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想让孩子长大之后成为学霸?那就尽早教他们认字!

想让孩子长大之后成为学霸?那就尽早教他们认字!

L'Oreal Thompson Payton 2022-08-24
一项研究表明,较早掌握复杂词汇的孩子更可能取得较大的学术成就。

图片来源:MANU VEGA—GETTY IMAGES

幼童的父母可能都熟悉教育家罗杰·普里迪那本著名的《100个单词》(First 100 Words)。这本最畅销的纸板书是全国各地婴儿登记处和托儿所书架上的主流图书。现在,一项新的研究表明,为什么这本书和其他旨在帮助孩子学习第一个单词的资源可能被证明是无价的。

在最近发表于《早期教育与发展》(Early Education and Development)上的一项研究中,研究人员发现,入学前词汇量大和注意力集中的孩子在课堂上表现更好。这项研究涵盖来自美国8个州的900名4岁儿童,研究要求他们识别图片中的常见物体,例如水果、动物园里的动物和家居用品,并得出结论,在学前阶段词汇技能更强的儿童“表现出与老师和同龄人更积极的互动”。

来自俄亥俄州立大学(Ohio State University)的主要作者杨青青(音译)说:“在学前环境中,儿童的词汇迅速增长并变得越来越复杂;孩子们掌握并开始使用更有表现力的词汇来与他人交流他们的需求和想法。在这个过程中,孩子们学习了更多的新单词和抽象概念,并将其作为心理工具来表达和理解客观关系和社会规则。”

研究表明,早期的词汇技能是多项学术成就的强有力预测因素,比如阅读和数学,以及后来的社会和行为表现。

布里塔尼·布莱特是密西西比州的一名企业家和内容创作者,她的儿子贾克森早期的学业成功归功于她在儿子两岁生日后不久就开始教他常用词。常用词是孩子们学习的在不读出来的情况下立即就能够识别的常见词汇。

布莱特说:“我们认为这很重要,因为我们知道,学习常用词将有助于激发他对阅读的热情。”布莱特每天花10到15分钟时间和贾克森一起复习常用词和数字,并通过视频记录了他的学习过程。“我们很高兴地看到,尽管他才刚刚开始上幼儿园,但他已经茁壮成长,并可以轻松完成任务。”

虽然对学龄前儿童应该掌握的单词数量并没有明确的标准,但杨青青指出,关于学龄前儿童根据其年龄应掌握的词汇技能信息,家长能够查阅《早期学习指南》(Early Learning Guidelines),这一指南因州而异。例如,俄亥俄州的《早期学习与发展标准》(Early Learning and Development Standards)建议,儿童应该可以“使用通过对话和共享阅读掌握的词汇;明确单词及其用法在现实生活中的联系;并探索词义之间的关系,比如物体的类别、反义词、描述类似动作的动词——行走(walk)、快步走(march)、大摇大摆地走(prance)等。”

除了绘本,杨青青还推荐互动式朗读,这种方式让孩子们有机会就文字或图片提问和回答问题,而不是只听故事,这是帮助孩子拓展词汇量的有效方式。

杨青青建议,除了书本之外,父母和看护人能够就孩子经历的事件或他们感兴趣的东西进行更多的对话。在这些对话中,父母可以在不同的场合为孩子重复新单词,增加孩子听到和学习单词的机会。提供更多关于新单词的细节,将它们与孩子的个人经历联系起来,并用孩子已经熟悉的单词来解释它们,这也很有帮助。

杨青青说:“将单词与动作、手势或面部表情结合起来也有助于孩子理解新单词。同样重要的是,要等一等,给孩子一些时间,让他们用自己的话来回应。问一些开放式的问题,例如‘如何’和‘为什么’之类的问题,能够很好地引导孩子回答问题。父母和看护人应该根据孩子的言行来关注孩子的兴趣,并以此作为对话的开场白。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

幼童的父母可能都熟悉教育家罗杰·普里迪那本著名的《100个单词》(First 100 Words)。这本最畅销的纸板书是全国各地婴儿登记处和托儿所书架上的主流图书。现在,一项新的研究表明,为什么这本书和其他旨在帮助孩子学习第一个单词的资源可能被证明是无价的。

在最近发表于《早期教育与发展》(Early Education and Development)上的一项研究中,研究人员发现,入学前词汇量大和注意力集中的孩子在课堂上表现更好。这项研究涵盖来自美国8个州的900名4岁儿童,研究要求他们识别图片中的常见物体,例如水果、动物园里的动物和家居用品,并得出结论,在学前阶段词汇技能更强的儿童“表现出与老师和同龄人更积极的互动”。

来自俄亥俄州立大学(Ohio State University)的主要作者杨青青(音译)说:“在学前环境中,儿童的词汇迅速增长并变得越来越复杂;孩子们掌握并开始使用更有表现力的词汇来与他人交流他们的需求和想法。在这个过程中,孩子们学习了更多的新单词和抽象概念,并将其作为心理工具来表达和理解客观关系和社会规则。”

研究表明,早期的词汇技能是多项学术成就的强有力预测因素,比如阅读和数学,以及后来的社会和行为表现。

布里塔尼·布莱特是密西西比州的一名企业家和内容创作者,她的儿子贾克森早期的学业成功归功于她在儿子两岁生日后不久就开始教他常用词。常用词是孩子们学习的在不读出来的情况下立即就能够识别的常见词汇。

布莱特说:“我们认为这很重要,因为我们知道,学习常用词将有助于激发他对阅读的热情。”布莱特每天花10到15分钟时间和贾克森一起复习常用词和数字,并通过视频记录了他的学习过程。“我们很高兴地看到,尽管他才刚刚开始上幼儿园,但他已经茁壮成长,并可以轻松完成任务。”

虽然对学龄前儿童应该掌握的单词数量并没有明确的标准,但杨青青指出,关于学龄前儿童根据其年龄应掌握的词汇技能信息,家长能够查阅《早期学习指南》(Early Learning Guidelines),这一指南因州而异。例如,俄亥俄州的《早期学习与发展标准》(Early Learning and Development Standards)建议,儿童应该可以“使用通过对话和共享阅读掌握的词汇;明确单词及其用法在现实生活中的联系;并探索词义之间的关系,比如物体的类别、反义词、描述类似动作的动词——行走(walk)、快步走(march)、大摇大摆地走(prance)等。”

除了绘本,杨青青还推荐互动式朗读,这种方式让孩子们有机会就文字或图片提问和回答问题,而不是只听故事,这是帮助孩子拓展词汇量的有效方式。

杨青青建议,除了书本之外,父母和看护人能够就孩子经历的事件或他们感兴趣的东西进行更多的对话。在这些对话中,父母可以在不同的场合为孩子重复新单词,增加孩子听到和学习单词的机会。提供更多关于新单词的细节,将它们与孩子的个人经历联系起来,并用孩子已经熟悉的单词来解释它们,这也很有帮助。

杨青青说:“将单词与动作、手势或面部表情结合起来也有助于孩子理解新单词。同样重要的是,要等一等,给孩子一些时间,让他们用自己的话来回应。问一些开放式的问题,例如‘如何’和‘为什么’之类的问题,能够很好地引导孩子回答问题。父母和看护人应该根据孩子的言行来关注孩子的兴趣,并以此作为对话的开场白。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

Parents of young children are probably familiar with educator Roger Priddy’s infamous First 100 Words. The bestselling board book is a mainstay on baby registries and nursery bookshelves across the country. Now new research shows why that book and other resources designed to help children learn their first words may prove invaluable.

In a recent study published in Early Education and Development, researchers have found that children who enter preschool with good vocabulary and attention skills do better in class. The study, which involved 900 4-year-olds from eight U.S. states, asked them to identify common objects, such as fruit, zoo animals, and household items in pictures, and concluded that children with stronger vocabulary skills at the start of preschool “displayed more positive engagement with both their teachers and peers.”

“Children’s vocabulary skills rapidly grow and become increasingly complex in the preschool context; children both acquire and start to use more expressive vocabulary to communicate their needs and thoughts with others,” says lead author Qingqing Yang from the Ohio State University. “As part of this process, children learn more new words and abstract concepts and use those as psychological tools to represent and understand objective relations and social rules.”

Studies have shown that early vocabulary skills are a strong predictor for several academic outcomes, such as reading and math, as well as social and behavioral outcomes in later years.

Early academic success is part of the reason Brittany Bright, a Mississippi-based entrepreneur and content creator, started teaching her son, Jaxon, sight words shortly after his second birthday. Sight words are common words that kids are taught to recognize instantly–on sight–without sounding them out.

“We felt it was important because we knew that him learning sight words would help spark a love for reading,” says Bright, who reviewed sight words and numbers with Jaxon 10 to 15 minutes a day and documented his learning process through videos. “We’re so happy to see that even though he’s only just now starting kindergarten, he’s already thriving and breezing through the work.”

While there are no set criteria for the specific number of words children should know by preschool age, Yang points to the Early Learning Guidelines, which vary by state, for more information on which vocabulary skills preschoolers should have according to their age. For example, Ohio’s Early Learning and Development Standards suggest that children should be able to “use words acquired through conversations and shared reading experiences; identify real-life connections between words and their use; and explore relationships between word meanings, such as categories of objects, opposites, verbs describing similar actions—walk, march, prance, etc.”

In addition to picture books, Yang recommends interactive read-alouds, which provide opportunities for children to ask and answer questions about the text or picture instead of just listening to the story, as an effective way to help develop children’s vocabulary learning.

Beyond books, Yang suggests parents and caregivers have more conversations about the events children experience or the items they’re interested in. During these conversations, parents can repeat new words for children on different occasions to increase opportunities for children to hear and learn the words. Providing more details about new words, relating them to the child’s personal experiences, and explaining them using words the child is already familiar with is helpful as well.

“Accompanying words with actions, gestures, or facial expressions can also contribute to children’s understanding of the new words. It’s also important to wait and provide children with some time to respond using their own words,” says Yang. “Asking open-ended questions, such as ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions, can be a good way to elicit children’s responses. Parents and caregivers should pay attention to children’s interests based on their words and behaviors and use them as conversation starters.”

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