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高房价=泡沫化?一个指标说明美国房市为何不会重演2008

高房价=泡沫化?一个指标说明美国房市为何不会重演2008

 SHAWN TULLY 2022-04-18
房价和租金一旦脱节,问题就来了。

3月29日,美国达拉斯联邦储备银行发表了一篇报告,称美国房地产市场正在酝酿近20年来的首个“泡沫”。报告指出,美国的房价正在“与基本面脱钩”,买家也出现了“过度消费”迹象。这篇报告一经发布,立即被各大媒体广泛转载,很多人都将其视为美国房地产市场的风向标。毕竟自从2002年至2007年的上一轮引爆了金融危机的房价大涨以来,美国房地产市场已经多年未出现类似当下情形的大涨。美国企业研究所住房研究中心的数据显示,在经历了连续7年远高于平均水平的上涨后,美国住房价格从2020年春季起突然飙升,迄今为止涨幅已达到31%,年增幅达到惊人的17%。而奥斯汀、凤凰城和坦帕等热门城市,房价的增幅更是倍增于全国水平。

乍一看去,美国住房市场确实有泡沫化的特征。但笔者认为有义务表达一下自身观点,因为据我所知,笔者可以说是第一个成功预言了上一轮泡沫的新闻记者。那一次为了证明顶点已经出现,泡沫即将急剧退潮,我使用了一系列与达拉斯联邦储备银行大同小异的工具,预测的结果也基本准确,甚至精确预言了全美包括多个大城市的房价下跌比例。不过今天,我的看法要比达拉斯联邦储备银行的经济学家们乐观一些。与上一轮房价野蛮上涨不同的是,这一轮上涨的主要驱动力并非盲目投机,而是一系列基本面的变化,包括虽然有所上涨但仍然相对较低的按揭利率,史上最低的库存水平,低杠杆率带来的利好,以及“婴儿潮”一代人仍然喜欢大房子而不是住公寓楼,等等。

首先,也是最重要的一个新变化,是居家办公已经成了新常态。这样一来,你就可以在任何你喜欢的地方生活和买房。居家办公将许多家庭从高房价的沿海城市解放出来,很多人涌向了房价非常划算的“阳光地带”城市,因此迅速炒热了这些地区的市场。房利美前首席信贷官、美国企业研究所住房研究中心主任艾德·平托表示,这是一个“很大的房市红利”。在今年剩余时间里,房价大概率是会继续走高的。他认为,到2023年3月,全美平均房价将比现在高出15%到17%。但即便经过这波大涨,像杰克逊维尔、夏洛特和佛罗里达州的北港等热门城市的房价相比全国均价仍然很划算。虽然这些城市的房价不可能一直保持高增速,但就算当前涨势慢了下来,它们大概率还会维持住当前的价格水平,并有助于推动全国房价保持适度上涨。当然与此同时,像旧金山、丹佛和华盛顿等一线城市的房价只会变得更贵。不过由于这些地方无法像那些南方城市一样吸引大量人口涌入,因而这种高增长是不可持续的。它们的房价增速可能会落后于飞涨的通胀水平,甚至出现房价下跌也不是没有可能。

相信我,我一般不愿意说“这次不一样”这句话。当传统的可靠指标出现下跌信号的时候,现实也通常会出现下跌。这一次,我用来预测上次崩盘的指标似乎也指向了泡沫化,达拉斯联储也正是因此而拉响了红色警报。那么,我们不妨先来看看上一次的泡沫是怎么形成的,然后分析一下,为何上次看来十分危险的指标,这次却指向了不同的方向。

上一轮泡沫

不管你信不信,2002年的时候,我是第一个预言房价下跌的“吹哨人”。我在2002年11月4日的《财富》封面文章《这栋房子值120万美元吗?》(副标题:《下一个是不是房地产?》)中预言,美国房价将跌入低谷。文章强调,由于“.com”泡沫破裂而导致的股灾将在住房市场重演。这两次灾难的原因是一样的,都是由于价格飞涨,脱离了基本面。而且我提前两年已经预言了纳斯达克的泡沫化。我在文中写道:“目前我们还没有泡沫化,但是如果热炒行为不马上停止,我们很快就会有泡沫了。”我还在文章中指出,“美国房价正在达到合理和可持续区间的极限。”不过我预测的时间点可能过早了些,因此不免有些尴尬。到2004年9月,房价又上涨了7%到8%,并且呈现加速上涨趋势。

不过只要我不尴尬,尴尬的就是别人。笔者并未就此放弃,而是继续坚定看空。我在2004年9月20日的《财富》文章《房地产繁荣结束了吗?》中指出,房价曲线越来越陡,市场基础越来越脆弱,不可避免的跌落将发生得更惨烈。我并不认为我先前的预测是错的,而是认为现实正在一个月比一个月更加逼近我的预言。这次,我们在《财富》杂志封面上画了一幅漫画,画的是一个崩溃的购房者在呐喊:“他们说房价会一直涨的!而且我们还真信了!”在2002年的那篇文章中,我说美国房市已经快要泡沫化了,但是还没有到达关键点。这一次,我认为房价除了自由落体,没有第二种可能。“看来这次关键点已经到了。住房市场正在快速脱离现实,房价与基本面的差距……比以往任何时候都大。”

尽管如此,房价还是继续爬升了两年多,上涨的势头似乎永无休止,让我的“基本面”论显得啪啪打脸。

2007年11月12日,我又发表了一篇高度分析性的文章《房地产:买卖还是持有》。当时房价似乎已经到顶了,而且已经稍有回调。在全美范围内,房价已经较8年前上涨了70%。在迈阿密、杰克逊维尔、菲尼克斯和拉斯维加斯等热门城市,一些热门房型的价格甚至翻了一番还不止。看涨房市的人认为,这种高房价是具有可持续性的,因为长期的基本趋势已经将住房市场推上了一条新赛道。他们强调,居民家庭收入的强劲增长将确保需求端的强劲,而政策限制将导致供应端进一步收紧。另一方面,众多房地产公司也从以往的泡沫中学到了经验教训,他们会避免在新建过量住房,哪怕是在那些热门的大城市。因此,这些力量将对火热的房市起到“保温”作用,尽管房价增速将有所放缓。

而包括我在内的看空者则认为,美联储的放水政策已经引发了一波投机潮,而且当时的超低房贷利率则起到了推波助澜的效果,但人们并未意识到利率过一两年就会大涨。看空者认为,一旦购房者供不起房贷,或者炒房者将大把的房子攥在手里租不出去,他们最终就会所房子抛到市场上,引发人们竞相抛售,而这就是房价下跌的迹象。

在这篇文章中,我用强有力的证据指出,市场确实已经背离了基本面。普遍看涨的预期和担心“不上了车”的恐惧导致房价已经远高于其真实价值。你可能会问,证据是什么?证据就是房价和租金的显著失衡。

房价会走向何方?租金是一个重要指标

一套房子的价值是由许多因素共同决定的,包括几室几厅,位置是否核心,小区是否安全,学区学校的质量如何,等等。低按揭利率也是非常利好房价的,比如2019年的3%到4%,甚至是今天的5%左右。但是影响房价的主要力量的是租金。同样是一套房子,如果房价经折算比租金贵得离谱,那么人们就会倾向于租而不是买。美国人最喜欢那种带院子的小独户,这种户型也是有很多租赁选择的。除了个人房东,还有像Amherst和Invitation Homes这种大中介,他们有1200多万套房子出租,而且这个行业增长得也很快。

因此,房价只要能反映租金的趋势,就是合理的房价。在旧金山和圣何塞这种就业机会多、人口增长快但新房建设较少的城市,租金一般增长得比较快。杰克逊维尔和夏洛特等城市也是如此,这些城市吸引了大量的外人来口,房地产建设虽然比较活跃,但开工率仍不能满足市场对住房的需求,因此这些城市的租售比往往要显著高于全国平均水平。相比之下,像匹兹堡或者底特律这样的老工业城市,尽管新房开工率较低,但这里的就业增长受到抑制,所以租售比通常也比较低。简而言之,按照基本面分析,只要一个城市的租金上涨得比较快,即便它的租售比远高于其他城市,它的高房价也是可以保持住的。

但是,房价和租金一旦脱节,问题就来了。一旦房价涨得过高,老百姓就会觉得租房更划算。平托表示:“房租和价格是有相互作用的。当房价相对于租金显得过于昂贵时,人们就会倾向于多租房,这会导致租金上涨,房价下降,直至再次达到平衡。”也就是说租金对房价具有引力作用。耶鲁大学经济学家罗伯特·席勒指出,租售比的机制原理“很像股市的市盈率”,二者都存在“倒挂”的可能。房价的涨幅有时会远远超过租金的涨幅,但超过某个节点就会发生倒挂——房价会逐步下降,而租金会逐步上涨,直至二者恢复至正常关系。

上轮泡沫的经验教训

既然决定房价的内驱力是租金,那么要想衡量当前房价过高还是过低,只需纵向对比一下租售比即可。如果当前的租售比显著高于长期水平,那么房价很有可能会下降。因此,当时我们将2007年的租售比数据与历史数据进行了比较。所采用的数据来自穆迪分析的首席经济学家马克·赞迪,他收集了之前15年间美国54个地区的房价和租金数据。

当时,我们的分析结果简直令人惊掉下巴。2007年的秋天的时候,全美住房市场的租售比15年来的正常水平高出了28%。不过这并不意味着房价一定要回落将近30%才能恢复正常的租售比,因为租金的上涨已经发挥了相当一部分作用。当时我的预测显示,在接下来的五年里,全美房价可能要下跌16%才能恢复正常的租售比,因为当时租金的增长速度已经慢了下来。另外,有些城市的房价增速已远高于全国水平,其中一些城市的租售比甚至更高。还有些城市虽然租售比并不突出,但我们分析后认为,它们的未来租金可能会跟不上全国的租金增速。我们的预测显示,如果房价继续涨下去,接下来五年,美国房地产市场的租售比将创下历史纪录,最终华盛顿的房价将下跌25.1%,西雅图将下跌19.5%,凤凰城将下跌23.5%,杰克逊维尔将下跌24%,迈阿密将下跌34%。

最后的实际情况是,我们预测的数字并不全然准确,但是预测的大方向和市场震荡的烈度却是没有问题的,只不过多数地区房价的实际跌幅都超出了我们的预测。到2012年12月,全美房价已经下跌超21%,比我们估计的高了5个百分点。西雅图(-24%)、凤凰城(-38%)、西雅图(-24%)、杰克逊维尔(-34%)和迈阿密(-43%)等热点城市的房价跌幅更大。只有华盛顿是个特例,5年只下跌了18%。

今天的情况很像2007年,但不要被骗了

为了写这篇文章,我请檀香山房地产研究公司Collateral Analytics的总裁迈克尔·斯克拉兹挖掘了大量的租售比数据。斯克拉兹向我提供了24个城市从2000年以来的22年的租售比数据。由于可靠数据不足,他没有向我提供全国的租售比数据。但从这些个别市场的数据上可以看出,现在全美的租售比水平明显低于2005年至2007年的泡沫时期。这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。在统计的24个城市里,18个城市的租售比低于2005年至2007年的平均水平,有些城市甚至低得多,比如旧金山、圣迭哥、纽约和迈阿密。不过也有个别市场的租售比显著高于2005年至2007年的平均水平,比如凤凰城、丹佛,以及“德州三市”达拉斯、休斯敦和奥斯汀。

可能会比较令人担忧的是,大多数城市的租售比虽然仍低于00年代中期的水平,但却远高于22年来的平均水平。至少15个城市的租售比要比近20年的历史中值高25%以上,其中包括华盛顿(+28%)、坦帕(+32%)、夏洛特(+32%)、休斯敦(+32%)、西雅图(+35%)、丹佛(+44%)和拉斯维加斯(+53%)。排名前三的是奥斯汀(+63%)、凤凰城(+63%)和博伊斯(+72%,博伊斯也是“逃离加州”者首选的安家地)。没有任何一个城市的租售比低于历史均值,不过波士顿、洛杉矶、纽约和底特律高于历史均值还不到10%,这表明他们的房价并不在危险区间。要知道,正是租售比过于离谱才导致了2007年房价出现自由落体式的下跌。因此很显然,这些高租售比的城市要想保持房价增速,最起码确保房价不大跌,就必须要看到租金的快速上涨。

这一次哪里不一样:租金也在快速上涨

虽然租金的变化要比房价的变化慢(因为租房合同基本上至少是一年一签),但是现在我们看到,在租赁期满后,续签的租赁合同基本上都显著提高了租金。美国企业研究所住房中心的研究主任托比亚斯·彼得表示:“租金一般增长得并不快。去年4月份的时候,租金的年增幅还在3%左右,但到了7月份就涨到了9%,虽然这两个数字都显著低于房价的涨幅,但是2022年2月,租金的年增幅就达到了17%,几乎赶上了房价的涨幅。”这意味着很多地区的租售比虽然高于历史水平,但由于租金的上涨,它应该还是会稳定下来。

那么,这一次为什么会不一样呢?简而言之,在很多热点城市,供给端和需求端的基本面在同步推高租金和房价。在泡沫化的市场中,主导市场的力量是投机,炒房客认为房地产能带来可观的资本收益,所以他们会大量买入房产,这些房子当然先得租出去,这就会抑制刺激房价进一步上涨的基本力量。但今天的情况却并非如此。很多家庭买房是为了住,而不是为了炒。多数购房者也没有持有或者申请高风险贷款。同时由于房价的这轮上涨,他们基本上也享受了较大的资本缓冲利好。

出于两个原因,买方市场应该会继续保持强劲。第一,尽管30年期按揭贷款利率已经从年初的3.5%上升到了4月12日的5.1%,但这仍然有利于借款人。美国4月12日公布的CPI指数已经高达8.5%,这说明购房者支付的调整后的“实际”利率已经是负利率。品托表示:“只有按揭利率超过7%,才会导致需求显著放缓。”他还表示,美联储需要将基准利率提高到6% -到7%,将住房贷款利率提高到9%以上,“才能真正给住房市场带来麻烦。”

第二,居家办公时代,让很多厌倦了一线城市的人终于有了逃离纽约和圣荷塞的资本,他们可以搬去杰克逊维尔、博伊西或奥斯汀这种房价便宜得多的城市,轻松实现“鸽子笼”换大别墅,而且就这样还能省下几十万。正是这些人推高了“阳光地带”城市的房价。与洛杉矶、波士顿和华盛顿的同类房型相比,这些城市的房价显得非常划算。实际上,新冠疫情也是做了一些好事的,它将房地产改造成了一个更自由更灵活的市场,来自全国各地的劳动者都可以在这些阳光城市以划算的价格买到心仪的房子。而且历史经验告诉我们,买房历来是对抗高通胀的一个很好的保值手段。

另外,从供给端看,目前住房市场的库存水平是近半个世纪以来最低的,仅有89万套,大约是2006年250万套的三分之一,而且只有去年同期的一半。新房开工率赶不上销售速度已经成了一个全国性的问题。平托表示:“住房开工率从金融危机时期开始急剧下降,但恢复的速度很慢。美国的土地使用法具有高度的限制性,而新房的库存增长速度只能这么快。新房开工率跟不上需求的速度,而且短期内也没有立即改观的迹象。”另外,疫情以来,老年人也打消了卖房的念头,这也进一步造成了供给端的紧张。

总之,按照平托和彼得的预测,2022年全年美国房价涨幅将达到17%,明年还将继续上涨11%到12%,前提是美国不大幅调高抵押贷款利率。而与此同时,他们认为那些热门城市的租金也会同步上涨。但是问题也并非没有——很多租售比明显不合理的城市,它们的租金可能不会实现同步增长。也就是说,我们认为美国住房市场整体上是相当健康的,但其中有可能会出现赢家和输家。

总而言之,作为一个钻研泡沫十几年的观察者,笔者认为,当前美国房地产市场的“地基”是牢固的。美国的问题是,房价总体上比前几年贵了不少,这对于已经提前几年上车的人是件好事。然而几家欢乐几家愁,他们躺赢了房市,就意味着那些没上车的年轻人要掏空更多的钱包来支撑他们的“美国梦”,哪怕现在上车就是最实惠的时候。(财富中文网)

译者:朴成奎

3月29日,美国达拉斯联邦储备银行发表了一篇报告,称美国房地产市场正在酝酿近20年来的首个“泡沫”。报告指出,美国的房价正在“与基本面脱钩”,买家也出现了“过度消费”迹象。这篇报告一经发布,立即被各大媒体广泛转载,很多人都将其视为美国房地产市场的风向标。毕竟自从2002年至2007年的上一轮引爆了金融危机的房价大涨以来,美国房地产市场已经多年未出现类似当下情形的大涨。美国企业研究所住房研究中心的数据显示,在经历了连续7年远高于平均水平的上涨后,美国住房价格从2020年春季起突然飙升,迄今为止涨幅已达到31%,年增幅达到惊人的17%。而奥斯汀、凤凰城和坦帕等热门城市,房价的增幅更是倍增于全国水平。

乍一看去,美国住房市场确实有泡沫化的特征。但笔者认为有义务表达一下自身观点,因为据我所知,笔者可以说是第一个成功预言了上一轮泡沫的新闻记者。那一次为了证明顶点已经出现,泡沫即将急剧退潮,我使用了一系列与达拉斯联邦储备银行大同小异的工具,预测的结果也基本准确,甚至精确预言了全美包括多个大城市的房价下跌比例。不过今天,我的看法要比达拉斯联邦储备银行的经济学家们乐观一些。与上一轮房价野蛮上涨不同的是,这一轮上涨的主要驱动力并非盲目投机,而是一系列基本面的变化,包括虽然有所上涨但仍然相对较低的按揭利率,史上最低的库存水平,低杠杆率带来的利好,以及“婴儿潮”一代人仍然喜欢大房子而不是住公寓楼,等等。

首先,也是最重要的一个新变化,是居家办公已经成了新常态。这样一来,你就可以在任何你喜欢的地方生活和买房。居家办公将许多家庭从高房价的沿海城市解放出来,很多人涌向了房价非常划算的“阳光地带”城市,因此迅速炒热了这些地区的市场。房利美前首席信贷官、美国企业研究所住房研究中心主任艾德·平托表示,这是一个“很大的房市红利”。在今年剩余时间里,房价大概率是会继续走高的。他认为,到2023年3月,全美平均房价将比现在高出15%到17%。但即便经过这波大涨,像杰克逊维尔、夏洛特和佛罗里达州的北港等热门城市的房价相比全国均价仍然很划算。虽然这些城市的房价不可能一直保持高增速,但就算当前涨势慢了下来,它们大概率还会维持住当前的价格水平,并有助于推动全国房价保持适度上涨。当然与此同时,像旧金山、丹佛和华盛顿等一线城市的房价只会变得更贵。不过由于这些地方无法像那些南方城市一样吸引大量人口涌入,因而这种高增长是不可持续的。它们的房价增速可能会落后于飞涨的通胀水平,甚至出现房价下跌也不是没有可能。

相信我,我一般不愿意说“这次不一样”这句话。当传统的可靠指标出现下跌信号的时候,现实也通常会出现下跌。这一次,我用来预测上次崩盘的指标似乎也指向了泡沫化,达拉斯联储也正是因此而拉响了红色警报。那么,我们不妨先来看看上一次的泡沫是怎么形成的,然后分析一下,为何上次看来十分危险的指标,这次却指向了不同的方向。

上一轮泡沫

不管你信不信,2002年的时候,我是第一个预言房价下跌的“吹哨人”。我在2002年11月4日的《财富》封面文章《这栋房子值120万美元吗?》(副标题:《下一个是不是房地产?》)中预言,美国房价将跌入低谷。文章强调,由于“.com”泡沫破裂而导致的股灾将在住房市场重演。这两次灾难的原因是一样的,都是由于价格飞涨,脱离了基本面。而且我提前两年已经预言了纳斯达克的泡沫化。我在文中写道:“目前我们还没有泡沫化,但是如果热炒行为不马上停止,我们很快就会有泡沫了。”我还在文章中指出,“美国房价正在达到合理和可持续区间的极限。”不过我预测的时间点可能过早了些,因此不免有些尴尬。到2004年9月,房价又上涨了7%到8%,并且呈现加速上涨趋势。

不过只要我不尴尬,尴尬的就是别人。笔者并未就此放弃,而是继续坚定看空。我在2004年9月20日的《财富》文章《房地产繁荣结束了吗?》中指出,房价曲线越来越陡,市场基础越来越脆弱,不可避免的跌落将发生得更惨烈。我并不认为我先前的预测是错的,而是认为现实正在一个月比一个月更加逼近我的预言。这次,我们在《财富》杂志封面上画了一幅漫画,画的是一个崩溃的购房者在呐喊:“他们说房价会一直涨的!而且我们还真信了!”在2002年的那篇文章中,我说美国房市已经快要泡沫化了,但是还没有到达关键点。这一次,我认为房价除了自由落体,没有第二种可能。“看来这次关键点已经到了。住房市场正在快速脱离现实,房价与基本面的差距……比以往任何时候都大。”

尽管如此,房价还是继续爬升了两年多,上涨的势头似乎永无休止,让我的“基本面”论显得啪啪打脸。

2007年11月12日,我又发表了一篇高度分析性的文章《房地产:买卖还是持有》。当时房价似乎已经到顶了,而且已经稍有回调。在全美范围内,房价已经较8年前上涨了70%。在迈阿密、杰克逊维尔、菲尼克斯和拉斯维加斯等热门城市,一些热门房型的价格甚至翻了一番还不止。看涨房市的人认为,这种高房价是具有可持续性的,因为长期的基本趋势已经将住房市场推上了一条新赛道。他们强调,居民家庭收入的强劲增长将确保需求端的强劲,而政策限制将导致供应端进一步收紧。另一方面,众多房地产公司也从以往的泡沫中学到了经验教训,他们会避免在新建过量住房,哪怕是在那些热门的大城市。因此,这些力量将对火热的房市起到“保温”作用,尽管房价增速将有所放缓。

而包括我在内的看空者则认为,美联储的放水政策已经引发了一波投机潮,而且当时的超低房贷利率则起到了推波助澜的效果,但人们并未意识到利率过一两年就会大涨。看空者认为,一旦购房者供不起房贷,或者炒房者将大把的房子攥在手里租不出去,他们最终就会所房子抛到市场上,引发人们竞相抛售,而这就是房价下跌的迹象。

在这篇文章中,我用强有力的证据指出,市场确实已经背离了基本面。普遍看涨的预期和担心“不上了车”的恐惧导致房价已经远高于其真实价值。你可能会问,证据是什么?证据就是房价和租金的显著失衡。

房价会走向何方?租金是一个重要指标

一套房子的价值是由许多因素共同决定的,包括几室几厅,位置是否核心,小区是否安全,学区学校的质量如何,等等。低按揭利率也是非常利好房价的,比如2019年的3%到4%,甚至是今天的5%左右。但是影响房价的主要力量的是租金。同样是一套房子,如果房价经折算比租金贵得离谱,那么人们就会倾向于租而不是买。美国人最喜欢那种带院子的小独户,这种户型也是有很多租赁选择的。除了个人房东,还有像Amherst和Invitation Homes这种大中介,他们有1200多万套房子出租,而且这个行业增长得也很快。

因此,房价只要能反映租金的趋势,就是合理的房价。在旧金山和圣何塞这种就业机会多、人口增长快但新房建设较少的城市,租金一般增长得比较快。杰克逊维尔和夏洛特等城市也是如此,这些城市吸引了大量的外人来口,房地产建设虽然比较活跃,但开工率仍不能满足市场对住房的需求,因此这些城市的租售比往往要显著高于全国平均水平。相比之下,像匹兹堡或者底特律这样的老工业城市,尽管新房开工率较低,但这里的就业增长受到抑制,所以租售比通常也比较低。简而言之,按照基本面分析,只要一个城市的租金上涨得比较快,即便它的租售比远高于其他城市,它的高房价也是可以保持住的。

但是,房价和租金一旦脱节,问题就来了。一旦房价涨得过高,老百姓就会觉得租房更划算。平托表示:“房租和价格是有相互作用的。当房价相对于租金显得过于昂贵时,人们就会倾向于多租房,这会导致租金上涨,房价下降,直至再次达到平衡。”也就是说租金对房价具有引力作用。耶鲁大学经济学家罗伯特·席勒指出,租售比的机制原理“很像股市的市盈率”,二者都存在“倒挂”的可能。房价的涨幅有时会远远超过租金的涨幅,但超过某个节点就会发生倒挂——房价会逐步下降,而租金会逐步上涨,直至二者恢复至正常关系。

上轮泡沫的经验教训

既然决定房价的内驱力是租金,那么要想衡量当前房价过高还是过低,只需纵向对比一下租售比即可。如果当前的租售比显著高于长期水平,那么房价很有可能会下降。因此,当时我们将2007年的租售比数据与历史数据进行了比较。所采用的数据来自穆迪分析的首席经济学家马克·赞迪,他收集了之前15年间美国54个地区的房价和租金数据。

当时,我们的分析结果简直令人惊掉下巴。2007年的秋天的时候,全美住房市场的租售比15年来的正常水平高出了28%。不过这并不意味着房价一定要回落将近30%才能恢复正常的租售比,因为租金的上涨已经发挥了相当一部分作用。当时我的预测显示,在接下来的五年里,全美房价可能要下跌16%才能恢复正常的租售比,因为当时租金的增长速度已经慢了下来。另外,有些城市的房价增速已远高于全国水平,其中一些城市的租售比甚至更高。还有些城市虽然租售比并不突出,但我们分析后认为,它们的未来租金可能会跟不上全国的租金增速。我们的预测显示,如果房价继续涨下去,接下来五年,美国房地产市场的租售比将创下历史纪录,最终华盛顿的房价将下跌25.1%,西雅图将下跌19.5%,凤凰城将下跌23.5%,杰克逊维尔将下跌24%,迈阿密将下跌34%。

最后的实际情况是,我们预测的数字并不全然准确,但是预测的大方向和市场震荡的烈度却是没有问题的,只不过多数地区房价的实际跌幅都超出了我们的预测。到2012年12月,全美房价已经下跌超21%,比我们估计的高了5个百分点。西雅图(-24%)、凤凰城(-38%)、西雅图(-24%)、杰克逊维尔(-34%)和迈阿密(-43%)等热点城市的房价跌幅更大。只有华盛顿是个特例,5年只下跌了18%。

今天的情况很像2007年,但不要被骗了

为了写这篇文章,我请檀香山房地产研究公司Collateral Analytics的总裁迈克尔·斯克拉兹挖掘了大量的租售比数据。斯克拉兹向我提供了24个城市从2000年以来的22年的租售比数据。由于可靠数据不足,他没有向我提供全国的租售比数据。但从这些个别市场的数据上可以看出,现在全美的租售比水平明显低于2005年至2007年的泡沫时期。这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。在统计的24个城市里,18个城市的租售比低于2005年至2007年的平均水平,有些城市甚至低得多,比如旧金山、圣迭哥、纽约和迈阿密。不过也有个别市场的租售比显著高于2005年至2007年的平均水平,比如凤凰城、丹佛,以及“德州三市”达拉斯、休斯敦和奥斯汀。

可能会比较令人担忧的是,大多数城市的租售比虽然仍低于00年代中期的水平,但却远高于22年来的平均水平。至少15个城市的租售比要比近20年的历史中值高25%以上,其中包括华盛顿(+28%)、坦帕(+32%)、夏洛特(+32%)、休斯敦(+32%)、西雅图(+35%)、丹佛(+44%)和拉斯维加斯(+53%)。排名前三的是奥斯汀(+63%)、凤凰城(+63%)和博伊斯(+72%,博伊斯也是“逃离加州”者首选的安家地)。没有任何一个城市的租售比低于历史均值,不过波士顿、洛杉矶、纽约和底特律高于历史均值还不到10%,这表明他们的房价并不在危险区间。要知道,正是租售比过于离谱才导致了2007年房价出现自由落体式的下跌。因此很显然,这些高租售比的城市要想保持房价增速,最起码确保房价不大跌,就必须要看到租金的快速上涨。

这一次哪里不一样:租金也在快速上涨

虽然租金的变化要比房价的变化慢(因为租房合同基本上至少是一年一签),但是现在我们看到,在租赁期满后,续签的租赁合同基本上都显著提高了租金。美国企业研究所住房中心的研究主任托比亚斯·彼得表示:“租金一般增长得并不快。去年4月份的时候,租金的年增幅还在3%左右,但到了7月份就涨到了9%,虽然这两个数字都显著低于房价的涨幅,但是2022年2月,租金的年增幅就达到了17%,几乎赶上了房价的涨幅。”这意味着很多地区的租售比虽然高于历史水平,但由于租金的上涨,它应该还是会稳定下来。

那么,这一次为什么会不一样呢?简而言之,在很多热点城市,供给端和需求端的基本面在同步推高租金和房价。在泡沫化的市场中,主导市场的力量是投机,炒房客认为房地产能带来可观的资本收益,所以他们会大量买入房产,这些房子当然先得租出去,这就会抑制刺激房价进一步上涨的基本力量。但今天的情况却并非如此。很多家庭买房是为了住,而不是为了炒。多数购房者也没有持有或者申请高风险贷款。同时由于房价的这轮上涨,他们基本上也享受了较大的资本缓冲利好。

出于两个原因,买方市场应该会继续保持强劲。第一,尽管30年期按揭贷款利率已经从年初的3.5%上升到了4月12日的5.1%,但这仍然有利于借款人。美国4月12日公布的CPI指数已经高达8.5%,这说明购房者支付的调整后的“实际”利率已经是负利率。品托表示:“只有按揭利率超过7%,才会导致需求显著放缓。”他还表示,美联储需要将基准利率提高到6% -到7%,将住房贷款利率提高到9%以上,“才能真正给住房市场带来麻烦。”

第二,居家办公时代,让很多厌倦了一线城市的人终于有了逃离纽约和圣荷塞的资本,他们可以搬去杰克逊维尔、博伊西或奥斯汀这种房价便宜得多的城市,轻松实现“鸽子笼”换大别墅,而且就这样还能省下几十万。正是这些人推高了“阳光地带”城市的房价。与洛杉矶、波士顿和华盛顿的同类房型相比,这些城市的房价显得非常划算。实际上,新冠疫情也是做了一些好事的,它将房地产改造成了一个更自由更灵活的市场,来自全国各地的劳动者都可以在这些阳光城市以划算的价格买到心仪的房子。而且历史经验告诉我们,买房历来是对抗高通胀的一个很好的保值手段。

另外,从供给端看,目前住房市场的库存水平是近半个世纪以来最低的,仅有89万套,大约是2006年250万套的三分之一,而且只有去年同期的一半。新房开工率赶不上销售速度已经成了一个全国性的问题。平托表示:“住房开工率从金融危机时期开始急剧下降,但恢复的速度很慢。美国的土地使用法具有高度的限制性,而新房的库存增长速度只能这么快。新房开工率跟不上需求的速度,而且短期内也没有立即改观的迹象。”另外,疫情以来,老年人也打消了卖房的念头,这也进一步造成了供给端的紧张。

总之,按照平托和彼得的预测,2022年全年美国房价涨幅将达到17%,明年还将继续上涨11%到12%,前提是美国不大幅调高抵押贷款利率。而与此同时,他们认为那些热门城市的租金也会同步上涨。但是问题也并非没有——很多租售比明显不合理的城市,它们的租金可能不会实现同步增长。也就是说,我们认为美国住房市场整体上是相当健康的,但其中有可能会出现赢家和输家。

总而言之,作为一个钻研泡沫十几年的观察者,笔者认为,当前美国房地产市场的“地基”是牢固的。美国的问题是,房价总体上比前几年贵了不少,这对于已经提前几年上车的人是件好事。然而几家欢乐几家愁,他们躺赢了房市,就意味着那些没上车的年轻人要掏空更多的钱包来支撑他们的“美国梦”,哪怕现在上车就是最实惠的时候。(财富中文网)

译者:朴成奎

On March 29, the Dallas Fed issued a report warning that for the first time since the early 2000s, a “bubble” is “brewing” in the housing market. The authors found that prices are becoming “unhinged from fundamentals” and that the buyers are showing troublesome signs of “exuberant behavior.” The revival of the "B" word by such a distinguished institution brought the report the heaviest media coverage of any academic paper on housing's future in recent memory—and for good reason. We haven't seen anything like the current takeoff since the explosive run-up from 2002 to 2007 that stoked the Great Financial Crisis. After seven flush years of well-above-average gains, U.S. home prices went on a moonshot starting in the spring of 2020, jumping an astounding 31% since then, and still raging at a 17% annual rate, according to statistics from the American Enterprise Institute's Housing Center. In the hottest metros, places like Austin, Phoenix, and Tampa are racing at almost double that speed.

At first glance, it sure looks like another craze is building. But this writer feels a duty to express his own view, for a simple reason: As far as I know, I was the first journalist to call the last housing bubble. To predict that a steep descent was at hand, near what turned out to be almost the market top, I deployed metrics similar to the ones the Dallas Fed cited to make its dire assessment, and more or less got the forecast right, down to the approximate percentage drops that actually occurred nationwide and in numerous metros. Today, my take is a lot more favorable than that of the Dallas Fed's economists. Unlike the dynamics governing the last ramp-up, the driving force isn't wild speculation. It's a whole new set of fundamentals, encompassing rising but still relatively favorable mortgage rates, record low inventories, homeowners benefiting from modest leverage, and baby boomers' hankering for keeping the big family colonial instead of downsizing to a condo or townhouse.

Most of all, what's new is the freedom to work from virtually anywhere you'd like to live and can afford a house. The home-office economy has unshackled families to leave high-cost metros on the coasts and flock to super-affordable Sunbelt cities, greatly boosting their markets. “You might call it ‘the great housing arbitrage,’” says Ed Pinto, former chief credit officer at Fannie Mae and director of the American Enterprise Institute's Housing Center. As Pinto points out, outsize gains are practically guaranteed for the rest of 2022; he's predicting that prices in March 2023 will be 15% to 17% higher than today's for the nation as a whole. But even after that escalation, the monthly costs in owning in such hot metros as Jacksonville, Charlotte, and North Port, Fla., will remain modest by national standards. Though it will inevitably slow, the appreciation in those cities should both preserve their gains and keep national prices increasing modestly once the current spike subsides. Still, it's clear that a number of metros such as San Francisco, Denver, and Washington, D.C., which were always pricey, got more expensive. And since these cities don't benefit from the huge influx to America’s Southern tier, they are unsustainably expensive. Look for their prices to lag today's raging inflation, or even fall.

Believe me, I'm always reluctant to say, “This time it’s different.” When traditionally reliable metrics point to a fall, it usually happens. Today, the measures I used to predict the last crash seem to be approaching similarly inflated levels right now, the phenomenon that triggered the Dallas Fed's red alert. So let's review how the past frenzy built early on, and examine why the metrics that looked so dangerous then are now pointing in a different direction.

The last bubble

Believe it or not, I first claimed danger ahead in 2002, in a Nov. 4 Fortune cover story called "Is This House Worth $1.2 Million?" On the cover, under the headline "Is Real Estate Next?," we ran an ominous rendering of a house poised to tumble from a jagged cliff. The theme underlined that the crash occurring in stocks—the dotcom collapse—could a repeat in residential real estate, for the same reason: prices were flying free of fundamentals. By the way, I had also called the Nasdaq bubble two years earlier. In "Is Real Estate Next?" I wrote, "No, we don't have a bubble yet. But if the frenzy doesn't end soon, we soon will," adding that "U.S. housing prices are reaching the outer limits of what's reasonable and sustainable." Shall we say my forecast was so premature as to look embarrassing? By September 2004, prices had risen another 7% to 8% and hit an accelerating curve.

Undeterred, this stubborn Irishman weighed in again as a doomsayer, penning “Is the Housing Boom Over?” (Fortune, Sept. 20, 2004). The cliff had grown even steeper, the foundation ever more cracked, and the inevitable fall looming even steeper. Instead of thinking I was mistaken, I reckoned that my view were getting righter by the month. This time, the cover showed a cartoon-like drawing of a panicked homeowner issuing the captioned wail: “They said prices would go up forever!! And we believed it!!” In the 2002 story, I said we were nearly in a bubble, but not quite “there.” This time I saw no escaping a freefall. “It looks like the ‘there’ is finally here,” I wrote, adding that “The housing market is rapidly losing touch with reality…the gap between home values and the underlying fundamentals…is greater than ever.”

Still, prices kept climbing for more than two years. The new era of seemingly endless momentum was making my nattering about "fundamentals" look hopelessly old-fashioned.

So in the Nov. 12, 2007 issue I followed up with a highly analytical opus called “Real Estate: Buy, Sell, or Hold.” By then, the market appeared to have crested and was retreating just a bit. Nationwide, U.S. homeowners were still sitting on average gains of 70% over the previous eight years, and in such hot metros as Miami, Jacksonville, Phoenix, and Las Vegas, the values of their Mediterraneans, ranches, and colonials had far more than doubled. The housing bulls contended that the new, much higher price plateau was sustainable because long-term, basic trends had set housing on a fresh, faster track. They argued that the robust household growth would continue to ensure strong demand, and that regulations limiting new subdivisions would keep tightening supply. Plus, homebuilders had learned their lessons from past busts and would avoid erecting too many dwellings even in metros open to new construction. Those forces, the enthusiasts reckoned, would keep the flush times rocking, though at a more pedestrian pace.

The naysayers, myself included, argued that the Fed's easy-money policies had unleashed a wave of reckless speculation, augmented by exotic home loans starting at super-low rates that spiked after a year or two. The bears believed that the folks who had bought homes they couldn't afford, or investors who had purchased a bunch of new houses they now couldn't rent, would throw the properties on the market, causing a spread of "for sale" signs that would send prices falling.

In the story, I presented strong evidence that the market had indeed taken leave of the basics, and that expectations of big future gains and "fear of missing out" on a big score were driving prices far beyond the properties' underlying values. The evidence? The extraordinary disconnect between home prices and rents.

Where are housing prices headed? Rents are the key metric to watch

Many factors coalesce to establish the value of a house. They include the number of bedrooms, whether it's in a prestigious neighborhood near a safe city center or a far-flung suburb, and the quality of the schools. Low mortgage rates such as the 3% to 4% bargains we've mostly witnessed in early 2019, and even today's mark of around 5%, can give prices a big lift, just as low Treasury yields boost stocks. But the overriding force governing home prices is rents. People won't pay much more per month to buy a house as to lease one that's extremely similar, or to rent a nearby apartment offering the same space. Americans have lots of choices in renting freestanding dwellings with a yard: Mom-and-pop owners and such big landlords as Amherst and Invitation Homes offer a total of 12 million houses for rent, and the industry is growing fast.

Hence, home prices make sense so long as they reflect the future trend in rents. In markets boasting potent job and population growth and little new construction—think San Francisco or San Jose—rents tend to rise fast. Same is true in markets such as Jacksonville or Charlotte that attract lots of newcomers but, though building is active, new construction doesn't match the hunger for housing. In those metros, the ratio of prices to rents, what we'll call the “P/R,” tends to be much higher than average, just as the P/E for growth stocks exceeds the S&P norm. By contrast, in an old-line metro such as Pittsburgh or Detroit where job growth is subdued, despite little new construction, the P/Rs are usually low. Put simply, the fundamentals say that buoyant markets merit, and can maintain, far-above-average P/Rs so long as their rents are rising fast.

The problem comes when prices get out of line with rents, jumping so high that families can lease similar properties at monthly payments much lower than what they'd shoulder as owners. "There's an interplay between rents and prices," says Pinto. "When houses get too expensive versus rental properties, people rent more, lifting rents and pushing down home prices until the right balance is restored." Rents exercise a kind of gravitational pull on prices. As Yale economist Robert Shiller puts it, prices to rents "behave much like the price/earnings ratios for stocks." He added that both are "mean reverting." Prices may from time to time jump way ahead of rents, but then the reverse happens: Prices slow or drop and rents catch up, restoring the usual relationship between the two.

Reviewing the lessons from the bubble

Since rents are the underlying driver, a good way to measure if houses are over- or underpriced is comparing the traditional P/R "multiple" in different markets with today's. If the current P/R looms far above the long-term standing, it's a strong possibility that prices will fall. Comparing current and historical P/Rs formed the methodology for my 2007 story. Its findings are based on data assembled by Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody's Analytics. Zandi collected price and rental numbers from 54 markets across America covering the past 15 years.

Back then, the results were jaw-dropping. For all of the U.S., the P/R in the fall of 2007 stood 28% above the decade-and-a-half norm. Prices didn't have to drop nearly 30%, however, to restore the long-standing P/R, because rising rents then as now do part of the work. I predicted, however, that the elevated prices nationwide would need to drop 16% over the following five years to mirror the far slower trajectory in rents. A number of markets were more inflated than the nation as a whole. In some cases their P/Rs were even higher. In other metros their multiples were similar, but our estimates projected that their future rents would lag the national pace. By our estimates, reaching historical P/Rs over the next five years dictated that prices would crater by 25.1% in Washington, D.C.; 19.5% in Seattle; 23.5% in Phoenix; 24% in Jacksonville; and 34% in Miami.

Here's what actually happened. We didn't hit the precise numbers, but the direction and magnitudes were generally right on, though most of the actual decreases were greater than we anticipated. Across America, prices by November 2012 fell just over 21%, five points more than our estimate. The retreats were also bigger for Seattle (-24%), Phoenix (-38%), Seattle (-24%), Jacksonville (-34%), and Miami (-43%). Washington is a rare case where our projection exceeded what turned out to be a five-year decline of 18%.

Today looks a lot like 2007—but don’t be fooled

For this story, I asked Michael Sklarz, president of Honolulu-based real estate research firm Collateral Analytics, to mine extensive price-to-rent data. Sklarz provided P/R figures for 22 years, from the start of 2000 to the close of 2022, for 24 metros. Sklarz declined to make an estimate for the U.S. as a whole because of the difficulty in assembling reliable rental data. But the numbers for the individual markets imply that the nationwide P/R is significantly lower today than during the mania from 2005 to 2007. That's an encouraging sign. Of the two-dozen cities, 18 feature ratios below the average of those three years, some much lower, such as San Francisco, San Diego, New York, and Miami. Still, the picture varies widely by market. Phoenix, Denver, and practically all of Big Texas—Dallas, Houston, and Austin—are substantially above their 2005–2007 levels.

What's potentially alarming is that prices in most metros, though below levels of the mid-2000s furor, sit much higher than their 22-year averages. No fewer than 15 metros feature P/Rs that are 25% or more above the more than two-decade midpoints, among them Washington (+28%); Tampa, Charlotte, and Houston (all +32%); Seattle (+35%); Denver (+44%); and Las Vegas (+53%). The top three are Austin and Phoenix—each at P/Rs that dwarf their long-term norms by 63%—and Boise, a top destination for California exiles, at 72% above its norm. No cities are below their benchmarks, though Boston, Los Angeles, New York, and Detroit are higher only by single digits, suggesting they're out of danger. Keep in mind that it was just such a divergence that foreshadowed the free fall starting in late 2007. Clearly, these highfliers can keep prices rising, let alone avoid sharp drops, only if the rents rise briskly.

What’s different this time: Rents are waxing fast, too, though with a lag

While rents change more slowly than sales prices (contracts are often set for a year or more), we are seeing right now that rents now expiring are resetting at far higher numbers. "Rents are sticky," says Tobias Peter, the AEI Housing Center's director of research. "Going back to April of last year, rents were rising at 3% annually, and in July it was 9%, both much slower than the increase in home prices. But in the year ended February 2022, rents rose 17%, matching the rise for homes." That means the P/R ratios should stabilize in many markets, though at higher numbers than we've seen historically.

So why might it be different this time? Put simply, the basics of supply and demand are lifting rents and prices in tandem in many hot markets. In the bubble, speculation powered the market. The view that housing promised huge capital gains lured investors to buy bunches of homes that they put up for rent, in turn depressing the fundamental force that drives home prices. That's far from the case today. Families are buying houses to live in, not to trade. Most owners aren't holding or getting risky loans; they typically enjoy big equity cushions, courtesy of the run-up.

Buying should remain strong for two reasons. First, although 30-year home loan rates have risen from 3.5% at the start of this year to 5.1% by April 12, borrowers are still getting a great deal. The year-over-year consumer price index reading of 8.5% recorded that day means new purchasers are paying "real," or inflation-adjusted rates, of less than zero. "It would take a mortgage rate of over 7% to significantly slow demand," says Pinto. He also believes that the Fed would need to increase its base rate to 6% to 7%, driving home loan rates over 9%, "for housing to really get in trouble."

Second, the work-from-home economy is allowing people who've been stuck in San Jose or the New York suburbs because they work there, to relocate in Jacksonville, Boise, or Austin, where housing prices are much lower. By making the move, they can trade a smaller manse for a much bigger colonial or ranch, and still pocket hundreds of thousands in cash. That migration is pushing up prices at the high end in the Sunbelt cities, which are mid-priced compared with comparable neighborhoods in L.A., Boston, or Washington. In effect, the liberation sparked by the COVID crisis created a freer, more fluid market, enabling workers from everywhere to exploit the great buys in metros from Charlotte to Boise. Another potential benefit: Owning a house has traditionally proved one of the best hedges in periods of rampant inflation.

As for supply, the volume of homes for sale today stands at by far the lowest levels in half a century. The inventory of 890,000 family units is around one-third the figure of 2.5 million in 2006, and half the levels of this time last year. New construction is lagging sales by a wide margin nationwide. "Housing starts dropped sharply in the Great Financial Crisis," says Pinto. "And they've been slow to rebound. Land use laws are highly restrictive, and the increase in stock of new homes can only go up so fast. And new construction isn't keeping pace with demand, and shows no signs of doing so." That seniors are staying put instead of the old pattern of selling and moving to rentals or condos is exerting further pressure on supply.

All told, Pinto and Peter forecast that prices will rise 17% for all of 2022 and gain another 11% to 12% next year, assuming mortgage rates don't see a gigantic increase. Rents, they predict, will wax at around the same pace as prices in the strong markets. Here's the rub: Many of the metros where prices outstripped rents won’t get the rental growth necessary to keep appreciating. We're talking about a pretty healthy market overall, but we'll still see a pattern of winners and losers.

In conclusion, this veteran student of bubbles now sees a house on solid ground, its foundation intact. The problem for America is that the symbolic dwelling is a lot more expensive than a few years ago. That's great for the folks who've owned for a while. But eventually, their gain will be a loss for the youthful buyers who won't be able to afford the American dream, even in the “great arbitrage” markets where it is, or used to be, most affordable.

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