住院与否,感染过新冠病毒的患者的患癌风险都没有增加。

正如作者所指出的那样,这项研究虽然意义重大,但也有其局限性。所有参与者都是退伍军人,而且大多数是年长男性。长新冠持续时间和相关症状在以女性或年轻人为主的人群中可能会有所不同。就像托波尔指出的那样,该研究的样本是一名61岁的男性,与30多岁的女性(这一人群更容易受到长新冠的影响)相差甚远。

此外,所有参与者都是在新冠疫情爆发的第一年感染的,当时德尔塔和奥密克戎等变体还没有出现。虽然人们认为长新冠并不常见,但感染后来变体引发的长新冠症状可能会有显著差异。

此外,我们还将同一年感染过新冠病毒的人与从未感染过新冠病毒的人进行比较。但他们中的一些人可能在不知情的情况下感染了新冠病毒,或是感染了新冠病毒却没有告诉医生,不管怎样,这都影响了新冠确诊病例死亡率、住院率和残疾率统计的准确性。

长新冠对免疫系统的长期影响

8月18日发表在《细胞》期刊(Cell)上的另一项新研究详述了新冠重症可能引发的免疫系统长期变化。这些发现有助于阐释为什么一些有长新冠症状的患者会出现与长期炎症相关的症状,例如肺部和肾脏损伤以及神经系统变化。任何感染过新冠病毒的人都可能患上长新冠,无论其病情严重程度如何。

位于美国纽约市的威尔康奈尔医学院(Weill Cornell Medicine)和其他机构的研究人员研究了数十名患者的血液数据,这些患者包括新冠重症康复患者,以及其他类型危重疾病康复患者。值得一提的是,研究人员无需进行骨髓活检就能够分离血液中发现的一种罕见类型的干细胞(CD34+造血干细胞和祖细胞),从而对数据进行分析,这要归功于他们开发的一项新技术。

他们的发现包括:单核细胞——一种由干细胞每隔几天产生的白细胞——在罹患新冠重症后的头一年时间里,呈现出表观遗传编程变化。

美国国立卫生研究院(U.S. National Institutes of Health)称,表观遗传编程指的是表观基因组——由化学物质、压力、饮食、药物和疾病等因素组成,这些因素会修饰DNA,告诉它“完成什么、在哪里完成、何时完成”。这些改变,也可以被称为DNA“包装”,能够在细胞分裂时在细胞之间传递,并代代相传。

研究人员还发现,那些罹患新冠重症的人的干细胞更有可能激活炎症相关基因。这样的细胞也更有可能产生白血球,作为感染免疫的“第一反应者”。

干细胞“可以将它们的表观遗传‘记忆’传递给后代免疫细胞,从而改变这些细胞的炎症程序。”威尔康奈尔医学院的病理学和实验室医学副教授史蒂文·约瑟夫维奇博士告诉《财富》杂志。“因此,当它们看到另一种病原体时,它们的反应方式与来自没有经受过同样程度炎症的细胞的干细胞的反应方式不同。”

约瑟夫维奇指出,免疫系统的这种变化可能会持续一年以上,并补充说这项研究只持续了一年。这些变化也可能发生在那些新冠轻症患者身上——至少在某种程度上是这样,不过还需要进一步的研究来证明。

什么是长新冠?

专家称,长新冠有200多种症状,从持续的咳嗽和疲劳到耳朵麻木和“大脑着火”的感觉——毋庸置疑,它不是一种疾病,而是多种疾病。

一些人认为,长新冠的最佳定义是感染新冠病毒后出现的慢性疲劳样综合症,类似于感染疱疹、莱姆病和埃博拉等后可能出现的其他病毒感染后综合征。

一些专家指出,其他新冠并发症,比如器官损伤,不应该被定义为“长新冠”,而更适合纳入PASC这一更大的范畴。这一术语也被称为新冠后急性后遗症,用于涵盖各种新冠后遗症,从慢性疲劳样症状和心脏病到持久的肺损伤和尿失禁、瘙痒和皮肤病损等怪异的新症状。

凯撒家庭基金会(Kaiser Family Foundation)1月26日的一份报告援引美国疾病控制与预防中心(U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)的数据称,截至1月16日,15%的美国成年人报告在新冠疫情期间的某个阶段出现了长新冠症状,6%的人报告这些症状持续时间很长。

报告显示,感染过新冠病毒但报告长新冠症状的美国人的比例从6月的19%降至1月的11%。

哪些人最容易患上长新冠?

根据3月发表在《美国医学会杂志·内科学》(Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine)上的一项研究,年龄、性别、体重指数和既往病史等因素可能使个人遭受长新冠困扰的风险更高。

这项基于英国的研究发现,某些人群患新冠后遗症的风险明显更高,新冠后遗症困扰着全球数百万人。这些人群包括:

 女性

 40岁以上

 肥胖人群

 吸烟者

 感染新冠前免疫功能抑制患者

 曾经因为感染新冠病毒而住院治疗的患者

 在感染新冠前患有以下疾病的人:

 焦虑症或抑郁症

 糖尿病

 哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病

研究人员调查了41项已经发表的研究结果,这些研究总共涉及超过86万名患者。他们发现,上述情况与患新冠后遗症(新冠后遗症是指感染新冠病毒三个月后还有症状,这些症状持续三个月或更长时间)的风险密切相关。

研究结果支持了女性和高龄是患新冠后遗症的风险因素的说法。几种风险类别之间的一个潜在共同点是:先前存在的炎症可能会延长新冠急性期(“甚至是在患者康复后”)。作者写道,就女性而言,激素可能发挥促炎作用,而肥胖则与长新冠有着共同的促炎特征。

这对大部分人来说不是什么好消息。然而,也有好消息:研究人员发现,至少接种两剂新冠疫苗似乎可以降低患长新冠的风险。他们指出,其他研究也得出了类似的结论。其中包括英国国家统计局(U.K. Office of National Statistics)的一份报告,该报告发现,接种两剂新冠疫苗的人患潜在致残疾病的风险降低了42%。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Long COVID—and the increased risk of death, disability, and hospitalization it brings—can persist for two years, according to landmark study published on August 21 in Nature Medicine.

It’s the first study to look at a broad range of potential health effects stemming from the virus in the two years after infection. Most previous studies had only examined the initial year after infection, or a more narrow range of health effects in a period slightly longer than a year.

For those who contracted the virus in 2020 and were hospitalized with it, the risk of both death and hospitalization remained “significantly elevated” for two years, according to researchers with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Washington University.

Among those who contracted the virus the same year and weren’t hospitalized during their initial infection, the risk of death remained statistically significant for six months, researchers found. The risk of hospitalization remained elevated for about a year and a half.

“The findings highlight the substantial cumulative burden of health loss due to [long COVID] and call for attention to the care needs of people with long-term health effects” due to the virus, the study’s authors wrote.

A longer road for those who were hospitalized

Researchers examined the Department of Veterans Affairs medical records of nearly 140,000 individuals who survived COVID during 2020, as well as nearly 6 million who weren’t known to have contracted the virus that year. They followed them for two years to gauge their risk of death from all causes, as well as the incidence of 80 conditions known to be post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC), frequently referred to as long COVID.

At the two-year mark, the risk of most of those health conditions—69%—was insignificant for those who hadn’t been hospitalized with the virus. But “substantial” risk remained “impacting several major organ systems.” The chance of developing blood, lung, gastrointestinal, or musculoskeletal conditions remained elevated, in addition to fatigue and diabetes, suggesting a longer-lasting risk for these ailments, the authors stated.

In a August 21 blog entry, Dr. Eric Topol, a professor of molecular medicine at Scripps Research and founder and director of the Scripps Research Translational Institute, wrote that the statistic was the “only reassuring finding for non-hospitalized people in the study.”

For those who had been hospitalized with the virus, the risk of most of conditions—65%, affecting all organ systems examined, and including cardiovascular, blood, endocrine, gastrointestinal, kidney, mental health, musculoskeletal, and pulmonary issues —remained significant for the entire two years. The findings are a nod to the “the difficult and protracted road to recovery among those whose disease was sufficiently severe to necessitate hospitalization during the acute phase of infection,” researchers wrote.

The study’s findings “show that while risks of many (but not all) post-acute sequelae decline and become non-statistically significant over time, the decline is less pronounced among those who were hospitalized in the acute phase of infection,” the authors wrote.

The good news for everyone: Researchers found no increased risk of cancer among those who had experienced COVID, hospitalized or not.

While significant, the study had its limitations, as the authors point out. All participants were veterans, and most were older males. Long COVID as a whole may look different—in both duration and symptoms—in a primarily female, or younger, population. As Topol pointed out, the study’s prototypic participant, a 61-year-old male, is far different from a female in her thirties—the demographic for which long COVID is thought to be most prevalent.

Further, all participants were infected during the first year of COVID, before variants like Delta and Omicron evolved. While thought to be less common, long COVID from later strains may feature important differences.

What’s more, those with a record of COVID infection were compared to those with no record of a COVID infection during the same year. But some of them may have had COVID without knowing, or telling their doctor, skewing rates of death, hospitalization, and disability in the COVID crowd for better or worse.

Long COVID’s long-term impacts on the immune system

Another new study, published Aug. 18 in the journal Cell, details the long-term immune system changes that severe COVID can trigger. The findings help elucidate why some with long COVID have symptoms tied to prolonged inflammation, like lung and kidney damage and neurological changes—and may have implications for anyone who has experienced the virus, regardless of severity.

Researchers with Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City and other institutions examined data from the blood of tens of patients—those who had recovered from severe COVID, and those who had recovered from other types of critical illness. In particular, they were able to isolate and analyze a rare type of stem cells found in blood—CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells—thanks to a new technique they developed that made bone marrow biopsy unnecessary.

Among their findings: Monocytes—a type of white blood cell produced every few days from stem cells—showed changes in epigenetic programming up to a year after severe COVID infection.

Epigenetic programming refers to the epigenome—comprised of factors like chemicals, stress, diet, drugs, and disease that modify DNA, telling it “what to do, where to do it, and when to do it,” according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Those changes, to what could be casually referred to as DNA’s “packaging,” can be passed down from cell to cell as they divide, and from generation to generation.

Researchers also found that stem cells of those who had experienced severe COVID were more likely to allow activation of inflammation-associated genes. Such cells were also more likely to create a type of blood cell that serves as a “first responder” to infection.

Stem cells “can pass their epigenetic ‘memories’ on to their progeny immune cells, changing those cells’ inflammatory programs,” Dr. Steven Josefowicz, an associate professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine, told Fortune. “So, when they see another pathogen, they respond in a different way than they would if they came from…cells that hadn’t seen inflammation to the same extent.”

Such changes to the immune system may persist longer than a year, Josefowicz said, adding that the study only lasted a year. And they may also occur—at least to some extent—in those who had more mild cases of COVID, though further study will be needed to tell.

What is long COVID?

With more than 200 symptoms identified—from lingering cough and fatigue to ear numbness and a sensation of “brain on fire”—long COVID is undoubtedly not one but multiple conditions, experts say.

True long COVID, some contend, is best defined as a chronic-fatigue-syndrome-like condition that develops after a COVID infection, similar to other post-viral syndromes that can occur after an infection with herpes, Lyme disease, and Ebola, among others.

Other post-COVID complications like organ damage should not be defined as long COVID, and better fit into the larger umbrella category of PASC, some experts say. Also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, the term is used to encompass a wide variety of COVID consequences, from chronic-fatigue-like symptoms and subsequent heart disease to lasting lung damage and odd new symptoms like urinary incontinence, itching, and skin lesions.

As of Jan. 16, 15% of U.S. adults reported having long COVID symptoms at some point in the pandemic, and 6% reported lingering symptoms, according to a Jan. 26 report by the Kaiser Family Foundation, citing data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The percent of Americans who’ve experienced COVID and still report long COVID symptoms dropped from 19% in June to 11% in January, according to the report.

Who’s most at risk for long COVID?

Factors like age, gender, BMI, and preexisting conditions may put individuals at higher risk for long COVID, according to a study published in March in the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine.

The U.K.-based study found that certain groups of people are at a significantly higher risk of developing the post-viral condition, thought to affect millions around the world. They include:

 Women

 Over 40

 People with obesity

 Smokers

 Those who were immunosuppressed before COVID

 People who were hospitalized with COVID

 People who had the following conditions before COVID:

 anxiety or depression

 diabetes

 asthma or COPD

Researchers examined the results of 41 published studies, with a combined total of more than 860,000 patients. They found that the aforementioned conditions were strongly associated with a higher risk of long COVID symptoms persisting three or more months after infection.

The results bolster the case that female gender and older age serve as risk factors for developing long COVID. A potential common thread among several risk categories: preexisting inflammation, which may extend the acute phase of COVID “even after recovery.” In the case of females, hormones might play a role in inflammatory status, while obesity shares a pro-inflammatory profile with long COVID, the authors write.

That’s not such great news for a giant swath of the population. There is good news, however: At least two doses of COVID vaccination seemed to lower the risk of developing long COVID, researchers found. Other studies have come to similar conclusions, they noted. They include a report from the U.K. Office of National Statistics, which found that those with two doses of COVID vaccine had a 42% lower risk of developing the potentially disabling condition.

热读文章
热门视频
扫描二维码下载财富APP