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“货币医生”汉克:在控制通胀方面,美联储交出了不及格的答卷

“货币医生”汉克:在控制通胀方面,美联储交出了不及格的答卷

Shawn tully 2022-10-15
史蒂夫·汉克虽然他在全球多国抑制通胀的工作中立下了赫赫功勋,但在2022年的美国主流经济圈却几乎完全听不到他的声音。

2013年4月30日,约翰·霍普金斯大学应用经济学教授史蒂夫·汉克在彭博链接经济峰会上发言。彭博华盛顿峰会群英荟萃,一众政府高官、知名企业首席执行官、州长、议员和经济学家齐聚一堂,共同评估经济状况,探讨如何度过“财政悬崖”危机。图片来源:ANDREW HARRER—BLOOMBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES

如果你觉得美国经济正处于动荡之中,不妨听史蒂夫·汉克(Steve Hanke)和你聊聊1999年塞尔维亚的故事。

汉克前往黑山时,黑山与塞尔维亚还同属南联盟的加盟国。彼时,南联盟的最高统治者是独裁者斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇(Slobodan Milosevic)。在担任黑山内阁级国家顾问后,汉克建议该国总统米洛·久卡诺维奇(Milo Djukanovic)用德国马克取代南斯拉夫第纳尔。久卡诺维奇采纳了汉克的建议,经此改革,黑山走上了独立之路。第纳尔几乎完全退出流通,米洛舍维奇大为光火。

南斯拉夫信息部长对汉克发起了疯狂攻击,先是指控汉克领导走私团伙向塞尔维亚走私大量假第纳尔,导致该国假币泛滥,后又指控汉克是法国特工,领导着代号为“蜘蛛”的杀手小组,意图暗杀米洛舍维奇。目前尚不清楚米洛舍维奇当时是想用这种荒诞的“恐怖喜剧”破坏黑山的货币改革,还是真的打算派遣特工干掉汉克。为保护这位大师,黑山共和国总统特意为其更换了安保人员。“这可不是闹着玩的,”汉克回忆道,“当时米洛舍维奇非常生气,派出大量坦克陈兵黑山边境,一场冲突迫在眉睫”。通过改用币值超级稳定的德国马克,黑山摆脱了长期过度通胀的南斯拉夫第纳尔。如今,黑山以欧元作为法定货币,确保了该国公民的收入能够保持稳定的购买力。

也正是这样的功绩让现为约翰·霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University)应用经济学教授的汉克赢得了“货币医生”的绰号。然而奇怪的是,虽然他在全球多国抑制通胀的工作中立下了赫赫功勋,但在2022年的美国主流经济圈却几乎完全听不到他的声音。

简而言之,汉克就是一个货币主义者。

货币主义认为,货币供应的飙升最终会引发通胀飙升。汉克经常引用米尔顿·弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)的口头禅(这位传奇的货币主义者将该理论由4个符号构成的公式MV = PQ印在了自己红色凯迪拉克的加州车牌上):“通货膨胀无论何时何地都只是一种货币现象,只有在货币增发速度大于产出增长速度时才会出现。”

从2020年初到今年3月左右,银行一直在快速放贷,从抵押贷款到信用卡,可以说是雨露均沾,美联储的资产负债表扩张了超过4万亿美元,在大肆购买债券的同时,也流入了消费者的钱包,结果就是发出的美元太多,而可购买的商品又太少。在过去两年多的时间里,美国的货币供应量增加了6.3万亿美元,增幅超过40%,年化增幅约为16%。正是广义货币供应量(M2)的井喷导致美国出现了超过8%的通货膨胀。据汉克估计,目前仍有3万亿的超发美元储存在满满当当的“货币蓄水池”中,时刻都有溢出风险,而外溢货币将以通胀的形式进入民众生活,继续推高物价水平,这种情况将会延续到2024年。

如今,货币主义的货币数量理论至少可以说已是风光不再。在学术界,像汉克一样支持该理论的人寥寥无几。在通胀快速走高的当下,白宫和美联储均声称通胀问题与货币供应增长无关,也未曾提及或许妥善管理M2(货币供应量的重要指标)正是解决该问题的方法所在。汉克说,美联储抑制通胀的努力一再失败,说明该机构“一直在各种错误的方向寻找通胀应对之策”。而通过研究汉克一路走来的曲折历程(出身爱荷华州农村,一步步走向世界,帮助各国政府管理经济事务),我们不仅可以知道(经济)为什么会出现大问题,还能知道政府应该采取哪些措施来让经济重返正轨。

从务农走向交易

汉克罕见地融合了冷静学者和动作英雄的特质。他小时候生活中在爱荷华州农村40英亩(约合0.16平方千米)的林地。汉克青少年时期的工作是种植玉米大豆、捆干草、清洁母猪生小猪的“产房”、建造粮仓以及在印刷店熔铸铅字。后来他还在新建公路上铺设沥青。汉克说,“我做过的工作多得让人难以想象,如果按照现在的政府规定,有些工作可能是违法的,因为当时我还未成年。”

汉克第一次感受到市场的力量是在祖父的鸡蛋店。“祖父在爱荷华州有个大的鸡蛋加工厂。人们将鸡蛋收集、装箱、分级并冷藏,最后运到纽约或波士顿,”汉克回忆道。“为了对冲价格波动,祖父用‘远期合约’在芝加哥商品交易所出售鸡蛋。”市场能为祖父提供保护,还能用巨额利润吸引交易另一方投资者承担风险,让汉克十分着迷。14岁时他开设了第一个大豆投机交易账户,此后一直在交易。

17岁的汉克就读于科罗拉多大学(University of Colorado),1964年毕业,一年后他继续在本校读经济学博士。攻读博士学位期间,汉克在如今被Mining.com评为矿业领域全球顶尖学术机构的名校科罗拉多矿业学院(Colorado School of Mines)担任全职教授。当时,该校开设了采矿、冶金、石油和地质工程等学位课程,但汉克只教授基础经济学。他很快增开了石油和矿产经济学新课程,过程中在相关学科获得了另一个高级同等学位。“我认识了全世界著名的石油和矿业经济学家,”他说。他对石油市场运作十分沉迷,所以多年后才会对赌欧佩克。

虽然科罗拉多大学的自由市场团队规模相当小,但汉克最喜欢的教授之一经常得意地穿着印有标语的T恤,上面写着“亚当·斯密是对的——要传承。”汉克最痴迷两种思想,一是耶鲁大学(Yale University)的欧文·费希尔(Irving Fisher)和汉克导师米尔顿·弗里德曼倡导的货币主义,二是侧重于研究市场,倡导自由市场经济的奥地利经济学派。他非常赞赏奥地利学派的务实态度。汉克说:“他们研究宏观和微观经济,也研究国际经济,涉及各个方向。其理论提供了发现商品和其他市场错误定价的工具。并不是空泛得像在另一个星球上的理论。”

在汉克来说,货币主义和奥地利学派结合的魅力在于发现泡沫方面的远见。“货币主义和奥地利学派对资产价格的看法一致,”汉克说。“向系统注入大量资金,一到九个月后大宗商品、股票、房屋或其他资产的价格就会大幅上涨。”这一解释非常合理,说明资金过多会将资产价格推到非理性的高度,远高于基本价值之后气球一定会爆炸。

汉克当学生时,在弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)曾参加过沃伦·纳特(Warren Nutter)教授的一系列讲座,从而经历了另一关键时刻。“纳特的深入研究证明,苏联发布的看似庞大的经济数据纯属虚构,与约翰·肯尼斯·加尔布雷斯(John Kenneth Galbraith)等亲大政府经济学家说的正好相反,”汉克回忆道。他说自己笃信货币主义和奥地利学派都植根于对古典自由主义的信仰,这是他和身为巴黎人的妻子莉莉安多年来的指导思想。“基于三大支柱,”他指出。“自由市场、小政府和财产私有。我选择了与三大支柱适应的经济学。”

1985年,汉克运用奥地利经济学派思想在能源市场上收获巨大。当时他与全世界最伟大的商品和货币交易员之一,也是总部位于多伦多的对冲基金弗里德伯格商业集团(Friedberg Mercantile Group)创始人阿尔伯特·弗里德伯格(Albert Friedbeg)共进午餐后,发现了这一机会。目前汉克还担任该集团名誉董事长。弗里德伯格也是奥地利学派信徒。那次偶然见面后不久,汉克成为了弗里德伯格集团的首席经济学家。“弗里德伯格也认同奥地利学派理论,有一种能感受市场温度,发现错误定价带来机会的神奇能力。”汉克指出。

汉克兼职担任对冲基金弗里德伯格首席经济学家期间,利用奥地利经济学派理论预测出欧佩克即将崩溃。1985年11月17日,汉克是第一个预测内爆的人之一,他在弗里德伯格的《商品与货币评论》中写道:“我们的分析结果强烈支持继续看空原油,”汉克如何分析?简单来说,当时石油现货价格远高于期货价格。用行话来说就是,市场处于“现货溢价”状态,说明库存和产能严重短缺将使价格坚挺。

但汉克发现了其中矛盾所在。表面“短缺”是欧佩克故意策划的结果。事实上,沙特阿拉伯产能大量过剩。汉克认为,沙特最终将利用过剩产能惩罚在配额上作弊的欧佩克成员国以及非欧佩克生产国。一旦发生,油价将跌至每桶10美元以下。

汉克和弗里德伯格在纽约和伦敦市场努力做空,同时还做空沙特里亚尔和科威特第纳尔。从1985年11月到1986年7月,欧佩克减产联盟瓦解,油价从每桶30美元左右降至每桶9.25美元。弗里德伯格的赌注获得了回报,客户也赚得盆满钵满。

1992年,汉克再次为弗里德伯格下了重注,这次是外汇市场。欧洲货币体系将12个成员国的货币与德国马克“挂钩”,在狭窄的汇率范围内波动。汉克认为,尽管当时有所改善,但法国与德国相比通常结构刚性更大、劳动力成本更贵且通胀更高,需要便宜得多的货币挑战邻国。他认为,欧洲货币体系人为支持导致法郎大幅高估。事实证明,将法郎保持在规定汇率范围内,对法国和德国来说代价极高。汉克认为,最终市场力量会打击其价值。

因此,他针对法郎建立了巨额风险头寸,推动市场力量发展。1992年7月,弗里德伯格和其他空头的抛售压力导致法国货币暴跌。8月汇率区间扩大,大幅降低了法郎兑德国马克的下限,汉克和弗里德伯格再下一城。“我们的头寸协助了绕后奇袭法郎堡垒,”汉克说。

如今他在赌什么?看多电动汽车电池关键成分锂。过去一年里,电池级锂价格增加了276%。

行走全球的货币医生

1981年和1982年,汉克担任里根总统经济顾问委员会的高级经济学家。任职期间,他制定了一项宏大的计划,将联邦土地销售给私人所有者,并得到了里根的支持。里根在1982年2月提交的预算咨文中写道:“在未来三年,我们将通过摆脱这些不必要的地产,节省90亿美元的资金,同时充分保护和维护我们的国家公园、森林、荒野和景区。”最终,该计划未能得到实施,汉克感叹道,这一蓝图是“政府执行失败的经典案例”。然而,他对提议杜撰“私有化”(privatize)这个新词感到十分自豪,这是其来自于巴黎的妻子莉莉安建议他使用的法语词。他写道:“这个术语在我使用之前还未被收录于《韦氏词典》!”因此,在汉克看来,里根的私有化计划唯一有成效的地方在于,它促使汉克劝说韦氏字典收录这一词语。最终,“privatize”一词在1983年被收录至《韦氏词典》第九版。

然而在公众面前,汉克的首要职责是担任全球货币医生。他的专长是:为遭遇超级通胀的国家提供如何建立稳健货币体制的建议。他的解决方案是:建立货币局制度,从而发行能够以固定汇率与锚定货币进行交易的本土货币,例如美元或德国马克;或者美元化,也就是用美元取代本土货币。

早期的机会出现在1991年。汉克回忆说:“当时,阿根廷实施了‘可兑换制度’(Convertibility system)。尽管这并非传统的货币局制度,但仍足够强大,直接粉碎了阿根廷惊人的三位数通胀率。”接下来是1992年的爱沙尼亚,汉克通过建立货币局制度,用新发行的爱沙尼亚克鲁恩取代了超高通胀俄罗斯卢布。此举为爱沙尼亚创建自己的货币、确保物价的稳定奠定了基础。1994年,汉克在立陶宛担任内阁级别职务,设计和实施了一个货币局制度,成功地为这个爱沙尼亚的邻居建立了财政纪律。1997年,汉克通过建立货币局制度,阻止了保加利亚肆虐的超级通胀和银行危机。同样,在1997年,在汉克的帮助下,波西尼亚和黑塞哥维那实施了货币局制度,这个国家刚刚结束内战,空气中依然弥漫着火药的味道。

这位货币医生提供了不少令人印象深刻的上门服务。汉克称,阿尔巴尼亚的改革便是一次离奇的经历。他回忆说:“整个国家只有几辆车。大多数都是奔驰,而且没有牌照。然而,在阿尔巴尼亚黑手党成员开始从欧洲各国偷车之后,这一现象很快发生了变化。”负责改革的是阿尔巴尼亚的副总理,汉克说:“他的奇思妙想不少,但作为这个国家的管理者来说是个灾难。”在办公室接见汉克时,这位副总理站在阿尔巴尼亚裔人特蕾莎修女画像前,腰里还别着一把左轮手枪。“令欧洲官员感到震惊的是,这位副总理与其他领导者随后佩枪出现在了布鲁塞尔机场!”汉克感叹道。这些阿尔巴尼亚人对汉克向其引荐高傲的巴尔干和欧洲人表示感激,并授予其旗帜骑士勋章,不过,他们后来并没有采用货币局制度。

1994年,在哈萨克斯坦独立之后,总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫(Nursultan Nazarbayev)邀请汉克前往阿拉木图,并任命其担任顾问。他的职责是建立货币局制度,稳定哈萨克斯坦腾格。汉克称,这一举措以失败告终,因为“莫斯科并不想让腾格稳定。当时,俄国人更想要的是一个羸弱、不稳定的腾格,以及根基并不怎么扎实的邻居。”

四年后,汉克开启了他最具争议的货币冒险。印尼铁腕人物苏哈托(Suharto)任命汉克担任“特别顾问”,为印尼卢比的稳定出谋划策。苏哈托听从了货币基金组织(IMF)的建议,让货币在公开市场采用“浮动汇率”,之后印尼卢比大幅贬值。汉克连续数晚在苏哈托私人居所的书房与其会面,并建议“建立传统的货币局制度,让印尼卢比锚定美元,并按照固定汇率与之兑换。”苏哈托同意了这个建议。当新闻于第二天爆出时,印尼卢比对美元汇率增长了28%。苏哈托对汉克说,这一革命性的理念让汉克成为了总统政敌的“眼中钉”,苏哈托分配了一部分自己的安保特遣队来保护这位经济学家及其夫人。

然而,克林顿政府和国际货币基金组织十分痛恨这种做法,因为稳定的印尼卢比可能会有助于苏哈托掌权,但他们希望苏哈托下台。汉克称,克林顿对苏哈托说,如果他采用汉克的货币局制度,这位印尼领导人就必须放弃430亿美元的外国援助。苏哈托屈服了,然后羸弱的印尼卢比摧毁了经济,并在数月后导致了他的下台。

汉克还在厄瓜多尔赢得了重大胜利。2000年,他担任该国财务部长顾问,建议厄瓜多尔用美元取代其苏克雷。厄瓜多尔在当年年底转而使用美元,成为了自100年前巴拿马之后首个美元化的拉美国家。萨尔瓦多在一年之后效仿这一做法。在过去的20年中,厄瓜多尔的通胀率一直处于全球最低水平,并因此而受益。

在这一过程中,汉克与近代多位最具影响力的经济学家结下了深厚的友谊。其中一位最紧密的合作伙伴莫过于亚伦·华特爵士(Sir Alan Walters),后者设计了撒切尔夫人的私有化和放松管制计划,并借此在上世纪80年代重振了英国的经济。汉克说:“透过亚伦,我亲眼目睹了他在制定这些计划时涉及的每一个元素。”为了计划的成功,亚伦采取了自由市场准则,而汉克则是该准则的功臣。

在他的朋友中,汉克最钟爱的理论偶像莫过于弗里德里希·哈耶克(Friedrich Hayek)。哈耶克与汉克及其夫人莉莉安在华盛顿知名的Maison Blanche餐厅享用了该餐厅有史以来最长的一次晚餐。期间,哈耶克吐露,在他年轻的时候,他曾想追求一位漂亮的维也纳女士,而这位女士恰好就是莉莉安的姑妈。

当然,这些经济学的顶尖人物,例如哈耶克和弗里德曼都已不在人世,无法为美国当前的发展方向出谋划策。然而,汉克对此并不乐观。他认为,通胀已成必然,而且尽管轨迹呈现出逐渐下行的趋势,但物价涨幅在明年年底之前依然会维持在可怕的5%。最大的问题在于,经济到底会怎么样,有多严重,什么时候发生?对于汉克来说,人们必须要了解从货币供应持续的变化到其对实体经济造成影响之间存在的时间差。这一时间跨度通常为6-18个月。因此,M2当前发生的变化只有在这个窗口区间的某个时间段才开始影响GDP的增长。

根据美联储声明以及自4月以来出现的大紧缩,我们知道美联储寄希望于采用连续加息和量化紧缩手段抑制通胀。不确定性笼罩着私人银行业务。汉克警告说:“如果信贷投放依然为正,而且刚够抵消美联储对M2的负面影响,那么货币供应增速将陷入停滞,我们将迎来衰退。这种情况将在6-18个月窗口期的某个时段内发生。然而别忘了,M2增速在4月份降到了零,因此如今经济下行的时间框架应该在2022年10月-2023年10月之间。”然而,近几个月来,银行信贷投放的抵消作用一直在减弱。假设这一情况将持续下去。汉克指出:“这样的话,货币供应增速将转负。最终,等待我们的就不是伴随着M2零增速的温和衰退,而是加速到来、更加严重的衰退。美联储的政策一开始就有问题,然而,令这一问题雪上加霜的是,我们并不知道银行系统在面对联邦基金利率上调时会如何应对,以及它是否会导致银行借贷的收缩,继而导致衰退的恶化和延长。”美联储的职责是为货币把脉,但它的手伸得过长了。对于这位货币医生来说,此举让这家央行的方案成了滑稽版的胡作非为。(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

如果你觉得美国经济正处于动荡之中,不妨听史蒂夫·汉克(Steve Hanke)和你聊聊1999年塞尔维亚的故事。

汉克前往黑山时,黑山与塞尔维亚还同属南联盟的加盟国。彼时,南联盟的最高统治者是独裁者斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇(Slobodan Milosevic)。在担任黑山内阁级国家顾问后,汉克建议该国总统米洛·久卡诺维奇(Milo Djukanovic)用德国马克取代南斯拉夫第纳尔。久卡诺维奇采纳了汉克的建议,经此改革,黑山走上了独立之路。第纳尔几乎完全退出流通,米洛舍维奇大为光火。

南斯拉夫信息部长对汉克发起了疯狂攻击,先是指控汉克领导走私团伙向塞尔维亚走私大量假第纳尔,导致该国假币泛滥,后又指控汉克是法国特工,领导着代号为“蜘蛛”的杀手小组,意图暗杀米洛舍维奇。目前尚不清楚米洛舍维奇当时是想用这种荒诞的“恐怖喜剧”破坏黑山的货币改革,还是真的打算派遣特工干掉汉克。为保护这位大师,黑山共和国总统特意为其更换了安保人员。“这可不是闹着玩的,”汉克回忆道,“当时米洛舍维奇非常生气,派出大量坦克陈兵黑山边境,一场冲突迫在眉睫”。通过改用币值超级稳定的德国马克,黑山摆脱了长期过度通胀的南斯拉夫第纳尔。如今,黑山以欧元作为法定货币,确保了该国公民的收入能够保持稳定的购买力。

也正是这样的功绩让现为约翰·霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University)应用经济学教授的汉克赢得了“货币医生”的绰号。然而奇怪的是,虽然他在全球多国抑制通胀的工作中立下了赫赫功勋,但在2022年的美国主流经济圈却几乎完全听不到他的声音。

简而言之,汉克就是一个货币主义者。

货币主义认为,货币供应的飙升最终会引发通胀飙升。汉克经常引用米尔顿·弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)的口头禅(这位传奇的货币主义者将该理论由4个符号构成的公式MV = PQ印在了自己红色凯迪拉克的加州车牌上):“通货膨胀无论何时何地都只是一种货币现象,只有在货币增发速度大于产出增长速度时才会出现。”

从2020年初到今年3月左右,银行一直在快速放贷,从抵押贷款到信用卡,可以说是雨露均沾,美联储的资产负债表扩张了超过4万亿美元,在大肆购买债券的同时,也流入了消费者的钱包,结果就是发出的美元太多,而可购买的商品又太少。在过去两年多的时间里,美国的货币供应量增加了6.3万亿美元,增幅超过40%,年化增幅约为16%。正是广义货币供应量(M2)的井喷导致美国出现了超过8%的通货膨胀。据汉克估计,目前仍有3万亿的超发美元储存在满满当当的“货币蓄水池”中,时刻都有溢出风险,而外溢货币将以通胀的形式进入民众生活,继续推高物价水平,这种情况将会延续到2024年。

如今,货币主义的货币数量理论至少可以说已是风光不再。在学术界,像汉克一样支持该理论的人寥寥无几。在通胀快速走高的当下,白宫和美联储均声称通胀问题与货币供应增长无关,也未曾提及或许妥善管理M2(货币供应量的重要指标)正是解决该问题的方法所在。汉克说,美联储抑制通胀的努力一再失败,说明该机构“一直在各种错误的方向寻找通胀应对之策”。而通过研究汉克一路走来的曲折历程(出身爱荷华州农村,一步步走向世界,帮助各国政府管理经济事务),我们不仅可以知道(经济)为什么会出现大问题,还能知道政府应该采取哪些措施来让经济重返正轨。

从务农走向交易

汉克罕见地融合了冷静学者和动作英雄的特质。他小时候生活中在爱荷华州农村40英亩(约合0.16平方千米)的林地。汉克青少年时期的工作是种植玉米大豆、捆干草、清洁母猪生小猪的“产房”、建造粮仓以及在印刷店熔铸铅字。后来他还在新建公路上铺设沥青。汉克说,“我做过的工作多得让人难以想象,如果按照现在的政府规定,有些工作可能是违法的,因为当时我还未成年。”

汉克第一次感受到市场的力量是在祖父的鸡蛋店。“祖父在爱荷华州有个大的鸡蛋加工厂。人们将鸡蛋收集、装箱、分级并冷藏,最后运到纽约或波士顿,”汉克回忆道。“为了对冲价格波动,祖父用‘远期合约’在芝加哥商品交易所出售鸡蛋。”市场能为祖父提供保护,还能用巨额利润吸引交易另一方投资者承担风险,让汉克十分着迷。14岁时他开设了第一个大豆投机交易账户,此后一直在交易。

17岁的汉克就读于科罗拉多大学(University of Colorado),1964年毕业,一年后他继续在本校读经济学博士。攻读博士学位期间,汉克在如今被Mining.com评为矿业领域全球顶尖学术机构的名校科罗拉多矿业学院(Colorado School of Mines)担任全职教授。当时,该校开设了采矿、冶金、石油和地质工程等学位课程,但汉克只教授基础经济学。他很快增开了石油和矿产经济学新课程,过程中在相关学科获得了另一个高级同等学位。“我认识了全世界著名的石油和矿业经济学家,”他说。他对石油市场运作十分沉迷,所以多年后才会对赌欧佩克。

虽然科罗拉多大学的自由市场团队规模相当小,但汉克最喜欢的教授之一经常得意地穿着印有标语的T恤,上面写着“亚当·斯密是对的——要传承。”汉克最痴迷两种思想,一是耶鲁大学(Yale University)的欧文·费希尔(Irving Fisher)和汉克导师米尔顿·弗里德曼倡导的货币主义,二是侧重于研究市场,倡导自由市场经济的奥地利经济学派。他非常赞赏奥地利学派的务实态度。汉克说:“他们研究宏观和微观经济,也研究国际经济,涉及各个方向。其理论提供了发现商品和其他市场错误定价的工具。并不是空泛得像在另一个星球上的理论。”

在汉克来说,货币主义和奥地利学派结合的魅力在于发现泡沫方面的远见。“货币主义和奥地利学派对资产价格的看法一致,”汉克说。“向系统注入大量资金,一到九个月后大宗商品、股票、房屋或其他资产的价格就会大幅上涨。”这一解释非常合理,说明资金过多会将资产价格推到非理性的高度,远高于基本价值之后气球一定会爆炸。

汉克当学生时,在弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)曾参加过沃伦·纳特(Warren Nutter)教授的一系列讲座,从而经历了另一关键时刻。“纳特的深入研究证明,苏联发布的看似庞大的经济数据纯属虚构,与约翰·肯尼斯·加尔布雷斯(John Kenneth Galbraith)等亲大政府经济学家说的正好相反,”汉克回忆道。他说自己笃信货币主义和奥地利学派都植根于对古典自由主义的信仰,这是他和身为巴黎人的妻子莉莉安多年来的指导思想。“基于三大支柱,”他指出。“自由市场、小政府和财产私有。我选择了与三大支柱适应的经济学。”

1985年,汉克运用奥地利经济学派思想在能源市场上收获巨大。当时他与全世界最伟大的商品和货币交易员之一,也是总部位于多伦多的对冲基金弗里德伯格商业集团(Friedberg Mercantile Group)创始人阿尔伯特·弗里德伯格(Albert Friedbeg)共进午餐后,发现了这一机会。目前汉克还担任该集团名誉董事长。弗里德伯格也是奥地利学派信徒。那次偶然见面后不久,汉克成为了弗里德伯格集团的首席经济学家。“弗里德伯格也认同奥地利学派理论,有一种能感受市场温度,发现错误定价带来机会的神奇能力。”汉克指出。

汉克兼职担任对冲基金弗里德伯格首席经济学家期间,利用奥地利经济学派理论预测出欧佩克即将崩溃。1985年11月17日,汉克是第一个预测内爆的人之一,他在弗里德伯格的《商品与货币评论》中写道:“我们的分析结果强烈支持继续看空原油,”汉克如何分析?简单来说,当时石油现货价格远高于期货价格。用行话来说就是,市场处于“现货溢价”状态,说明库存和产能严重短缺将使价格坚挺。

但汉克发现了其中矛盾所在。表面“短缺”是欧佩克故意策划的结果。事实上,沙特阿拉伯产能大量过剩。汉克认为,沙特最终将利用过剩产能惩罚在配额上作弊的欧佩克成员国以及非欧佩克生产国。一旦发生,油价将跌至每桶10美元以下。

汉克和弗里德伯格在纽约和伦敦市场努力做空,同时还做空沙特里亚尔和科威特第纳尔。从1985年11月到1986年7月,欧佩克减产联盟瓦解,油价从每桶30美元左右降至每桶9.25美元。弗里德伯格的赌注获得了回报,客户也赚得盆满钵满。

1992年,汉克再次为弗里德伯格下了重注,这次是外汇市场。欧洲货币体系将12个成员国的货币与德国马克“挂钩”,在狭窄的汇率范围内波动。汉克认为,尽管当时有所改善,但法国与德国相比通常结构刚性更大、劳动力成本更贵且通胀更高,需要便宜得多的货币挑战邻国。他认为,欧洲货币体系人为支持导致法郎大幅高估。事实证明,将法郎保持在规定汇率范围内,对法国和德国来说代价极高。汉克认为,最终市场力量会打击其价值。

因此,他针对法郎建立了巨额风险头寸,推动市场力量发展。1992年7月,弗里德伯格和其他空头的抛售压力导致法国货币暴跌。8月汇率区间扩大,大幅降低了法郎兑德国马克的下限,汉克和弗里德伯格再下一城。“我们的头寸协助了绕后奇袭法郎堡垒,”汉克说。

如今他在赌什么?看多电动汽车电池关键成分锂。过去一年里,电池级锂价格增加了276%。

行走全球的货币医生

1981年和1982年,汉克担任里根总统经济顾问委员会的高级经济学家。任职期间,他制定了一项宏大的计划,将联邦土地销售给私人所有者,并得到了里根的支持。里根在1982年2月提交的预算咨文中写道:“在未来三年,我们将通过摆脱这些不必要的地产,节省90亿美元的资金,同时充分保护和维护我们的国家公园、森林、荒野和景区。”最终,该计划未能得到实施,汉克感叹道,这一蓝图是“政府执行失败的经典案例”。然而,他对提议杜撰“私有化”(privatize)这个新词感到十分自豪,这是其来自于巴黎的妻子莉莉安建议他使用的法语词。他写道:“这个术语在我使用之前还未被收录于《韦氏词典》!”因此,在汉克看来,里根的私有化计划唯一有成效的地方在于,它促使汉克劝说韦氏字典收录这一词语。最终,“privatize”一词在1983年被收录至《韦氏词典》第九版。

然而在公众面前,汉克的首要职责是担任全球货币医生。他的专长是:为遭遇超级通胀的国家提供如何建立稳健货币体制的建议。他的解决方案是:建立货币局制度,从而发行能够以固定汇率与锚定货币进行交易的本土货币,例如美元或德国马克;或者美元化,也就是用美元取代本土货币。

早期的机会出现在1991年。汉克回忆说:“当时,阿根廷实施了‘可兑换制度’(Convertibility system)。尽管这并非传统的货币局制度,但仍足够强大,直接粉碎了阿根廷惊人的三位数通胀率。”接下来是1992年的爱沙尼亚,汉克通过建立货币局制度,用新发行的爱沙尼亚克鲁恩取代了超高通胀俄罗斯卢布。此举为爱沙尼亚创建自己的货币、确保物价的稳定奠定了基础。1994年,汉克在立陶宛担任内阁级别职务,设计和实施了一个货币局制度,成功地为这个爱沙尼亚的邻居建立了财政纪律。1997年,汉克通过建立货币局制度,阻止了保加利亚肆虐的超级通胀和银行危机。同样,在1997年,在汉克的帮助下,波西尼亚和黑塞哥维那实施了货币局制度,这个国家刚刚结束内战,空气中依然弥漫着火药的味道。

这位货币医生提供了不少令人印象深刻的上门服务。汉克称,阿尔巴尼亚的改革便是一次离奇的经历。他回忆说:“整个国家只有几辆车。大多数都是奔驰,而且没有牌照。然而,在阿尔巴尼亚黑手党成员开始从欧洲各国偷车之后,这一现象很快发生了变化。”负责改革的是阿尔巴尼亚的副总理,汉克说:“他的奇思妙想不少,但作为这个国家的管理者来说是个灾难。”在办公室接见汉克时,这位副总理站在阿尔巴尼亚裔人特蕾莎修女画像前,腰里还别着一把左轮手枪。“令欧洲官员感到震惊的是,这位副总理与其他领导者随后佩枪出现在了布鲁塞尔机场!”汉克感叹道。这些阿尔巴尼亚人对汉克向其引荐高傲的巴尔干和欧洲人表示感激,并授予其旗帜骑士勋章,不过,他们后来并没有采用货币局制度。

1994年,在哈萨克斯坦独立之后,总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫(Nursultan Nazarbayev)邀请汉克前往阿拉木图,并任命其担任顾问。他的职责是建立货币局制度,稳定哈萨克斯坦腾格。汉克称,这一举措以失败告终,因为“莫斯科并不想让腾格稳定。当时,俄国人更想要的是一个羸弱、不稳定的腾格,以及根基并不怎么扎实的邻居。”

四年后,汉克开启了他最具争议的货币冒险。印尼铁腕人物苏哈托(Suharto)任命汉克担任“特别顾问”,为印尼卢比的稳定出谋划策。苏哈托听从了货币基金组织(IMF)的建议,让货币在公开市场采用“浮动汇率”,之后印尼卢比大幅贬值。汉克连续数晚在苏哈托私人居所的书房与其会面,并建议“建立传统的货币局制度,让印尼卢比锚定美元,并按照固定汇率与之兑换。”苏哈托同意了这个建议。当新闻于第二天爆出时,印尼卢比对美元汇率增长了28%。苏哈托对汉克说,这一革命性的理念让汉克成为了总统政敌的“眼中钉”,苏哈托分配了一部分自己的安保特遣队来保护这位经济学家及其夫人。

然而,克林顿政府和国际货币基金组织十分痛恨这种做法,因为稳定的印尼卢比可能会有助于苏哈托掌权,但他们希望苏哈托下台。汉克称,克林顿对苏哈托说,如果他采用汉克的货币局制度,这位印尼领导人就必须放弃430亿美元的外国援助。苏哈托屈服了,然后羸弱的印尼卢比摧毁了经济,并在数月后导致了他的下台。

汉克还在厄瓜多尔赢得了重大胜利。2000年,他担任该国财务部长顾问,建议厄瓜多尔用美元取代其苏克雷。厄瓜多尔在当年年底转而使用美元,成为了自100年前巴拿马之后首个美元化的拉美国家。萨尔瓦多在一年之后效仿这一做法。在过去的20年中,厄瓜多尔的通胀率一直处于全球最低水平,并因此而受益。

在这一过程中,汉克与近代多位最具影响力的经济学家结下了深厚的友谊。其中一位最紧密的合作伙伴莫过于亚伦·华特爵士(Sir Alan Walters),后者设计了撒切尔夫人的私有化和放松管制计划,并借此在上世纪80年代重振了英国的经济。汉克说:“透过亚伦,我亲眼目睹了他在制定这些计划时涉及的每一个元素。”为了计划的成功,亚伦采取了自由市场准则,而汉克则是该准则的功臣。

在他的朋友中,汉克最钟爱的理论偶像莫过于弗里德里希·哈耶克(Friedrich Hayek)。哈耶克与汉克及其夫人莉莉安在华盛顿知名的Maison Blanche餐厅享用了该餐厅有史以来最长的一次晚餐。期间,哈耶克吐露,在他年轻的时候,他曾想追求一位漂亮的维也纳女士,而这位女士恰好就是莉莉安的姑妈。

当然,这些经济学的顶尖人物,例如哈耶克和弗里德曼都已不在人世,无法为美国当前的发展方向出谋划策。然而,汉克对此并不乐观。他认为,通胀已成必然,而且尽管轨迹呈现出逐渐下行的趋势,但物价涨幅在明年年底之前依然会维持在可怕的5%。最大的问题在于,经济到底会怎么样,有多严重,什么时候发生?对于汉克来说,人们必须要了解从货币供应持续的变化到其对实体经济造成影响之间存在的时间差。这一时间跨度通常为6-18个月。因此,M2当前发生的变化只有在这个窗口区间的某个时间段才开始影响GDP的增长。

根据美联储声明以及自4月以来出现的大紧缩,我们知道美联储寄希望于采用连续加息和量化紧缩手段抑制通胀。不确定性笼罩着私人银行业务。汉克警告说:“如果信贷投放依然为正,而且刚够抵消美联储对M2的负面影响,那么货币供应增速将陷入停滞,我们将迎来衰退。这种情况将在6-18个月窗口期的某个时段内发生。然而别忘了,M2增速在4月份降到了零,因此如今经济下行的时间框架应该在2022年10月-2023年10月之间。”然而,近几个月来,银行信贷投放的抵消作用一直在减弱。假设这一情况将持续下去。汉克指出:“这样的话,货币供应增速将转负。最终,等待我们的就不是伴随着M2零增速的温和衰退,而是加速到来、更加严重的衰退。美联储的政策一开始就有问题,然而,令这一问题雪上加霜的是,我们并不知道银行系统在面对联邦基金利率上调时会如何应对,以及它是否会导致银行借贷的收缩,继而导致衰退的恶化和延长。”美联储的职责是为货币把脉,但它的手伸得过长了。对于这位货币医生来说,此举让这家央行的方案成了滑稽版的胡作非为。(财富中文网)

译者:冯丰

审校:夏林

If you think the U.S. is experiencing economic turmoil, talk to Steve Hanke about Serbia in 1999.

The economist had traveled to Montenegro, which along with Serbia was still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, headed by notorious dictator Slobodan Milosevic. Handed the cabinet-level position of state counselor, Hanke advised Montenegro’s President, Milo Djukanovic, to replace the Yugoslav dinar with the deutsche mark. Djukanovic followed Hanke’s plan, a move that set Montenegro on the road to independence. The dinar virtually disappeared from circulation, infuriating Milosevic.

The Yugoslav information minister issued crazy accusations that Hanke was leading a smuggling ring, flooding Serbia with counterfeit dinars, followed by a backup allegation that he was a French secret agent heading a hit team code-named “Spider,” gunning for Milosevic. It’s not clear if Milosevic was creating a ghoulish comedy of the absurd to undermine the currency gambit, or really dispatching agents to take out Hanke—to whom Montenegro’s president assigned the sage’s second detail of security guards. “This was serious stuff,” recalls Hanke. “Milosevic was so riled he had tanks massed at the Montenegro border, motors running.” The switch to the ultra-solid deutsche mark enabled Montenegro to escape from the chronically hyperinflating Yugoslav dinar. Today, the euro is Montenegro’s coin of the realm, ensuring that its citizens’ paychecks retain their buying power.

But it’s exploits like that which have earned Hanke, now professor of applied economics at Johns Hopkins University, the moniker of “money doctor.” Yet oddly, despite having helped tamp down inflation all over the world, Hanke’s current views are almost totally out of the mainstream in the U.S. in 2022.

In brief, Hanke is a monetarist.

Monetarism holds that a huge surge in the money supply will eventually trigger a surge in inflation. Hanke frequently cites the mantra of Milton Friedman, the legendary monetarist who emblazoned the theory’s four-symbol formula, MV = PQ, on his red Cadillac’s California license plate: “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon, in the sense that it can only be produced by a more rapid increase in the quantity of money than in output.”

From early 2020 to until around March of this year, banks were lending at a rapid pace for everything from mortgages to credit cards, and the Fed added over $4 trillion to its balance sheet buying bonds, padding consumers’ wallets, and sending too many dollars chasing too few goods. Between the two founts, the money supply grew by $6.3 trillion or over 40%, at an annualized rate of roughly 16%. It was the M2 blowout that saddled the U.S. with 8%-plus inflation. By Hanke’s estimate, 3 trillion in excess dollars are still sloshing around in the overfilled monetary “bathtub,” and the overage that will spill forth as inflation will keep price levels elevated into 2024.

Today, monetarism’s quantity theory of money is out of vogue, to put it mildly. Hanke is one of its relatively few exponents in academia, and during this period of newly racing inflation, both the White House and the Federal Reserve are claiming that money-supply growth played no role in birthing the problem, and don’t raise the possibility that correctly managing M2, the Fed’s broad measure of money, is the way to fix it. Its record of failure, Hanke says, shows that “the Fed is simply looking for inflation in all the wrong places.” But Hanke’s circuitous journey from an Iowa farm to helping governments manage economies across the globe sheds light not just on how things go very wrong, but what governments have to do to get their economies back on the right track.

From farming to trading

Hanke is an unusual blend of sober scholar and action hero. Growing up on 40 acres of woodlands in rural Iowa, he filled teenaged jobs planting corn and soybeans, baling hay, cleaning “farrowing pens,” where sows give birth to piglets, building grain silos, as well as melting and recasting lead type at printing shops. That’s before he graduated to spreading asphalt on newly built highways. Hanke says, “I had more jobs than you could shake a stick at, and given the current government regulations, they would probably be illegal today because I was underage.”

Hanke got his first taste of the markets working at his grandfather’s egg operation. “He had a large facility in Iowa. Eggs were collected, crated, graded, and put in cold storage, and eventually shipped to New York or Boston,” Hanke recalls. “To hedge the fluctuations in prices, he sold eggs ‘forward’ on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.” It enthralled Hanke that a marketplace providing protection for his grandfather also offered the lure of big profits to risk-takers who took the other side of the transactions. He opened his first trading account speculating in soybeans at age 14, and has been trading ever since.

At 17, Hanke enrolled at the University of Colorado, and a year after his graduation in 1964, enrolled in its Ph.D. program in economics. While working toward his doctorate, Hanke doubled as a full-time professor at the prestigious Colorado School of Mines, rated today as the world’s top academic institution in the field by Mining.com. At the time, the school offered degrees in the likes of mining, metallurgy, petroleum, and geological engineering, but just one basic economics course that Hanke taught. He quickly developed new classes in petroleum and mineral economics, and in the process earned the equivalent of another advanced degree in those disciplines. “I got to know all the famous petroleum and mining economists around the world,” he says. That immersion in the workings of the oil market would guide his bet against OPEC years later.

Although the University of Colorado only had a small free-market contingent, one of Hanke’s favorite professors often sported a T-shirt billboarding, “Adam Smith was right—pass it on.” Two strains of thought captivated Hanke, the first being the monetarism pioneered by Irving Fisher of Yale and by Hanke’s mentor, Milton Friedman, and the second being the Austrian School of Economics, which focuses on the study of markets and advocates free-market economics. He lauds the Austrian approach for its pragmatism. “It’s macro and microeconomics, and international as well,” he says. “It covers everything. It gives you the tools to spot mispricing in commodities and other markets. It’s not a hairy theory out there on another planet.”

For Hanke, the appeal of combining monetarism and the Austrian strain was the foresight it provided in spotting bubbles. “Monetarism and the Austrian School said the same thing about asset prices,” says Hanke. “You inject lots of money into the system, and one to nine months later, the prices of commodities, stocks, houses, or other assets go way up.” It was a rational explanation of how too much money can drive asset prices to irrational heights, to far above their fundamental value where the balloon is bound to pop.

As a student, Hanke experienced another pivotal moment attending a series of lectures at the University of Virginia by one of its professors, Warren Nutter. “Nutter’s extensive research proved that the seemingly great economic numbers issued by the Soviet Union were a pure fabrication, the opposite of what pro–big government economists like John Kenneth Galbraith were saying,” recalls Hanke. He says that his loyalty to monetarism and the Austrian School are both rooted in a belief in classical liberalism, a guiding philosophy he and his Parisian wife, Liliane, have spent many years exploring. “It’s based on three pillars,” he notes. “Free markets, small government, and private property. I have chosen the economics compatible with those three pillars.”

In 1985, Hanke deployed the principles of Austrian economics to win a huge score in the energy market. That opportunity arose after a lunch where he hit it off with Albert Friedberg, one of the world’s greatest commodity and currency traders and founder of Friedberg Mercantile Group, a hedge fund in Toronto, and where Hanke currently serves as chairman emeritus. Friedberg was also a fellow devotee of the Austrian School. Shortly after that fortuitous rendezvous, Hanke became Friedberg’s chief economist. “Based on Austrian principles, Friedberg has an uncanny ability to take the temperature of the markets and spot opportunities thrown up by mispricing,” Hanke notes.

While working a side job as the hedge fund’s chief economist, Hanke, employing insights from Austrian economics, was able to anticipate the coming collapse of OPEC. On Nov. 17, 1985, Hanke was one of the first to predict the implosion, writing in Friedberg’s Commodity and Currency Comments: “Our analysis strongly supports a continued bearish position on crude oil.” What was Hanke’s analysis? To put it simply, at the time, the spot price of oil was far above the forward price. As the expression goes, the market was in “backwardation.” This suggested a massive shortage of inventory and capacity would firm up prices.

But Hanke spotted a paradox. The apparent “shortage” was artificially engineered by OPEC. Indeed, Saudi Arabia had plenty of excess capacity. Eventually, Hanke contended, the Saudis would use its excess capacity to punish members of OPEC who were cheating on their quotas as well as non-OPEC producers. With that, prices would crater to below $10 per barrel.

Hanke and Friedberg went short in every possible way, both in the New York and London markets. In addition, they went short on the Saudi riyal and Kuwaiti dinar. From November 1985 to July 1986, OPEC became unglued and the price of oil fell from around $30 per barrel to $9.25 per barrel. All of Friedberg’s bets paid off, and all of its clients garnered a hefty payday.

In 1992, Hanke bet big again for Friedberg, this time in the currency markets. The European Monetary System “pegged” the 12 member nations’ currencies to the deutsche mark within narrow exchange-rate bands. Hanke figured that despite a recent improvement, France typically suffered from greater structural rigidities, higher labor costs, and higher inflation than Germany, and needed a far cheaper currency to challenge its neighbor. He believed the artificial support from the EMS rendered the franc substantially overvalued. Indeed, keeping the franc within the system’s prescribed exchange-rate band was proving extremely costly to France and Germany. Eventually, market forces would hammer its value, Hanke believed.

So he pushed those forces along by taking a big speculative position against the franc. In July of 1992, the selling pressure from Friedberg and other shorts caused the French currency to tumble. By August, the exchange-rate band was widened, greatly lowering the franc’s permitted floor versus the deutsche mark, notching another coup for Hanke and Friedberg. “Our position helped break the back of the franc fort,” says Hanke.

Where is he betting now? Long lithium, a key ingredient in batteries used to power electric cars. In the past year, battery-grade lithium is up 276%.

The globe-trotting money doctor

In 1981 and ’82, Hanke served as a senior economist on President Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisers. In that role, he developed a sweeping plan for selling federal land to private owners that was endorsed by Reagan. As the president wrote in his budget message, delivered in February of 1982, “During the next three years we will save $9 billion by shedding these unnecessary properties while fully protecting and preserving our national parks, forests, wildernesses, and scenic areas.” In the end, the plan failed to get traction—Hanke bemoans that the blueprint was a “classic case of failed government execution.” But he credits the proposal for creating a neologism, the word “privatize,” a French term that Hanke used at the suggestion of his Parisian wife, Liliane. “Before I used it, the term didn’t even appear in Webster’s!” he notes. So as Hanke sees it, the only productive aspect of Reagan’s privatization program was that it motivated Hanke to lobby Merriam-Webster, which eventually resulted in the word being entered in the 1983, ninth edition.

But in public life, Hanke’s principal mission is working as a global money doctor. His specialty: advising nations suffering from hyperinflation on how to establish stable currency regimes. His solution: a currency board, which issues a domestic currency that trades freely at a fixed change rate with an anchor currency, such as the dollar or deutsche mark; or dollarization, which entails replacing the domestic currency with the U.S. dollar.

An early opportunity came in 1991. Hanke recalls, “It was then that Argentina adopted a Convertibility system. Although it wasn’t an orthodox currency board system, it was good enough to smash a stunning inflation rate of 2,314% triple-digit inflation immediately.” Next was Estonia in 1992, where Hanke designed a currency board, replacing the hyperinflating Russian ruble with the newly issued Estonian kroon. It was the ticket to establish Estonia’s own currency and ensure stable prices for the nation’s citizens. In 1994, Hanke held a cabinet-level rank in Lithuania, designing and implementing a currency board system that successfully brought fiscal discipline to Estonia’s neighbor. In 1997, Hanke stopped a raging hyperinflation and banking crisis in Bulgaria by installing a currency board. Finally, again in 1997, Hanke helped implement a currency board in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country so fresh out of a civil war that the smell of gunpowder still hung in the air.

The money doctor made many more memorable house calls. According to Hanke, the stab at reform in Albania was a surreal experience. “The entire country only had a handful of cars. Most were Mercedes and carried no license plates. That changed very fast when the Albanian mafiosi started stealing cars from all over Europe,” he recalls. As for the deputy prime minister, whom Hanke advised, “he was full of colorful ideas, but a complete disaster as an administrator.” In his office, he’d greet the economist with a revolver strapped to his belt, and standing before a portrait of native Albanian Mother Teresa. “He and other leaders later shocked the EU officials by showing up at the Brussels airport carrying sidearms!” marvels Hanke. The Albanians recognized Hanke’s contributions in introducing them to the high-and-mighty in both the Balkans and Europe, naming him a Knight of the Order of the Flag, even though they proceeded sans currency board.

In 1994, shortly after Kazakhstan gained independence, President Nursultan Nazarbayev invited Hanke to Alma-Ata and appointed him as his adviser. His charge was to establish a currency board to stabilize its tenge. According to Hanke, the effort ended in failure because “Moscow did not want a sound tenge. At that point the Russians preferred a weak, unstable tenge and a neighbor that was not sure-footed.”

Four years later, Hanke got ensnarled in his most controversial currency venture. Indonesian strongman Suharto engaged Hanke as a “special counselor” to design a blueprint for a stable rupiah—the currency had collapsed after Suharto followed the IMF’s advice to let it “float” on the open market. Hanke huddled with Suharto on evening after evening in a small den at his private residence, and proposed “an orthodox currency board in which the rupiah would be fully convertible into and backed by the U.S. dollar at a fixed exchange rate.” Suharto endorsed the idea. When the news hit the next day, the rupiah jumped 28% versus the dollar. Suharto told Hanke the revolutionary concept made him a “marked man” by the president’s political opponents, and apportioned a big part of his security detail to protect the economist and his wife.

But the Clinton administration and the IMF hated the idea because a stable rupiah could help keep Suharto in power, and they wanted him gone. According to Hanke, Clinton told Suharto that if he followed through with Hanke’s currency board idea the Indonesian leader would have to forgo $43 billion in foreign assistance. Suharto buckled, and the weak rupiah bashed the economy—and helped trigger his departure months later.

Hanke also clinched a major success in Ecuador. In 2000, he served as counselor to the finance minister, recommending that the nation supplant its sucre with the dollar. Ecuador made the switch late that year to become the first Latin American country to dollarize since Panama over a century ago. El Salvador followed suit a year later. In the past two decades, Ecuador has benefited from one of the world’s lowest rates of inflation.

Along the way, Hanke forged close friendships with some of the most influential economists of recent times. One of his closest collaborators was Sir Alan Walters, who designed Margaret Thatcher’s privatization and deregulation campaign that revived Britain in the 1980s. “Through Alan, I saw every element of those plans as he developed them,” says Hanke, who credits the free-market principles followed by Walters for the program’s success.

Among his buddies was the leading of all Hanke’s favorite theory’s icons, Friedrich Hayek. At one of the longest dinners on record at Washington’s famed Maison Blanche restaurant with Hanke and his wife, Liliane, Hayek confided that in his youth, he’d vainly wanted to romance a great Viennese beauty—who just happened to be Liliane’s aunt.

Of course, those towering figures of economics such as Hayek and Friedman are no longer around to ponder the course the U.S. is on currently. But Hanke is not optimistic. He believes that the inflation schedule’s already locked in, and that though the trajectory will gradually trend downward, prices will still be waxing at a formidable 5% by the close of next year. The big question, the piece so uncertain in severity and timing, is what happens to the economy. For Hanke, it’s crucial to understand the lag between sustained changes in the money supply and their impact on the real economy. That span is typically six to 18 months. So what’s happening today with M2 will guide GDP growth at some time during that window.

We know what the Fed plans to do with QT and the Fed funds rate, based on its statements and the big crunch since April. The uncertainty surrounds what occurs in the private sector portion, in banking. “If credit stays positive and is just enough to blunt the Fed’s negative contribution to M2, the money supply will flatline, and we’ll have a recession,” warns Hanke. “And it will happen sometime within that six- to 18-month window. Keep in mind that M2 growth went to zero in April, so the time frame for a downturn is now between October of 2022 and October of 2023.” But the bank lending that’s a positive, countervailing force has been falling in recent months. Say that continues. “In that case, money-supply growth would go negative. Instead of a milder recession that would accompany zero M2 growth, you’d get a recession much sooner that’s a lot more severe,” Hanke notes. “The Fed’s policies are bad to begin with, but what makes them worse is the unknown reaction of the banking system to an increase in the Fed funds rate, and whether that will result in a bank lending contraction that could worsen and extend a recession.” The Fed isn’t keeping its finger where it belongs, on the money pulse. For the money doctor, that makes the central bank’s regimen a travesty in malpractice.

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