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生理年龄是比实际年龄更好的健康指标

生理年龄是比实际年龄更好的健康指标

Aditi Gurkar, The Conversation 2023-03-19
虽然遗传难以控制,但可以通过改变饮食和运动习惯来延缓衰老。

图片来源:MOMO PRODUCTIONS/GETTY IMAGES

你是否曾经在某天醒来时想:“我年轻的时候,只睡4个小时就能够补充好体力,但现在我似乎需要10个小时才行?”或者你是否曾经在走出健身房后,“感到”膝盖不舒服?

几乎每个人都会经历这类衰老的迹象。但有些人似乎无视自己的年龄。已故的美国最高法院大法官露丝·巴德·金斯伯格一直担任大法官,直到87岁去世。“英国烘焙大赛”(Great British Bake Off)的评委玛丽·贝瑞现年80多岁,她仍然在激励世界各地的人去烘焙和享受生活。演员保罗·路德在2021年被《人物》杂志(People)评为“最性感男人”(Sexiest Man Alive),当时他52岁,但看起来仍然像30多岁。那么年龄只是一个数字吗?

研究人员将注意力集中在了解与年龄有关的疾病的原因和风险因素上,例如阿尔茨海默病、痴呆症、骨质疏松症和癌症等。但许多人忽视了所有这些疾病的主要风险因素:衰老本身。与吸烟或缺乏锻炼等个人风险因素相比,你的实际年龄可以更好地预测疾病在何时发作。事实上,衰老会使多种慢性病的风险增加多达一千倍。

然而,没有两个人衰老的速度是一样的。虽然年龄是几种慢性疾病的主要风险因素,但它并不是一个可靠的指标,无法显示你的身体会衰老得有多快,或者你是否更容易受到与年龄有关的疾病的影响。这是因为你的实际年龄(或确切的真实岁数)和你的生理年龄(你的生物学状态或实际生存能力)之间存在差异。

我是一位对重新定义“年龄”很感兴趣的科学家。我的实验室致力于测量生理年龄,而不是以实际年龄为基准。与实际年龄相比,生理年龄能够更准确地衡量健康寿命,也就是健康状况良好的寿命,而且这与皱纹和白发没有直接关系。相对于他们的实际年龄,快速老化者的功能退化速度更快。

我的祖母活到了83岁,但一直卧床不起,在她生命的最后几年里都不记得我是谁。另一方面,我的祖父也活到了83岁,但他却精神矍铄,身板硬朗,甚至还可以陪我做作业,直到他去世——他是一位身体健康的老年人。

随着世界老龄化人口的空前增长,我认为,找出测量生理年龄的方法以及如何维持现状或延缓衰老进程,不仅对个人健康至关重要,对整个社会的社会、政治和经济健康也至关重要。及早发现快速衰老者就有机会延缓、改变甚至逆转衰老过程。

遗传与生理年龄

生物衰老是多方面的。它源于复杂的遗传特征组合,并受到微生物组组成、环境、生活方式、压力、饮食和运动等因素的影响。

遗传曾经被认为对衰老或寿命没有影响。然而,在20世纪90年代初,研究人员报告了第一批确定能够延长小蛔虫寿命的基因的研究。从那时起,多项观察结果支持遗传对衰老的影响。

比如,父母长寿,甚至兄弟姐妹长寿,这样的儿童往往寿命更长。研究人员还确定了多种影响寿命的基因,这些基因还可以在复原力和抵御压力方面发挥作用。这些基因包括修复DNA、保护细胞免受自由基侵害和调节脂肪水平的基因。

然而,从对同卵双胞胎的研究中能够清楚地看出,基因并不是影响衰老的唯一因素。同卵双胞胎拥有相同的基因,但寿命并不完全相同。事实上,基因可能只占所有影响生理年龄因素的20%到30%。这表明,其他参数也会对生物衰老产生极大的影响。

环境和生活方式的影响

研究人员发现,环境和生活方式因素对生理年龄也有很大的影响,包括社会联系、睡眠习惯、饮水量、运动和饮食。

社会联系对人一生的幸福至关重要。但随着时间的推移,由于失去亲人和朋友、抑郁症、慢性疾病或其他因素,社会联系可能难以维持。一些研究报告称,社交隔离与压力、发病率和死亡率的上升有密切关系。

同样,饮食和运动对生理年龄也有很大影响。蓝色地带是指世界上寿命超过100岁的人口比例较高的地区,他们将长寿归因于饮食、运动和社会联系。以植物为基础的膳食和每天穿插一些时间进行锻炼是众所周知的健康长寿“秘诀”。虽然关于间歇性禁食和限时进食等饮食干预对长寿影响的最新研究尚未经过严格测试,但它们确实可以带来多种益处,包括能够更好地调节葡萄糖和胰岛素。

虽然遗传难以控制,但可以通过改变饮食和运动习惯来延缓衰老。

如何测量生理年龄

目前,还没有有效的测试能够在生命早期预测一个人的健康轨迹,以便随着年龄的增长进行干预和改善生活质量。科学家们对确定一种足够敏感和特异的分子很感兴趣,这种分子可以作为生理年龄的独特指纹。

在讨论生理年龄时,考虑个人的健康和复原力而不是仅仅关注疾病状态是很重要的。复原力是指适应变化和从健康挑战中恢复的状态,通常能够更好地预测功能健康。分子衰老指纹可以提供一种工具,帮助确定那些复原力较差、需要积极监测和早期干预的人,以保护他们的健康,并帮助减少性别、种族和民族健康差异。

有几种前景很好的分子标记能够作为生理年龄指纹。

这些标记之一是表观遗传时钟。表观遗传修饰作用于DNA,用来调节基因功能,是化学修饰的一种形式。一些科学家发现,DNA甲基化是表观遗传标记的重要组成部分,会随着年龄的变化而变化,可能作为衰老的标记。

然而,值得注意的是,尽管表观遗传时钟在预测实际年龄方面很有价值,但它们并不等同于生理年龄。此外,目前还不清楚这些表观遗传标记是如何工作的,以及它们是如何促成衰老的。

另一个公认的生理年龄标志是被称为衰老细胞或僵尸细胞的功能失调细胞的积累。当细胞经历多种类型的压力,并受到严重损伤以至于无法再分裂时,它们就会衰老,释放出导致慢性炎症和疾病的分子。

动物研究表明,清除这些细胞可以延长健康寿命。然而,人类衰老细胞的定义仍然是未知的,这使得追踪这些衰老细胞(生理年龄的一大衡量标准)很有挑战性。

最后,作为正常代谢的副产物,人的身体会释放独特的代谢物,或称化学指纹。这些代谢物在生理调节中会直接发挥能动性,并提供功能健康方面的信息。我的实验室和其他实验室正在研究这些化学物质的确切组成,以便找出能够更好地测量生理年龄的方法。在确定这些代谢物,以及了解它们如何影响生理年龄方面,仍然有大量的工作要做。

长久以来,人们一直在寻找不老泉。这样的灵丹妙药是否存在仍然未知。但研究表明,推迟生理年龄可能会让人们生活得更健康、更充实。(财富中文网)

本文作者阿迪提·古尔卡(Aditi Gurkar)是匹兹堡大学(University of Pittsburgh)的老年医学助理教授。

本文已获知识共享(Creative Commons)组织的许可,转载自The Conversation网站。

译者:中慧言-王芳

你是否曾经在某天醒来时想:“我年轻的时候,只睡4个小时就能够补充好体力,但现在我似乎需要10个小时才行?”或者你是否曾经在走出健身房后,“感到”膝盖不舒服?

几乎每个人都会经历这类衰老的迹象。但有些人似乎无视自己的年龄。已故的美国最高法院大法官露丝·巴德·金斯伯格一直担任大法官,直到87岁去世。“英国烘焙大赛”(Great British Bake Off)的评委玛丽·贝瑞现年80多岁,她仍然在激励世界各地的人去烘焙和享受生活。演员保罗·路德在2021年被《人物》杂志(People)评为“最性感男人”(Sexiest Man Alive),当时他52岁,但看起来仍然像30多岁。那么年龄只是一个数字吗?

研究人员将注意力集中在了解与年龄有关的疾病的原因和风险因素上,例如阿尔茨海默病、痴呆症、骨质疏松症和癌症等。但许多人忽视了所有这些疾病的主要风险因素:衰老本身。与吸烟或缺乏锻炼等个人风险因素相比,你的实际年龄可以更好地预测疾病在何时发作。事实上,衰老会使多种慢性病的风险增加多达一千倍。

然而,没有两个人衰老的速度是一样的。虽然年龄是几种慢性疾病的主要风险因素,但它并不是一个可靠的指标,无法显示你的身体会衰老得有多快,或者你是否更容易受到与年龄有关的疾病的影响。这是因为你的实际年龄(或确切的真实岁数)和你的生理年龄(你的生物学状态或实际生存能力)之间存在差异。

我是一位对重新定义“年龄”很感兴趣的科学家。我的实验室致力于测量生理年龄,而不是以实际年龄为基准。与实际年龄相比,生理年龄能够更准确地衡量健康寿命,也就是健康状况良好的寿命,而且这与皱纹和白发没有直接关系。相对于他们的实际年龄,快速老化者的功能退化速度更快。

我的祖母活到了83岁,但一直卧床不起,在她生命的最后几年里都不记得我是谁。另一方面,我的祖父也活到了83岁,但他却精神矍铄,身板硬朗,甚至还可以陪我做作业,直到他去世——他是一位身体健康的老年人。

随着世界老龄化人口的空前增长,我认为,找出测量生理年龄的方法以及如何维持现状或延缓衰老进程,不仅对个人健康至关重要,对整个社会的社会、政治和经济健康也至关重要。及早发现快速衰老者就有机会延缓、改变甚至逆转衰老过程。

遗传与生理年龄

生物衰老是多方面的。它源于复杂的遗传特征组合,并受到微生物组组成、环境、生活方式、压力、饮食和运动等因素的影响。

遗传曾经被认为对衰老或寿命没有影响。然而,在20世纪90年代初,研究人员报告了第一批确定能够延长小蛔虫寿命的基因的研究。从那时起,多项观察结果支持遗传对衰老的影响。

比如,父母长寿,甚至兄弟姐妹长寿,这样的儿童往往寿命更长。研究人员还确定了多种影响寿命的基因,这些基因还可以在复原力和抵御压力方面发挥作用。这些基因包括修复DNA、保护细胞免受自由基侵害和调节脂肪水平的基因。

然而,从对同卵双胞胎的研究中能够清楚地看出,基因并不是影响衰老的唯一因素。同卵双胞胎拥有相同的基因,但寿命并不完全相同。事实上,基因可能只占所有影响生理年龄因素的20%到30%。这表明,其他参数也会对生物衰老产生极大的影响。

环境和生活方式的影响

研究人员发现,环境和生活方式因素对生理年龄也有很大的影响,包括社会联系、睡眠习惯、饮水量、运动和饮食。

社会联系对人一生的幸福至关重要。但随着时间的推移,由于失去亲人和朋友、抑郁症、慢性疾病或其他因素,社会联系可能难以维持。一些研究报告称,社交隔离与压力、发病率和死亡率的上升有密切关系。

同样,饮食和运动对生理年龄也有很大影响。蓝色地带是指世界上寿命超过100岁的人口比例较高的地区,他们将长寿归因于饮食、运动和社会联系。以植物为基础的膳食和每天穿插一些时间进行锻炼是众所周知的健康长寿“秘诀”。虽然关于间歇性禁食和限时进食等饮食干预对长寿影响的最新研究尚未经过严格测试,但它们确实可以带来多种益处,包括能够更好地调节葡萄糖和胰岛素。

虽然遗传难以控制,但可以通过改变饮食和运动习惯来延缓衰老。

如何测量生理年龄

目前,还没有有效的测试能够在生命早期预测一个人的健康轨迹,以便随着年龄的增长进行干预和改善生活质量。科学家们对确定一种足够敏感和特异的分子很感兴趣,这种分子可以作为生理年龄的独特指纹。

在讨论生理年龄时,考虑个人的健康和复原力而不是仅仅关注疾病状态是很重要的。复原力是指适应变化和从健康挑战中恢复的状态,通常能够更好地预测功能健康。分子衰老指纹可以提供一种工具,帮助确定那些复原力较差、需要积极监测和早期干预的人,以保护他们的健康,并帮助减少性别、种族和民族健康差异。

有几种前景很好的分子标记能够作为生理年龄指纹。

这些标记之一是表观遗传时钟。表观遗传修饰作用于DNA,用来调节基因功能,是化学修饰的一种形式。一些科学家发现,DNA甲基化是表观遗传标记的重要组成部分,会随着年龄的变化而变化,可能作为衰老的标记。

然而,值得注意的是,尽管表观遗传时钟在预测实际年龄方面很有价值,但它们并不等同于生理年龄。此外,目前还不清楚这些表观遗传标记是如何工作的,以及它们是如何促成衰老的。

另一个公认的生理年龄标志是被称为衰老细胞或僵尸细胞的功能失调细胞的积累。当细胞经历多种类型的压力,并受到严重损伤以至于无法再分裂时,它们就会衰老,释放出导致慢性炎症和疾病的分子。

动物研究表明,清除这些细胞可以延长健康寿命。然而,人类衰老细胞的定义仍然是未知的,这使得追踪这些衰老细胞(生理年龄的一大衡量标准)很有挑战性。

最后,作为正常代谢的副产物,人的身体会释放独特的代谢物,或称化学指纹。这些代谢物在生理调节中会直接发挥能动性,并提供功能健康方面的信息。我的实验室和其他实验室正在研究这些化学物质的确切组成,以便找出能够更好地测量生理年龄的方法。在确定这些代谢物,以及了解它们如何影响生理年龄方面,仍然有大量的工作要做。

长久以来,人们一直在寻找不老泉。这样的灵丹妙药是否存在仍然未知。但研究表明,推迟生理年龄可能会让人们生活得更健康、更充实。(财富中文网)

本文作者阿迪提·古尔卡(Aditi Gurkar)是匹兹堡大学(University of Pittsburgh)的老年医学助理教授。

本文已获知识共享(Creative Commons)组织的许可,转载自The Conversation网站。

译者:中慧言-王芳

Do you ever wake up some days and think, “When I was younger, I could survive on just four hours of sleep, but now it seems like I need 10”? Or have you ever walked out of the gym and “felt” your knees?

Almost everyone experiences these kinds of signs of aging. But there are some people who seem to defy their age. The late U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg stayed on the bench until her death at age 87. The “Great British Bake Off” judge Mary Berry, now in her 80s, continues to inspire people all over the world to bake and enjoy life. And actor Paul Rudd was named People magazine’s “Sexiest Man Alive” in 2021 at age 52 while still looking like he’s in his 30s. Is age just a number then?

Researchers have focused a lot of attention on understanding the causes and risk factors of age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s, dementia, osteoporosis and cancer. But many ignore the major risk factor for all of these diseases: aging itself. More than any individual risk factor such as smoking or lack of exercise, the number of years you’ve lived predicts onset of disease. Indeed, aging increases the risk of multiple chronic diseases by up to a thousandfold.

However, no two people age the same. Although age is the principal risk factor for several chronic diseases, it is an unreliable indicator of how quickly your body will decline or how susceptible you are to age-related disease. This is because there is a difference between your chronological age, or the number of years you’ve been alive, and your biological age – your physical and functional ability.

I am a scientist interested in redefining “age.” Instead of benchmarking chronological age, my lab is invested in measuring biological age. Biological age is a more accurate measure of healthspan, or years lived in good health, than chronological age, and doesn’t directly correlate with wrinkles and gray hairs. Rapid agers experience a faster rate of functional deterioration relative to their chronological age.

My grandmother, who lived to be 83 but was bedridden and could not remember who I was for the last few years of her life, was a rapid ager. My grandfather, on the other hand, also lived until he was 83, but he was active, functional and even did my homework with me until he passed away – he was a healthy ager.

With the unprecedented growth of the world’s aging population, I believe that figuring out ways to measure biological age and how to maintain or delay its advance is critical not only for individual health, but also for the social, political and economic health of our society. Detecting rapid agers early on presents an opportunity to delay, change or even reverse the trajectory of biological aging.

Genetics and biological age

Biological aging is multifaceted. It arises from a complex mix of genetic traits and is influenced by factors like microbiome composition, environment, lifestyle, stress, diet and exercise.

Genetics were once thought to have no influence on aging or longevity. However, in the early 1990s, researchers reported the first studies identifying genes that were able to extend the lifespan of a small roundworm. Since then, multiple observations support the influence of genetics on aging.

For example, children of long-lived parents and even those with long-lived siblings tend to live longer. Researchers have also identified multiple genes that influence longevity and play a role in resilience and protection from stress. These include genes that repair DNA, protect cells from free radicals and regulate fat levels.

However, it is clear from studies in identical twins – who share the same genes but not the same exact lifespans – that genes are not the only factor that influences aging. In fact, genes probably account for only 20% to 30% of biological age. This suggests that other parameters can strongly influence biological aging.

Environmental and lifestyle effects

Researchers have found that environmental and lifestyle factors heavily influence biological age, including social connectedness, sleeping habits, water consumption, exercise and diet.

Social connectedness is essential for well-being throughout life. But social connections can be challenging to maintain over time due to loss of family and friends, depression, chronic illness or other factors. Several studies have reported a strong link between social isolation and increased stress, morbidity and mortality.

Similarly, diet and exercise are strong influencers of biological age. Blue zones, which are areas around the world where people live long lives, attribute their successful aging to diet, exercise and social connectedness. Mostly plant-based meals and spurts of activity throughout the day are well-known “secrets” of healthspan and longevity. Although newer studies on the effects of diet interventions such as intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding on longevity have not been rigorously tested, they do show multiple health benefits, including better glucose and insulin regulation.

While genetics is difficult to control, diet and exercise can be modified to delay biological aging.

How to measure biological age

Currently, there is no effective test to predict an individual’s health trajectory early enough in life in order to intervene and improve quality of life with age. Scientists are interested in identifying a molecule that is sensitive and specific enough to serve as a unique fingerprint for biological age.

Considering the health and resilience of the individual instead of focusing solely on disease state is important in discussions on biological age. Resilience is the state of adapting and bouncing back from a health challenge and is often more predictive of functional health. A molecular aging fingerprint may provide a tool to help identify people who are less resilient and require more aggressive monitoring and early intervention to preserve their health and help reduce gender, racial and ethnic health disparities.

There are several promising molecular markers that may serve as biological age fingerprints.

One of these markers are epigenetic clocks. Epigenetics are chemical modifications of DNA that control gene function. Several scientists have found that DNA can get “marked” by methyl groups in a pattern that changes with age and could potentially act as a readout for aging.

It is important to note, however, that while epigenetic clocks have been valuable in predicting chronological age, they do not equate to biological age. In addition, it is unclear how these epigenetic marks work or how they contribute to aging.

Another well-regarded marker of biological age is the build-up of dysfunctional cells called senescent or zombie cells. Cells become senescent when they experience multiple types of stress and become so damaged that they cannot divide anymore, releasing molecules that cause chronic low-grade inflammation and disease.

Animal studies have shown that getting rid of these cells can improve healthspan. However, what clearly defines senescent cells in humans is still unknown, making them challenging to track as a measure of biological age.

Lastly, the body releases unique metabolites, or chemical fingerprints, as byproducts of normal metabolism. These metabolites play a dynamic and direct role in physiological regulation and can inform functional health. My lab and others are figuring out the exact makeup of these chemicals in order to figure out which can best measure biological age. A lot of work still remains on not only identifying these metabolites, but also understanding how they affect biological age.

People have long sought a fountain of youth. Whether such an elixir exists is still unknown. But research is starting to show that delaying biological age may be one way to live healthier, fuller lives.

Aditi Gurkar, Assistant Professor of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.

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