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美国有劳动力减少数百万,但原因不是疫情

美国有劳动力减少数百万,但原因不是疫情

CHLOE TAYLOR 2023-04-03
疫情后美国人对工作的看法发生了变化。

根据一项新的研究,美国有数百万“失踪”的劳动力。图片来源:THOMAS BARWICK/GETTY IMAGES

一项新的研究表明,生活方式的选择对人们工作模式的影响比疫情的任何残余影响都要大。

上周三,在美国智库布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)的年度会议举办之前,马里兰大学经济学教授、前美国劳工统计局局长凯瑟琳·亚伯拉罕(Katharine Abraham)和马里兰大学博士生利亚·伦德尔(Lea Rendell)发表了一篇研究论文,研究了自新冠肺炎疫情以来劳动力出现的变化。

根据这篇题为《失踪的劳动力在哪里》的论文,在疫情的头两个月里,寻找工作的美国人的数量骤降了3个百分点以上,即减少了820万人。

该研究的作者说,约有410万人很快回到劳动力市场,而且劳动参与率在2021年下半年进一步恢复。

然而,亚伯拉罕和伦德尔发现,从那时起,“劳动参与率似乎又停滞不前了。”

他们表示,在截至2022年12月的12个月里,劳动参与率比截至2020年2月的12个月平均水平低了约0.9个百分点,劳动力缺口接近240万。

研究称,在同一时期,每周平均工作时间也减少了约0.6小时,这造成额外的240万的劳动力缺口。

在考虑到影响人们工作意愿的人口统计学变化(如年龄和教育水平)后,他们估计疫情后的劳动力参与率下降了约0.5个百分点。

“可以预见的”情况

他们在论文中写道:“即使没有疫情,过去三年劳动参与率的下降大都是可以预见的。”

官方数据显示,2月份有62.5%的美国人在工作或找工作,比2020年2月(美国各州开始实施封城措施前不久)少了0.8个百分点。

该研究估计,不到一半的失踪劳动力离开劳动力市场可归因于害怕感染新冠病毒或罹患“长新冠”。

该研究的作者表示,估计只有70万失踪的劳动力是由于“长新冠”而离开劳动力市场。

该研究的作者写道:“我们认为,由于人们害怕感染新冠病毒或罹患“长新冠”,导致劳动参与率下滑,但与之前一些分析给出的结果相比,我们估计这两种情形对劳动力参与率的影响要小得多。”

他们提出了另一种可能导致劳动力参与率停滞的原因:疫情后美国人对工作的看法发生了变化。

该研究的作者写道:“与大量坊间证据相一致,工作时间的减少可能反映了人们对希望实现的工作与生活的平衡进行了重新评估。”

他们指出了像“安静辞职”这样的趋势,并指出媒体上充斥着专业人士从“繁忙的工作日程安排”中抽身出来的报道。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

一项新的研究表明,生活方式的选择对人们工作模式的影响比疫情的任何残余影响都要大。

上周三,在美国智库布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)的年度会议举办之前,马里兰大学经济学教授、前美国劳工统计局局长凯瑟琳·亚伯拉罕(Katharine Abraham)和马里兰大学博士生利亚·伦德尔(Lea Rendell)发表了一篇研究论文,研究了自新冠肺炎疫情以来劳动力出现的变化。

根据这篇题为《失踪的劳动力在哪里》的论文,在疫情的头两个月里,寻找工作的美国人的数量骤降了3个百分点以上,即减少了820万人。

该研究的作者说,约有410万人很快回到劳动力市场,而且劳动参与率在2021年下半年进一步恢复。

然而,亚伯拉罕和伦德尔发现,从那时起,“劳动参与率似乎又停滞不前了。”

他们表示,在截至2022年12月的12个月里,劳动参与率比截至2020年2月的12个月平均水平低了约0.9个百分点,劳动力缺口接近240万。

研究称,在同一时期,每周平均工作时间也减少了约0.6小时,这造成额外的240万的劳动力缺口。

在考虑到影响人们工作意愿的人口统计学变化(如年龄和教育水平)后,他们估计疫情后的劳动力参与率下降了约0.5个百分点。

“可以预见的”情况

他们在论文中写道:“即使没有疫情,过去三年劳动参与率的下降大都是可以预见的。”

官方数据显示,2月份有62.5%的美国人在工作或找工作,比2020年2月(美国各州开始实施封城措施前不久)少了0.8个百分点。

该研究估计,不到一半的失踪劳动力离开劳动力市场可归因于害怕感染新冠病毒或罹患“长新冠”。

该研究的作者表示,估计只有70万失踪的劳动力是由于“长新冠”而离开劳动力市场。

该研究的作者写道:“我们认为,由于人们害怕感染新冠病毒或罹患“长新冠”,导致劳动参与率下滑,但与之前一些分析给出的结果相比,我们估计这两种情形对劳动力参与率的影响要小得多。”

他们提出了另一种可能导致劳动力参与率停滞的原因:疫情后美国人对工作的看法发生了变化。

该研究的作者写道:“与大量坊间证据相一致,工作时间的减少可能反映了人们对希望实现的工作与生活的平衡进行了重新评估。”

他们指出了像“安静辞职”这样的趋势,并指出媒体上充斥着专业人士从“繁忙的工作日程安排”中抽身出来的报道。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Lifestyle choices are having more influence on people’s working patterns than any residual effects of COVID-19, a new study has suggested.

In a research paper published Wednesday ahead of an annual conference run by the Brookings Institution thinktank, Katharine Abraham, a University of Maryland economics professor and former U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics commissioner, and Lea Rendell, a University of Maryland doctoral candidate, examined how the labor force had changed since the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to the paper, titled ‘Where Are the Missing Workers?’, the number of Americans looking for work plummeted by more than 3 percentage points during the first two months of the pandemic—representing a decline of 8.2 million people.

Around half of that drop was “quickly regained,” the study’s authors said, with workforce participation recovering further in the second half of 2021.

However, Abraham and Rendell found that since then, “participation again appears to have stagnated.”

Over the 12 months ending December 2022, they said, labor force participation was about 0.9 percentage points lower than the 12-month average ending Feb. 2020—a shortfall close to 2.4 million workers.

During the same period, the average hours worked per week also declined by around 0.6 hours, the study said—contributing an additional labor shortfall that the study’s authors said was the equivalent of another 2.4 million workers.

After accounting for changing population demographics that influence people’s willingness to work, like age and education levels, they estimated there had been a post-pandemic decline in workforce participation of around 0.5 percentage points.

‘Should have been anticipated’

“Much of the decline in labor force participation over the past three years should have been anticipated even absent the pandemic,” they wrote in their paper.

According to official data, 62.5% of Americans were working or looking for work in February, 0.8 percentage points fewer than had been doing so in February 2020, shortly before U.S. states began to implement lockdown measures.

The study estimated that less than half of the missing workers’ lack of participation could be attributed to fear or catching COVID or having developed long COVID.

Just 700,000 missing workers were estimated to not be participating in the workforce due to long COVID, they study’s authors said.

“We believe that both fear of COVID and long COVID have put downward pressure on the participation rate, though in both cases we estimate the magnitude of the effect to be considerably smaller than some previous analyses have suggested,” its authors wrote.

They offered another suggestion for what might have caused the stagnation in the labor market: a post-pandemic change in the way Americans feel about work.

“Consistent with a considerable amount of anecdotal evidence, it is possible that the lower level of hours [worked] reflects a broad-based re-evaluation regarding the balance people wish to strike between their work and personal lives,” the study’s authors wrote.

They pointed to trends like “quiet quitting” and noted that the media was full of stories about professionals stepping back from “demanding working schedules.”

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