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美国65岁以上老人10%患痴呆症

美国65岁以上老人10%患痴呆症

ALEXA MIKHAIL 2022-10-27
痴呆症通常未被充分认识,也未被充分诊断。

图片来源:GETTY IMAGES

20年来首次对痴呆症进行的美国全国代表性综合研究发现,每10名65岁及以上的老年人中就有1人患有痴呆症。这项研究强调了美国痴呆症发病率高的严峻现实。

该研究进一步发现,65岁及以上人群中,轻度认知障碍(MCI)的发病率为22%,被定义为介于“正常衰老和痴呆”之间的早期记忆丧失。

本周发表在《美国医学会神经病学杂志》(Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA] Neurology)上的这项研究,按年龄、性别、种族、民族和教育程度分析了2016年6月至2017年10月期间近3500名65岁及以上美国老年人痴呆症的普遍性。该研究调查了测试记忆力、理解力和对象命名等能力的认知评估,同时还进行了面对面访谈,以确定参与者与正常样本相比是否患有痴呆症或轻度认知障碍。

该研究的作者、哥伦比亚大学格特鲁德·H·塞吉耶夫斯基中心(Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center)和托布老龄化与阿尔茨海默症研究所(Taub Institute for Research in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease)神经心理学教授詹妮弗·J·曼利(Jennifer J. Manly)对《财富》杂志表示,痴呆症通常未被充分认识,也未被充分诊断,尤其是在难以获得医疗保健的人群中。

根据美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的说法,虽然年龄增长会增加患痴呆症的风险,但这不是“正常”衰老。相反,痴呆症是一种使人衰弱的疾病,会使人难以思考、记忆、推理和交谈。阿尔茨海默症是60%到80%痴呆病例的病因,是该疾病最常见的诱因。这项新研究的发现与之前测试痴呆症患病率的研究相呼应。

但曼利在一份新闻稿中说,过去关于痴呆症有多普遍的研究“主要集中在受过大学教育的白人。如今的这项研究代表了老年人群体,包括了历史上被排除在痴呆症研究之外但由于结构性种族主义和收入不平等,他们患认知障碍的风险更高的群体。如果我们对提高晚年大脑健康的公平性感兴趣,我们需要知道我们现在的情况,以及我们的资源应该向哪里倾斜。”

研究发现,黑人成年人患痴呆症的几率比非拉美裔白人成年人高81%,15%的黑人成年人患有痴呆症,而白人的这一比例为11%。拉美裔成年人患轻度认知障碍的几率比非拉美裔白人成年人高42%,28%的拉美裔成年人患有轻度认知障碍,而23%的白人患有轻度认知障碍。

在所有成年人中,随着受教育年限的增加,患痴呆症的风险也会降低。曼利说,这些数据可以“为未来情况改善设立一个标杆。”

痴呆症研究历来集中研究白人

哈肯萨克大学医学中心记忆丧失和大脑健康中心联合主任兼老年病学部主任马尼沙·帕鲁莱卡(Manisha Parulekar)博士告诉《财富》杂志,要在痴呆症最普遍的人群中开展教育、早期发现和预防,首先要有一个多样化的研究样本。

她说:“很多这些研究的知情同意书都是英文版本的,如果你不会说英语,你就会自动被排除在外。”她补充说,包容性研究可以提高人们对症状、药物和生活方式的改变的认识,这有助于减缓病情进展——她正努力向那些被排除在研究之外的社区宣传这一点。

在7月接受威斯康星大学阿尔茨海默症研究中心采访时,阿尔茨海默症协会的首席多样性、公平性和包容性官卡尔•希尔(Carl Hill)强调了了解痴呆症和风险因素(如高血压、抑郁症和糖尿病)的多样性的重要性,这些风险因素会对人们的一生造成严重影响。

“有些人存在遗传风险。对另一些人来说,我们必须了解生命过程观点,即压力在生命过程中的累积效应,以及这与应对威胁心血管健康的行为有何关系。”他说,并补充说这会增加患痴呆症的风险。

《美国医学会杂志》的研究还发现,随着人们年龄的增长,痴呆症的患病率大幅上升,90岁及以上的人中有35%患有痴呆症。随着65岁及以上人群的持续增长,研究人员指出,迫切需要了解这种对那些还没有成为研究中心的社区产生不平等影响的综合症。

曼利说:“我们的特权分层反映在我们的健康状况中,我们在新冠肺炎疫情中发现了这一点,我认为我们在痴呆症和认知障碍中也发现了这一点。我们有义务真正尝试为人们的所有体验提供服务,包括他们居住的地方,以及谁关心他们,我们需要倡导这类事情。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

20年来首次对痴呆症进行的美国全国代表性综合研究发现,每10名65岁及以上的老年人中就有1人患有痴呆症。这项研究强调了美国痴呆症发病率高的严峻现实。

该研究进一步发现,65岁及以上人群中,轻度认知障碍(MCI)的发病率为22%,被定义为介于“正常衰老和痴呆”之间的早期记忆丧失。

本周发表在《美国医学会神经病学杂志》(Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA] Neurology)上的这项研究,按年龄、性别、种族、民族和教育程度分析了2016年6月至2017年10月期间近3500名65岁及以上美国老年人痴呆症的普遍性。该研究调查了测试记忆力、理解力和对象命名等能力的认知评估,同时还进行了面对面访谈,以确定参与者与正常样本相比是否患有痴呆症或轻度认知障碍。

该研究的作者、哥伦比亚大学格特鲁德·H·塞吉耶夫斯基中心(Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center)和托布老龄化与阿尔茨海默症研究所(Taub Institute for Research in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease)神经心理学教授詹妮弗·J·曼利(Jennifer J. Manly)对《财富》杂志表示,痴呆症通常未被充分认识,也未被充分诊断,尤其是在难以获得医疗保健的人群中。

根据美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的说法,虽然年龄增长会增加患痴呆症的风险,但这不是“正常”衰老。相反,痴呆症是一种使人衰弱的疾病,会使人难以思考、记忆、推理和交谈。阿尔茨海默症是60%到80%痴呆病例的病因,是该疾病最常见的诱因。这项新研究的发现与之前测试痴呆症患病率的研究相呼应。

但曼利在一份新闻稿中说,过去关于痴呆症有多普遍的研究“主要集中在受过大学教育的白人。如今的这项研究代表了老年人群体,包括了历史上被排除在痴呆症研究之外但由于结构性种族主义和收入不平等,他们患认知障碍的风险更高的群体。如果我们对提高晚年大脑健康的公平性感兴趣,我们需要知道我们现在的情况,以及我们的资源应该向哪里倾斜。”

研究发现,黑人成年人患痴呆症的几率比非拉美裔白人成年人高81%,15%的黑人成年人患有痴呆症,而白人的这一比例为11%。拉美裔成年人患轻度认知障碍的几率比非拉美裔白人成年人高42%,28%的拉美裔成年人患有轻度认知障碍,而23%的白人患有轻度认知障碍。

在所有成年人中,随着受教育年限的增加,患痴呆症的风险也会降低。曼利说,这些数据可以“为未来情况改善设立一个标杆。”

痴呆症研究历来集中研究白人

哈肯萨克大学医学中心记忆丧失和大脑健康中心联合主任兼老年病学部主任马尼沙·帕鲁莱卡(Manisha Parulekar)博士告诉《财富》杂志,要在痴呆症最普遍的人群中开展教育、早期发现和预防,首先要有一个多样化的研究样本。

她说:“很多这些研究的知情同意书都是英文版本的,如果你不会说英语,你就会自动被排除在外。”她补充说,包容性研究可以提高人们对症状、药物和生活方式的改变的认识,这有助于减缓病情进展——她正努力向那些被排除在研究之外的社区宣传这一点。

在7月接受威斯康星大学阿尔茨海默症研究中心采访时,阿尔茨海默症协会的首席多样性、公平性和包容性官卡尔•希尔(Carl Hill)强调了了解痴呆症和风险因素(如高血压、抑郁症和糖尿病)的多样性的重要性,这些风险因素会对人们的一生造成严重影响。

“有些人存在遗传风险。对另一些人来说,我们必须了解生命过程观点,即压力在生命过程中的累积效应,以及这与应对威胁心血管健康的行为有何关系。”他说,并补充说这会增加患痴呆症的风险。

《美国医学会杂志》的研究还发现,随着人们年龄的增长,痴呆症的患病率大幅上升,90岁及以上的人中有35%患有痴呆症。随着65岁及以上人群的持续增长,研究人员指出,迫切需要了解这种对那些还没有成为研究中心的社区产生不平等影响的综合症。

曼利说:“我们的特权分层反映在我们的健康状况中,我们在新冠肺炎疫情中发现了这一点,我认为我们在痴呆症和认知障碍中也发现了这一点。我们有义务真正尝试为人们的所有体验提供服务,包括他们居住的地方,以及谁关心他们,我们需要倡导这类事情。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

One in 10 adults age 65 and older have dementia, finds the first nationally representative study of the syndrome in 20 years. It highlighted the grim reality around the prevalence of dementia in the U.S.

The study further found a 22% prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of those 65 and older, defined as early stage memory loss in between “normal aging and dementia.”

The research, published today in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Neurology, analyzed the ubiquity of dementia by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education of nearly 3,500 people 65 and over between June 2016 and October 2017. It examined cognitive assessments that tested for abilities such as memory, comprehension, and object naming, along with an in-person interview to determine whether the participants had dementia or MCI compared to a normative sample.

Dementia is generally under-recognized and underdiagnosed, especially among people who have less access to health care, Jennifer J. Manly, author of the study and professor of neuropsychology in neurology at the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and the Taub Institute for Research in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease at Columbia University, tells Fortune.

While getting older increases the risk for having dementia, it is not a “normal” part of aging, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Rather, it’s a debilitating condition that can make it difficult to think, remember, reason, and speak. Alzheimer’s causes between 60% and 80% of cases of dementia, making it the most common trigger of the disease. This new study’s findings mirror previous studies testing the prevalence of dementia in the overall population.

But past research on how common dementia is “largely focused on college-educated people who are racialized as white,” Manly says in a press release. “This study is representative of the population of older adults and includes groups that have been historically excluded from dementia research but are at higher risk of developing cognitive impairment because of structural racism and income inequality. If we’re interested in increasing brain health equity in later life, we need to know where we stand now and where to direct our resources.”

It found that Black adults’ dementia odds were 81% higher than that of non-Hispanic white adults, and 15% of those who identify as Black developed dementia compared to 11% of those who identify as white. Hispanic adults had 42% higher odds of MCI compared to non-Hispanic white adults, and 28% who identify as Hispanic developed MCI compared to 23% of those who identify as white.

Dementia risk also decreased with each individual year of education attained among all adults, and Manly says this data can “set a marker for improvement in the future.”

Dementia research is historically white

Education, early detection, and prevention in the groups where dementia is most prevalent starts with a diverse sample of research, Dr. Manisha Parulekar, codirector of the Center for Memory Loss and Brain Health and director of the division of geriatrics at Hackensack University Medical Center, tells Fortune.

“A lot of these studies’ consent forms are in English, and if you’re not English-speaking you’re automatically excluded,” she says, adding that inclusive research leads to increased awareness on symptoms, medications, and lifestyle changes that can help slow the progression—something she is working on getting out to communities who have been widely left out of studies.

In a July interview with the University of Wisconsin’s Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Carl Hill, chief diversity, equity, and inclusion officer at the Alzheimer’s Association, underscores the importance of understanding the diversity among dementia and the risk factors (like high blood pressure, depression, and diabetes) that can disproportionately affect people throughout their lives.

“In some people, there is a genetic risk. In others, we’ve got to understand the life course perspective and that is the cumulative effects of stress over the life course, how that relates to coping behaviors that threaten their cardiovascular health,” he said, adding that can increase the risk for dementia.

The JAMA study also found that the prevalence of dementia grew substantially as people age, with 35% of those age 90 and over afflicted with it. As the 65-and-over cohort continues to grow, researchers point to the urgency in understanding the syndrome that unequally affects communities who haven’t been at the center of the research.

“We have a stratification of privilege that is reflected in our health, and we’ve seen that in COVID, and I think that we were seeing that in dementia and in cognitive impairment,” Manly says. “We have an obligation to really try to serve all of the experiences that people have, and that includes where they live, and who cares for them, and we need to advocate for that type of thing.”

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