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世卫组织警告:真菌感染是对公共健康的“严重威胁”

世卫组织警告:真菌感染是对公共健康的“严重威胁”

ELEANOR PRINGLE 2023-02-16
专家估计,每年约有200万人死于真菌感染。

烟曲霉菌子实体的电脑示意图,这种真菌可能降低人体免疫力,引发多种疾病。图片来源:KATERYNA KON/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/GETTY IMAGES

HBO的热门剧集《最后生还者》(The Last of Us)的观众人数以百万计,人们反复观看这部剧集,却很少有人能想到,这部剧集是以现实为基础。

这部剧的编剧表示,它的前提是一种真菌感染毁灭了整个世界,而事实上,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)同样担心真菌感染问题。

2022年10月,世卫组织发布了第一份真菌“重点病原体”清单,并发出了一系列可怕的警告。世卫组织列出了变得更普遍和更难治疗的真菌病原体,目前医疗专业人员只有四类药物可用于治疗这些病原体。

一系列真菌可能引发疾病,这些真菌无处不在,从宽敞的户外,到室内的表面,甚至人体内,都有真菌存在。真菌感染会引发各种健康问题,包括皮肤感染、哮喘或肺炎等肺部疾病、血流感染、皮癣、脑膜炎或结核菌株等。

虽然许多真菌感染被认为是微不足道的日常小问题,例如脚气或酵母菌感染等,但其他侵入性感染却会给免疫力低下的患者或患有严重基础病的患者带来巨大风险。专家估计,每年约有200万人死于真菌感染。

“从阴影中出现”

世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性(AMR)事务助理总干事哈南·巴尔基博士在去年10月的新闻稿中表示,当全世界忙于应对新冠的时候,真菌感染“从阴影中出现”,并且耐药性更强。

因此,世卫组织开始列举增加对这些病原体的开发研究以确定它们的危险性和抗药性的理由。

世卫组织在公布真菌“重点病原体”清单时强调,目前对于这些病原体没有足够的证据或知识,能够充分了解这些病原体对公共健康带来的“负担”。

然而,联合国官员表示,各国可以开始采取措施,例如增强实验室能力,保证现有治疗药物的公平分配等,应对可能危险的真菌感染。

我们以前为何从未听说过真菌感染的危险?

专家对《财富》杂志表示,真菌感染长期以来就在我们的眼皮底下,却没有引起公共健康部门的关注。

传染病学专家、伦敦大学学院附属医院(University College London Hospitals)的真菌感染负责人尼尔·斯通博士在电话中表示:“一想到真菌感染,我们就会想起一些奇怪或令人尴尬的事情,这些都是繁琐和肤浅的问题。一直以来,我们都忽视了这些疾病,人们可能要花数十年时间才能重视起来。”

曼彻斯特大学(University of Manchester)传染病学教授大卫·丹宁补充道,真菌感染不仅被一个单调的名称所掩盖,甚至不属于任何特定公共部门的职权范围。

他表示,这是因为真菌感染疾病跨越了众多医疗领域,而且经常会被误诊。他指出,感染和死于真菌感染的人数在不断增多。病例数增加有许多原因,包括:寿命延长、气候变化、旅行和抗药性等。

伦敦大学学院的斯通表示,抗药性是关键,因为医疗专业人员用于治疗真菌病的有限药物,经常在人类和动物体内被过度使用。

真菌感染多久会成为一个严重问题?

然而,有一些好消息。斯通表示,真菌感染人数不会像新冠疫情一样“爆炸性”增长。

他还表示,新冠疫情已经证明,在必要的时候,医学界能迅速团结起来解决问题,但他指出,开发更好的诊断方法和扩充“少得可怜的”药物清单,必须是首要任务。

曼彻斯特大学的丹宁解释称,应对真菌感染人数增加的措施,将以不同的速度展开。丹宁同时担任全球真菌感染行动组织(Global Action for Fungal Infections,GAFFI)的首席执行官。

他对《财富》杂志表示:“在有些方面,我们可以迅速行动,以产生巨大的影响。快速诊断就是其中之一。我们可以指导人们如何简单地使用检测试剂,其单价只有约4美元。”

他表示,从长远来看,为了减少误诊和确定最容易真菌感染的患者群体,培训真菌感染领域的医生和临床与实验室参与是关键。之后,公共健康部门就可以更轻松地收集和分享相关数据。

公众需要做些什么?

专家表示,首先人们要认识到,真菌感染不只是脚气。

除此之外,丹宁教授认为,有一些群体可能需要向医疗专业人员讨论自己的症状。

他说道:“如果你免疫力低下,或许你有胸部或皮肤问题,如果你是一名女性,经常感染酵母菌,下一次看医生的时候不要只是购买类固醇药膏或处方药,而是问问医生:‘这是真菌感染吗?’真菌感染检查没有什么特别,只是这并不是常规检查。公众需要提高对于真菌感染疾病的认识。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

HBO的热门剧集《最后生还者》(The Last of Us)的观众人数以百万计,人们反复观看这部剧集,却很少有人能想到,这部剧集是以现实为基础。

这部剧的编剧表示,它的前提是一种真菌感染毁灭了整个世界,而事实上,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)同样担心真菌感染问题。

2022年10月,世卫组织发布了第一份真菌“重点病原体”清单,并发出了一系列可怕的警告。世卫组织列出了变得更普遍和更难治疗的真菌病原体,目前医疗专业人员只有四类药物可用于治疗这些病原体。

一系列真菌可能引发疾病,这些真菌无处不在,从宽敞的户外,到室内的表面,甚至人体内,都有真菌存在。真菌感染会引发各种健康问题,包括皮肤感染、哮喘或肺炎等肺部疾病、血流感染、皮癣、脑膜炎或结核菌株等。

虽然许多真菌感染被认为是微不足道的日常小问题,例如脚气或酵母菌感染等,但其他侵入性感染却会给免疫力低下的患者或患有严重基础病的患者带来巨大风险。专家估计,每年约有200万人死于真菌感染。

“从阴影中出现”

世卫组织抗微生物药物耐药性(AMR)事务助理总干事哈南·巴尔基博士在去年10月的新闻稿中表示,当全世界忙于应对新冠的时候,真菌感染“从阴影中出现”,并且耐药性更强。

因此,世卫组织开始列举增加对这些病原体的开发研究以确定它们的危险性和抗药性的理由。

世卫组织在公布真菌“重点病原体”清单时强调,目前对于这些病原体没有足够的证据或知识,能够充分了解这些病原体对公共健康带来的“负担”。

然而,联合国官员表示,各国可以开始采取措施,例如增强实验室能力,保证现有治疗药物的公平分配等,应对可能危险的真菌感染。

我们以前为何从未听说过真菌感染的危险?

专家对《财富》杂志表示,真菌感染长期以来就在我们的眼皮底下,却没有引起公共健康部门的关注。

传染病学专家、伦敦大学学院附属医院(University College London Hospitals)的真菌感染负责人尼尔·斯通博士在电话中表示:“一想到真菌感染,我们就会想起一些奇怪或令人尴尬的事情,这些都是繁琐和肤浅的问题。一直以来,我们都忽视了这些疾病,人们可能要花数十年时间才能重视起来。”

曼彻斯特大学(University of Manchester)传染病学教授大卫·丹宁补充道,真菌感染不仅被一个单调的名称所掩盖,甚至不属于任何特定公共部门的职权范围。

他表示,这是因为真菌感染疾病跨越了众多医疗领域,而且经常会被误诊。他指出,感染和死于真菌感染的人数在不断增多。病例数增加有许多原因,包括:寿命延长、气候变化、旅行和抗药性等。

伦敦大学学院的斯通表示,抗药性是关键,因为医疗专业人员用于治疗真菌病的有限药物,经常在人类和动物体内被过度使用。

真菌感染多久会成为一个严重问题?

然而,有一些好消息。斯通表示,真菌感染人数不会像新冠疫情一样“爆炸性”增长。

他还表示,新冠疫情已经证明,在必要的时候,医学界能迅速团结起来解决问题,但他指出,开发更好的诊断方法和扩充“少得可怜的”药物清单,必须是首要任务。

曼彻斯特大学的丹宁解释称,应对真菌感染人数增加的措施,将以不同的速度展开。丹宁同时担任全球真菌感染行动组织(Global Action for Fungal Infections,GAFFI)的首席执行官。

他对《财富》杂志表示:“在有些方面,我们可以迅速行动,以产生巨大的影响。快速诊断就是其中之一。我们可以指导人们如何简单地使用检测试剂,其单价只有约4美元。”

他表示,从长远来看,为了减少误诊和确定最容易真菌感染的患者群体,培训真菌感染领域的医生和临床与实验室参与是关键。之后,公共健康部门就可以更轻松地收集和分享相关数据。

公众需要做些什么?

专家表示,首先人们要认识到,真菌感染不只是脚气。

除此之外,丹宁教授认为,有一些群体可能需要向医疗专业人员讨论自己的症状。

他说道:“如果你免疫力低下,或许你有胸部或皮肤问题,如果你是一名女性,经常感染酵母菌,下一次看医生的时候不要只是购买类固醇药膏或处方药,而是问问医生:‘这是真菌感染吗?’真菌感染检查没有什么特别,只是这并不是常规检查。公众需要提高对于真菌感染疾病的认识。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

The millions of viewers who kicked back and watched HBO’s hit series The Last of Us are unlikely to think the show is grounded in much reality.

However, the drama’s writer has defended the premise that the world could be brought to its knees by a mere fungal infection—and as it turns out, the World Health Organization is worried about it too.

In October 2022, the WHO released the first-ever list of fungal “priority pathogens,” as well as a series of stark warnings. The body outlined that fungal pathogens are becoming both more common and more resistant to treatment, with health professionals having just four classes of medicine available to combat them.

Diseases can be brought on by a range of fungi found everywhere from the great outdoors to indoor surfaces to inside the human body. These can develop into a raft of health problems including skin infections, lung conditions such as asthma or pneumonia, bloodstream infections, ringworm, meningitis, or strains of tuberculosis.

And although many fungal infections are seen as minor everyday problems—such as athlete’s foot or yeast infections—other invasive forms pose a major risk to immunocompromised patients or those with severe underlying health conditions. Experts estimate that around 2 million people die of fungal infections every year.

‘Emerging from the shadows’

While the world was busy battling COVID, fungal infections began “emerging from the shadows” in more treatment-resistant forms, Dr. Hanan Balkhy, the WHO’s assistant director-general of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), said in an October news release.

As a result, the the organization has begun outlining the case for increasing research and development into these pathogens to establish how dangerous and drug-proof they are.

The WHO emphasized when it published its list of priority fungi that there currently isn’t enough evidence or knowledge of these pathogens to fully understand the “burden” they could have on public health.

However, officials at the U.N. agency said countries could get a head start against potentially dangerous fungal infections by taking steps like strengthening their laboratory capacities and ensuring equitable access to existing treatments.

Why haven’t we heard about this before?

Fungal infections have long been hiding in plain sight and slipping through the cracks of public health bodies, experts told Fortune.

“When we think of fungal infections we think of something a bit weird or embarrassing, something that’s trivial and superficial,” Dr. Neil Stone, a specialist in infectious diseases and University College London Hospitals’ fungal infections lead, said in a phone call. “There’s been a legacy of neglect in looking at these diseases, and it’s taken decades to get people to pay attention.”

As well as masquerading behind a humdrum title, these infections haven’t fallen under the remit of any specific public body to address, added David Denning, a professor of infectious diseases at the University of Manchester.

That’s because these diseases span a vast range of practices and are also often misdiagnosed, he said, noting that the number of people contracting and dying of fungal infections is only increasing. The case numbers are going up because of a range of factors: longer life spans, climate change, travel, and resistance to drugs.

Drug resistance is a key issue, added UCL’s Stone, because the limited arsenal medical professionals do have to fight fungal disease is often overused in both humans and animals.

How quickly will this be a problem?

However, there is some good news. Stone said it’s unlikely the rise in these infections will be anywhere near as “explosive” as the COVID pandemic.

He added that the coronavirus outbreak proved how quickly the medical community can come together to troubleshoot when needed, but noted that developing better diagnosis streams and expanding a “pitiful” repertoire of drugs must be top priorities.

Moves to combat the rise of fungal infections will proceed at varying paces, explained Manchester University’s Denning, who also serves as chief executive of Global Action for Fungal Infections (GAFFI).

“There are things we can do quickly which have a big impact,” he told Fortune. “Rapid diagnostics is one of them—we can teach someone how to use a test really easily, and they only cost about $4 each.”

In the long term, training doctors in the field and linking clinical and laboratory engagement is essential, in order to cut down on misdiagnosis and establish which groups of patients are most susceptible to which disease, he added. From there data can be more easily collected and shared by public health bodies.

What does the public need to do?

Being aware that fungal diseases are more than just athlete’s foot is a good place to start, the experts said.

On top of this, there are a few groups of people who might need to chat to a health professional about their symptoms, added Professor Denning.

“If you’re immunocompromised, maybe you have a bad chest or bad skin, or you’re a woman who suffers with recurring yeast infections, then next time you go to the doctor instead of getting a steroid cream or prescription, ask: ‘Is this a fungal infection?'” he said. “The tests are very similar, they’re just not done as routinely. There just needs to be a general awareness of these diseases.”

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