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美国银行修改对经济前景的预测,认为美国即将实现“软着陆”

美国银行修改对经济前景的预测,认为美国即将实现“软着陆”

WILL DANIEL 2023-08-05
连美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔也表示,他的下属认为美国即将实现软着陆。

连美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔也表示,他的下属认为美国即将实现软着陆。摄影:NATHAN HOWARD —— 彭博社/盖蒂图片社

“幻想没有经济衰退,这很容易,只要你试试看。”

这是美国银行研究(Bank of America Research)最新美国经济观点(U.S. Economic Viewpoint)研究报告的标题。报告详细介绍了该银行首席美国经济学家迈克尔·加彭预测的美国经济前景。该报告的观点与加彭自去年夏季以来持续的经济衰退预测大相径庭。

一年多前,前巴克莱(Barclays)高管加彭成为美国银行经济研究团队的负责人,并很快像越来越多华尔街的领导者一样发布了美国经济衰退的预测。他当时警告,加息和恶性通胀对消费者构成压力,最终会在2022年底之前使美国经济至少陷入“轻度衰退”。

之后,加彭不得不多次修改经济衰退到来的时间。去年9月,他将经济衰退的发生时间推迟到2023年下半年,并且表示尽管美联储在激进加息,但美国经济中存在“底层动力”。

今年6月,加彭表示,由于劳动力市场表现出“有韧性的证据”,美国经济可能出现“增长型衰退”,他认为2024年之前不会发生“轻度衰退”。最后,上个月,虽然加彭继续强调明年发生“轻度衰退”的预测,但他也不得不承认,最近的经济数据“令人惊喜”,而且客户感觉“普遍乐观”。

现在,加彭已经放弃了几乎所有悲观的预测。

他在周三的客户报告中写道:“我们之前认为美国经济最有可能发生的结果是到2024年出现轻度衰退,但最近的数据让我们不得不重新评估这种观点。我们修正了对美国经济前景的预测,认为美国经济将实现软着陆,虽然2024年经济增长将低于长期趋势,但在我们预测的期限内,前景依旧乐观。”

为什么加彭会改变自己的观点?通过深入分析他的言论,以及对比他和高盛(Goldman Sachs)分别预测的前景,或许能够得到启发。高盛几个月来一直预测美国经济将实现软着陆。

新经济前景

加彭承认,虽然许多经济学家预测,由于加息增加了企业和消费者的借款成本,今年经济增长将减速,但事实证明这种情况并未出现。美国第一季度的GDP增长速度被上调至2%,第二季度达到2.4%,超出了经济学家们普遍预测的1.5%。

除此之外,加彭和许多同行都担心,加息会导致失业率飙升。然而,虽然过去几年创纪录的职位空缺数量减少,但失业率依旧接近史上最低。薪酬公司ADP本周甚至报告称,上个月雇主新增就业岗位32.4万个,超出了经济学家们预测的18.9万个。

高盛首席经济学家贾恩·哈奇乌斯自去年9月以来,一直预测这种“职位空缺减少但失业率不会大幅上升”的情况,他认为这种现象有助于减缓通胀,使美国经济实现软着陆。哈奇乌斯在过去一年预测,美国经济衰退的概率在25%至35%之间,接近华尔街的低点。现在,加彭的观点听起来更接近于这位同行更乐观的预测。

以他对通货膨胀的观点为例。去年夏天,美国通胀达到9.1%的最高点后,今年6月通胀同比下降至只有3%。许多经济学家担心工资-物价螺旋会导致通胀“顽固地”维持在4%至5%的区间,但加彭表示,现在“工资和物价压力正在朝着正确的方向变化”,使其他经济学家们的担忧不太可能发生。

他表示:“我们感兴趣的是,经济活动和劳动力市场的韧性并没有阻止通货膨胀和工资趋于温和,这也是我们修订美国经济预期的部分原因。”

这位经济学家提到了就业成本指数(ECI),证明虽然经济持续增长,但通胀压力却有所放缓。该指数衡量了整体经济的薪酬成本。就业成本指数显示,6月薪酬成本同比增长4.5%,相比之下,一年前同期薪酬成本涨幅为5.1%。

加彭解释称:“就业成本指数数据证实了其他工资指标衡量的工资适度增长趋势。其他指标包括平均时薪、亚特兰大联储的工资跟踪指标和Indeed的工资跟踪指标等,后者用于衡量招聘岗位工资通胀状况。”

他表示,就连制造业和房地产等对利率变动最敏感的行业,最近几个月“也表现出稳定的迹象”。

“二战以来可能性最低的结果”

几个月来,加彭一直预测明年美国GDP增长速度将降至0%,但积极的经济数据使他在周三将2023年的GDP增长率预测修改为2%,2024年修改为0.7%,2025年修改为1.8%。

美国银行现在预测失业率将在2025年第一季度达到4.3%的最高点,他们之前预测失业率将在2024年第四季度达到最高点4.7%。

加彭写道:“劳动力市场应该继续降温,就业将维持适度增长,但不会达到我们之前预测的幅度。”

这位经济学家还表示,他预测“通胀将减速,继续向2.0%的水平回落”,但由于劳动力市场意料之外的持续强劲,通胀将以比之前的预测“更慢的速度逐步下降”。他认为,美联储最常用的通胀指标个人消费支出(PCE)物价指数,在2025年下半年之前不会下降至美联储2%的目标水平。但这依旧足以使美联储在明年缓慢结束加息。

加彭表示:“如果我们的前景预测成真,这对美联储而言将是好消息。”他解释称,现在他预测美联储今年只会再进行一次加息,明年6月将开始降息。

不止加彭修改了对美国经济前景的预测。美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔几个月前还警告美国经济将在一年内陷入“轻度衰退”,但他在7月的联邦公开市场委员会(Federal Open Market Committee)会议上表示,他的下属不再预测经济衰退。美联储工作人员的预测与鲍威尔和联邦储备委员会(Federal Reserve Board)有表决权的委员的意见不同,但这表明经济学家和民意调查均对美国经济变得更加乐观。去年12月,彭博社调查的经济学家们表示,美国经济衰退的概率为70%,但今年7月这个概率下降到58%。

虽然加彭和同行们都改变立场,对美国经济前景感到乐观,但这位首席经济学家却在周三的研究报告结尾发出了警告。

他写道:“虽然我们将把对美国经济轻度衰退的前景预测,调整为软着陆,但我们认为,我们要实现的是二战以来可能性最低的结果。”他表示,美国自二战以来发生了11次经济衰退,但只有三次“软着陆”。“还有许多事情依旧不能出错。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

连美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔也表示,他的下属认为美国即将实现软着陆。

摄影:NATHAN HOWARD —— 彭博社/盖蒂图片社

“幻想没有经济衰退,这很容易,只要你试试看。”

这是美国银行研究(Bank of America Research)最新美国经济观点(U.S. Economic Viewpoint)研究报告的标题。报告详细介绍了该银行首席美国经济学家迈克尔·加彭预测的美国经济前景。该报告的观点与加彭自去年夏季以来持续的经济衰退预测大相径庭。

一年多前,前巴克莱(Barclays)高管加彭成为美国银行经济研究团队的负责人,并很快像越来越多华尔街的领导者一样发布了美国经济衰退的预测。他当时警告,加息和恶性通胀对消费者构成压力,最终会在2022年底之前使美国经济至少陷入“轻度衰退”。

之后,加彭不得不多次修改经济衰退到来的时间。去年9月,他将经济衰退的发生时间推迟到2023年下半年,并且表示尽管美联储在激进加息,但美国经济中存在“底层动力”。

今年6月,加彭表示,由于劳动力市场表现出“有韧性的证据”,美国经济可能出现“增长型衰退”,他认为2024年之前不会发生“轻度衰退”。最后,上个月,虽然加彭继续强调明年发生“轻度衰退”的预测,但他也不得不承认,最近的经济数据“令人惊喜”,而且客户感觉“普遍乐观”。

现在,加彭已经放弃了几乎所有悲观的预测。

他在周三的客户报告中写道:“我们之前认为美国经济最有可能发生的结果是到2024年出现轻度衰退,但最近的数据让我们不得不重新评估这种观点。我们修正了对美国经济前景的预测,认为美国经济将实现软着陆,虽然2024年经济增长将低于长期趋势,但在我们预测的期限内,前景依旧乐观。”

为什么加彭会改变自己的观点?通过深入分析他的言论,以及对比他和高盛(Goldman Sachs)分别预测的前景,或许能够得到启发。高盛几个月来一直预测美国经济将实现软着陆。

新经济前景

加彭承认,虽然许多经济学家预测,由于加息增加了企业和消费者的借款成本,今年经济增长将减速,但事实证明这种情况并未出现。美国第一季度的GDP增长速度被上调至2%,第二季度达到2.4%,超出了经济学家们普遍预测的1.5%。

除此之外,加彭和许多同行都担心,加息会导致失业率飙升。然而,虽然过去几年创纪录的职位空缺数量减少,但失业率依旧接近史上最低。薪酬公司ADP本周甚至报告称,上个月雇主新增就业岗位32.4万个,超出了经济学家们预测的18.9万个。

高盛首席经济学家贾恩·哈奇乌斯自去年9月以来,一直预测这种“职位空缺减少但失业率不会大幅上升”的情况,他认为这种现象有助于减缓通胀,使美国经济实现软着陆。哈奇乌斯在过去一年预测,美国经济衰退的概率在25%至35%之间,接近华尔街的低点。现在,加彭的观点听起来更接近于这位同行更乐观的预测。

以他对通货膨胀的观点为例。去年夏天,美国通胀达到9.1%的最高点后,今年6月通胀同比下降至只有3%。许多经济学家担心工资-物价螺旋会导致通胀“顽固地”维持在4%至5%的区间,但加彭表示,现在“工资和物价压力正在朝着正确的方向变化”,使其他经济学家们的担忧不太可能发生。

他表示:“我们感兴趣的是,经济活动和劳动力市场的韧性并没有阻止通货膨胀和工资趋于温和,这也是我们修订美国经济预期的部分原因。”

这位经济学家提到了就业成本指数(ECI),证明虽然经济持续增长,但通胀压力却有所放缓。该指数衡量了整体经济的薪酬成本。就业成本指数显示,6月薪酬成本同比增长4.5%,相比之下,一年前同期薪酬成本涨幅为5.1%。

加彭解释称:“就业成本指数数据证实了其他工资指标衡量的工资适度增长趋势。其他指标包括平均时薪、亚特兰大联储的工资跟踪指标和Indeed的工资跟踪指标等,后者用于衡量招聘岗位工资通胀状况。”

他表示,就连制造业和房地产等对利率变动最敏感的行业,最近几个月“也表现出稳定的迹象”。

“二战以来可能性最低的结果”

几个月来,加彭一直预测明年美国GDP增长速度将降至0%,但积极的经济数据使他在周三将2023年的GDP增长率预测修改为2%,2024年修改为0.7%,2025年修改为1.8%。

美国银行现在预测失业率将在2025年第一季度达到4.3%的最高点,他们之前预测失业率将在2024年第四季度达到最高点4.7%。

加彭写道:“劳动力市场应该继续降温,就业将维持适度增长,但不会达到我们之前预测的幅度。”

这位经济学家还表示,他预测“通胀将减速,继续向2.0%的水平回落”,但由于劳动力市场意料之外的持续强劲,通胀将以比之前的预测“更慢的速度逐步下降”。他认为,美联储最常用的通胀指标个人消费支出(PCE)物价指数,在2025年下半年之前不会下降至美联储2%的目标水平。但这依旧足以使美联储在明年缓慢结束加息。

加彭表示:“如果我们的前景预测成真,这对美联储而言将是好消息。”他解释称,现在他预测美联储今年只会再进行一次加息,明年6月将开始降息。

不止加彭修改了对美国经济前景的预测。美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔几个月前还警告美国经济将在一年内陷入“轻度衰退”,但他在7月的联邦公开市场委员会(Federal Open Market Committee)会议上表示,他的下属不再预测经济衰退。美联储工作人员的预测与鲍威尔和联邦储备委员会(Federal Reserve Board)有表决权的委员的意见不同,但这表明经济学家和民意调查均对美国经济变得更加乐观。去年12月,彭博社调查的经济学家们表示,美国经济衰退的概率为70%,但今年7月这个概率下降到58%。

虽然加彭和同行们都改变立场,对美国经济前景感到乐观,但这位首席经济学家却在周三的研究报告结尾发出了警告。

他写道:“虽然我们将把对美国经济轻度衰退的前景预测,调整为软着陆,但我们认为,我们要实现的是二战以来可能性最低的结果。”他表示,美国自二战以来发生了11次经济衰退,但只有三次“软着陆”。“还有许多事情依旧不能出错。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Even Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has said his staff sees a soft landing coming.

NATHAN HOWARD—BLOOMBERG/GETTY IMAGES

“Imagine no recession, it’s easy if you try.”

That was the title of Bank of America Research’s latest U.S. Economic Viewpoint research note, which details chief U.S. economist Michael Gapen’s outlook for the economy. It was quite the departure from the consistent recession predictions Gapen has put forward since last summer.

Just over a year ago, the former Barclays exec took the reins of BofA’s economic research team and quickly added his name to a growing chorus of Wall Street leaders forecasting a recession. Rising interest rates and stubborn inflation were weighing on consumers, and would ultimately spark at least a “mild recession” by the end of 2022, he warned at the time.

Since then, Gapen has been forced to revise the timing of that forecast on multiple occasions. Last September, he moved the recession goalpost to the second half of 2023, noting that there was “underlying momentum” in the economy despite the Federal Reserve’s aggressive interest rate hikes.

Then in June, Gapen said we could see something more like a “growth recession,” owing to “evidence of resilience” in the labor market, and argued the “mild recession” wouldn’t come until 2024. Finally, last month, although he doubled down on his “mild recession” call for next year, Gapen was again forced to admit that recent economic data had “surprised to the upside” and clients were feeling “generally optimistic.”

Now, nearly all of Gapen’s pessimism has fallen by the wayside.

“Recent incoming data has made us reassess our prior view that a mild recession in 2024 is the most likely outcome for the U.S. economy,” he wrote to clients Wednesday. “We revise our outlook for the U.S. economy in favor of a soft landing, where growth falls below trend in 2024, but remains positive throughout our forecast horizon.”

So why did Gapen change his mind? It’s instructive to look under the hood of his remarks, but also to compare his outlook with Goldman Sachs, which has been leaning toward a soft landing for many months now.

A new outlook

While many economists were expecting economic growth to fade this year as rising interest rates increased the cost of borrowing for business and consumers, it just hasn’t turned out that way, as Gapen acknowledges. U.S. GDP growth was revised up to 2% for the first quarter, and it came in at 2.4% in the second quarter, well ahead of economists’ consensus forecast for 1.5%.

On top of that, Gapen and many of his peers had feared that rising interest rates would cause the unemployment rate to surge. Instead, the record job openings that were a feature of the past few years have dropped, but the unemployment rate has remained near an all-time low. The payroll firm ADP even reported this week that employers added another 324,000 jobs last month, topping economists’ expectations for 189,000.

Goldman Sachs’ chief economist Jan Hatzius has been predicting this type of “reduction in job openings without a sharp rise in unemployment” since last September, arguing it will help slow inflation and enable a soft landing for the U.S. economy. Hatzius has held odds of a U.S. recession between 25% and 35% over the past year, near a Wall Street low. Now, Gapen is starting to sound a lot like his more optimistic peer.

Just take his view on inflation. After peaking at 9.1% last summer, year-over-year inflation dropped to just 3% in June. Many economists feared a wage-price spiral would lead inflation to get “sticky” at 4% to 5%, but Gapen said that “wage and price pressures are moving in the right direction” now, making that less likely.

“What is interesting to us and, in part, is what is behind our revised outlook for the U.S. economy, is that resiliency in activity and labor markets has not prevented softening in inflation and wages,” he noted.

The economist pointed to the employment cost index (ECI), which measures compensation costs across the economy, as evidence that inflationary pressures are easing despite continued economic growth. In June, the ECI showed that compensation costs increased 4.5% year over year, compared with 5.1% during the same period a year ago.

“The ECI data confirm the moderation in wage growth in other wage measures including average hourly earnings, the Atlanta Fed wage tracker, and Indeed’s wage tracker—a measure of posted-job wage inflation,” Gapen explained.

Even sectors that are the most sensitive to changes in interest rates, like manufacturing and housing, “have shown signs of stabilization” in recent months, according to the economist.

‘The outcome least supported in the postwar period’

After predicting that U.S. GDP growth would fall to 0% next year for months now, this positive economic data led Gapen to revise his forecast to 2% GDP growth for 2023, 0.7% for 2024, and 1.8% for 2025 on Wednesday.

As far as the unemployment rate, the bank now expects it to peak at 4.3% in the first quarter of 2025, compared with their previous estimate for a peak of 4.7% in the fourth quarter of 2024.

“The labor market should continue to cool and employment growth should moderate, but not as much as we forecasted previously,” Gapen wrote.

The economist said he also expects “inflation to decelerate and remain on a path to 2.0%,” but owing to the ongoing and unanticipated strength in the labor market, it will fall “more gradually” than previously anticipated. The Fed’s favorite inflation gauge, the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index, won’t drop to its 2% target until the second half of 2025, he argued. Still, that would likely be enough to allow the Fed to slowly end its interest rate hiking campaign next year.

“If our outlook proves true, this would be good news for the Fed,” Gapen said, explaining that he now expects just one more rate hike this year followed by rate cuts starting next June.

Gapen isn’t alone in his shifting view of the U.S. economy, either. After warning that a “mild recession” was coming within a year just months ago, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said his staff are no longer forecasting a recession at July’s Federal Open Market Committee meeting. The staff’s forecast is separate from that of Powell and voting members of the Federal Reserve Board, but it illustrates the growing optimism among economists—as do the polls. Last December, economists polled by Bloomberg said there was a 70% chance of a U.S. recession, but in July those odds improved to 58%.

Despite the newfound optimism of Gapen and his peers, the chief economist concluded his Wednesday research note with a warning.

“While we are removing our outlook for a mild recession and replacing it with a soft landing, we acknowledge that we are moving to the outcome least supported in the postwar period,” he wrote, noting that there have been 11 recessions, but only three “soft landings” since World War II. “A lot still has to go right.”

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