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助人还是为己?马斯克57亿美元善款的去向有待揭晓

助人还是为己?马斯克57亿美元善款的去向有待揭晓

Maria Aspan 2022-04-02
近期没有一家非盈利组织曾经宣布从马斯克的手中拿到过任何捐款。

如果某位超级富豪捐出了自己2.4%的财产,结果各家慈善机构却没有拿到一分钱,这还能够称为“做慈善”么?

过去一个月间,这个问题一直围绕在特斯拉(Tesla)的首席执行官、世界首富埃隆·马斯克身边挥之不去。据今年2月中旬发布的一份简短监管文件披露,2021年11月底,马斯克——据彭博社(Bloomberg)报道,其目前资产为2350亿美元——已经拿出价值57亿美元的特斯拉股票用于慈善事业。没错,关于其所持股票的去向,马斯克在提交给美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的披露表中就提供了这么点信息——“做了慈善”。然而近期却没有一家非盈利组织曾经宣布从他的手中拿到过任何捐款,对于《财富》杂志发出的多次置评请求,马斯克也未作回应。

从纸面上看,凭借57亿美元的善款,马斯克将一跃成为2021年美国最慷慨的慈善家之一,仅次于比尔·盖茨和梅琳达·弗伦奇·盖茨。据《慈善纪事》(Chronicle of Philanthropy)报道,比尔和梅琳达在2021年向二人共有的基金会总计捐出了150亿美元善款。但也有可能,马斯克还没有为这笔“慷慨捐助”掏出哪怕一毛钱。

相反,有慈善专家推测,马斯克只是将资金转移到了一种名为“捐赠人建议基金”(donor-advised funds,简称DAFs)的投资媒介之中。此类基金持有被指定用于慈善事业的资产,捐赠人可以在捐款当年立即享受税款抵扣待遇,不过相关款项的分配时间却能够无限期延后,并且捐赠人即便不将相关款项对外进行分配也无需承担任何责任。

西雅图大学(Seattle University)的非盈利领导力专业副教授伊丽莎白·戴尔在接受《财富》杂志采访时说:“资金可以长期存放在‘捐赠者建议基金’之中。对于此类全新捐赠形式,目前能够使用的监管政策还不多。”

捐赠人建议基金可以为捐赠人带来多种税收优惠,因而在科技新贵和亿万富豪群体中日益走红,不过也因此备受争议。许多捐赠风格迥异的美国富豪慈善家已经开始采用此种方法(进行慈善捐赠),包括亚马逊(Amazon)的创始人杰夫·贝佐斯的前妻、作家麦肯齐·斯科特;激进投资者、潘兴广场资本管理公司(Pershing Square Capital Management)的创始人比尔·阿克曼;Facebook(现名Meta)的创始人及首席执行官马克·扎克伯格;推特(Twitter)和Square(现名Block)的创始人杰克·多尔西。而且其热度有增无减,据《慈善纪事》在今年2月末报道,2020财年,捐赠人建议基金收到的捐款总额增长了21%,达到317亿美元。

除税收优惠外,捐赠人建议基金还有一些其他优势,比如成立成本相对较低,成立难度也相对较小。过去,顶级富豪常通过成立私人基金的方法进行慈善捐赠,此种方式或会产生各种人员费用及其他间接费用,与之相比,捐赠人建议基金优势极为明显。在DAF模式下,捐赠人可以将资产存放在由富达(Fidelity)或者先锋集团(Vanguard)等辅助金融机构管理的账户之中,在捐赠人要求后者将资金捐出前,这些机构将一直持有相关资金(并用其进行投资)。此类慈善账户门槛较低,因而能够让更多的潜在慈善家参与其中。以富达(目前规模最大的DAF运营商)为例,其在个人开设慈善账户时就没有设置最低金额要求,另据其介绍,其年费平均仅为账户余额的约1%。

戴尔指出:“要想开立DAF账户,你不必成为亿万富翁,甚至都不必成为百万富翁。与私人基金会相比,DAF为普通捐赠者设置的门槛要低得多。”

捐赠者可以向此类账户中存入现金、股票,也能够存入加密货币、房地产等另类投资产品。而且,从某些维度来看,DAF在捐款方面比传统基金更为慷慨。据《慈善纪事》报道,2020财年,来自DAF的捐款增加了27%,达到224亿美元,几乎是当时10家最大私人基金的两倍。

DAF的支持者认为,借助DAF现有的架构,亿万富豪可以先捐出善款,然后再仔细研究如何实现资金效用的最大化(也就是说,如果相关投资能够获得回报,最终的善款金额也会有所增加)。但此类基金也遭到了许多批评者的批评,这些人认为,借助DAF,亿万富翁可以在实际上不捐出任何善款的情况下享受税收抵扣待遇。根据法律要求,私人慈善基金每年至少需要拿出其资产的5%用于慈善捐赠,而DAF方面则没有此类要求,也没有(付完全部善款的)最后期限。(如果捐赠者离世时其设立的DAF仍然有资金剩余,并且其未对后续的善款用途作出指示,则能够由其指定的继任者接管该DAF,或者由DAF的运营商自行决定将剩余款项分配给哪些慈善机构。)

美国国会参众两院目前正在审议一项两党法案,若获通过,该法案将通过创建新的账户类型对DAF施加更多监管限制。一种账户可以为捐赠人提供预付抵税优惠,但捐赠人须在15年内捐完所有善款,另一种账户允许捐赠人在50年内捐完所有善款,不过不能享受预付所得税减免的优惠。

在DAF模式下,捐赠人可以享受到的减税力度也大于私人基金。例如,据美联社(Associated Press)在今年2月报道,如果是向DAF进行捐款,马斯克最高就能够申请减免其2021年调整后总收入的30%,而如果他将这笔钱捐给了私人基金会,则最多只可以减免20%。当前,马斯克面临着极为沉重的税务负担,相关税费减免或许能够让他轻松不少。马斯克曾经与参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦等人就其缴税多少的问题争论不休。(2021年年底,马斯克出售了价值超过160亿美元的特斯拉股票,他在2021年12月表示,摆在自己面前的税单的金额已经超过110亿美元。)

2021年12月,《纽约时报》(New York Times)提出了所谓“喷子慈善”(troll philanthropy)的概念,马斯克则成了典型代表。2021年10月,在收到联合国世界粮食计划署(United Nations World Food Programme)“捐款60亿美元”的呼吁后,马斯克在推特上调侃说:“如果世界粮食计划署可以在这条推文后面精准阐述如何用60亿美元解决全球饥饿问题,我就立刻卖掉特斯拉股票,支持他们。”由于有这篇推文,加上又有消息披露马斯克捐出了价值57亿美元的特斯拉股票,外界一度推测马斯克已经将钱捐给了世界粮食计划署,但在3月下旬,该组织一位发言人告诉《财富》杂志,世界粮食计划署尚未收到马斯克的任何捐赠。

世界粮食计划署的执行主任大卫·比斯利此前在推特上称:“60亿美元无法解决世界饥饿问题,但其能够防止出现地缘政治动荡和大规模移民问题,还可以拯救4200万处于饥饿边缘的人民。”也许世界粮食计划署最初的答复并未真正打动这位超级富豪。对于向世界粮食计划署捐款,马斯克还设有另外一个前提条件,他在2021年10月的推文中要求世界粮食计划署“公开财务报告,让公众能够确切看到这笔钱的实际用途”,但考虑到马斯克自己今年在慈善捐款方面的公开程度,这一要求显得颇具讽刺意味。(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

如果某位超级富豪捐出了自己2.4%的财产,结果各家慈善机构却没有拿到一分钱,这还能够称为“做慈善”么?

过去一个月间,这个问题一直围绕在特斯拉(Tesla)的首席执行官、世界首富埃隆·马斯克身边挥之不去。据今年2月中旬发布的一份简短监管文件披露,2021年11月底,马斯克——据彭博社(Bloomberg)报道,其目前资产为2350亿美元——已经拿出价值57亿美元的特斯拉股票用于慈善事业。没错,关于其所持股票的去向,马斯克在提交给美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的披露表中就提供了这么点信息——“做了慈善”。然而近期却没有一家非盈利组织曾经宣布从他的手中拿到过任何捐款,对于《财富》杂志发出的多次置评请求,马斯克也未作回应。

从纸面上看,凭借57亿美元的善款,马斯克将一跃成为2021年美国最慷慨的慈善家之一,仅次于比尔·盖茨和梅琳达·弗伦奇·盖茨。据《慈善纪事》(Chronicle of Philanthropy)报道,比尔和梅琳达在2021年向二人共有的基金会总计捐出了150亿美元善款。但也有可能,马斯克还没有为这笔“慷慨捐助”掏出哪怕一毛钱。

相反,有慈善专家推测,马斯克只是将资金转移到了一种名为“捐赠人建议基金”(donor-advised funds,简称DAFs)的投资媒介之中。此类基金持有被指定用于慈善事业的资产,捐赠人可以在捐款当年立即享受税款抵扣待遇,不过相关款项的分配时间却能够无限期延后,并且捐赠人即便不将相关款项对外进行分配也无需承担任何责任。

西雅图大学(Seattle University)的非盈利领导力专业副教授伊丽莎白·戴尔在接受《财富》杂志采访时说:“资金可以长期存放在‘捐赠者建议基金’之中。对于此类全新捐赠形式,目前能够使用的监管政策还不多。”

捐赠人建议基金可以为捐赠人带来多种税收优惠,因而在科技新贵和亿万富豪群体中日益走红,不过也因此备受争议。许多捐赠风格迥异的美国富豪慈善家已经开始采用此种方法(进行慈善捐赠),包括亚马逊(Amazon)的创始人杰夫·贝佐斯的前妻、作家麦肯齐·斯科特;激进投资者、潘兴广场资本管理公司(Pershing Square Capital Management)的创始人比尔·阿克曼;Facebook(现名Meta)的创始人及首席执行官马克·扎克伯格;推特(Twitter)和Square(现名Block)的创始人杰克·多尔西。而且其热度有增无减,据《慈善纪事》在今年2月末报道,2020财年,捐赠人建议基金收到的捐款总额增长了21%,达到317亿美元。

除税收优惠外,捐赠人建议基金还有一些其他优势,比如成立成本相对较低,成立难度也相对较小。过去,顶级富豪常通过成立私人基金的方法进行慈善捐赠,此种方式或会产生各种人员费用及其他间接费用,与之相比,捐赠人建议基金优势极为明显。在DAF模式下,捐赠人可以将资产存放在由富达(Fidelity)或者先锋集团(Vanguard)等辅助金融机构管理的账户之中,在捐赠人要求后者将资金捐出前,这些机构将一直持有相关资金(并用其进行投资)。此类慈善账户门槛较低,因而能够让更多的潜在慈善家参与其中。以富达(目前规模最大的DAF运营商)为例,其在个人开设慈善账户时就没有设置最低金额要求,另据其介绍,其年费平均仅为账户余额的约1%。

戴尔指出:“要想开立DAF账户,你不必成为亿万富翁,甚至都不必成为百万富翁。与私人基金会相比,DAF为普通捐赠者设置的门槛要低得多。”

捐赠者可以向此类账户中存入现金、股票,也能够存入加密货币、房地产等另类投资产品。而且,从某些维度来看,DAF在捐款方面比传统基金更为慷慨。据《慈善纪事》报道,2020财年,来自DAF的捐款增加了27%,达到224亿美元,几乎是当时10家最大私人基金的两倍。

DAF的支持者认为,借助DAF现有的架构,亿万富豪可以先捐出善款,然后再仔细研究如何实现资金效用的最大化(也就是说,如果相关投资能够获得回报,最终的善款金额也会有所增加)。但此类基金也遭到了许多批评者的批评,这些人认为,借助DAF,亿万富翁可以在实际上不捐出任何善款的情况下享受税收抵扣待遇。根据法律要求,私人慈善基金每年至少需要拿出其资产的5%用于慈善捐赠,而DAF方面则没有此类要求,也没有(付完全部善款的)最后期限。(如果捐赠者离世时其设立的DAF仍然有资金剩余,并且其未对后续的善款用途作出指示,则能够由其指定的继任者接管该DAF,或者由DAF的运营商自行决定将剩余款项分配给哪些慈善机构。)

美国国会参众两院目前正在审议一项两党法案,若获通过,该法案将通过创建新的账户类型对DAF施加更多监管限制。一种账户可以为捐赠人提供预付抵税优惠,但捐赠人须在15年内捐完所有善款,另一种账户允许捐赠人在50年内捐完所有善款,不过不能享受预付所得税减免的优惠。

在DAF模式下,捐赠人可以享受到的减税力度也大于私人基金。例如,据美联社(Associated Press)在今年2月报道,如果是向DAF进行捐款,马斯克最高就能够申请减免其2021年调整后总收入的30%,而如果他将这笔钱捐给了私人基金会,则最多只可以减免20%。当前,马斯克面临着极为沉重的税务负担,相关税费减免或许能够让他轻松不少。马斯克曾经与参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦等人就其缴税多少的问题争论不休。(2021年年底,马斯克出售了价值超过160亿美元的特斯拉股票,他在2021年12月表示,摆在自己面前的税单的金额已经超过110亿美元。)

2021年12月,《纽约时报》(New York Times)提出了所谓“喷子慈善”(troll philanthropy)的概念,马斯克则成了典型代表。2021年10月,在收到联合国世界粮食计划署(United Nations World Food Programme)“捐款60亿美元”的呼吁后,马斯克在推特上调侃说:“如果世界粮食计划署可以在这条推文后面精准阐述如何用60亿美元解决全球饥饿问题,我就立刻卖掉特斯拉股票,支持他们。”由于有这篇推文,加上又有消息披露马斯克捐出了价值57亿美元的特斯拉股票,外界一度推测马斯克已经将钱捐给了世界粮食计划署,但在3月下旬,该组织一位发言人告诉《财富》杂志,世界粮食计划署尚未收到马斯克的任何捐赠。

世界粮食计划署的执行主任大卫·比斯利此前在推特上称:“60亿美元无法解决世界饥饿问题,但其能够防止出现地缘政治动荡和大规模移民问题,还可以拯救4200万处于饥饿边缘的人民。”也许世界粮食计划署最初的答复并未真正打动这位超级富豪。对于向世界粮食计划署捐款,马斯克还设有另外一个前提条件,他在2021年10月的推文中要求世界粮食计划署“公开财务报告,让公众能够确切看到这笔钱的实际用途”,但考虑到马斯克自己今年在慈善捐款方面的公开程度,这一要求显得颇具讽刺意味。(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

If a mega-billionaire donates 2.4% of his fortune to charity but no charity gets any money, does it actually count as philanthropy?

That’s a lingering question surrounding Elon Musk, the Tesla chief executive and world’s wealthiest person, over the past month. A terse regulatory filing in mid-February disclosed that Musk, who is currently worth $235 billion according to Bloomberg, had earmarked $5.7 billion worth of his Tesla shares for charity in late November. And yes, that’s the only detail Musk has provided about where the shares have gone: “To charity,” according to the bare-bones prose in the SEC’s disclosure form. No nonprofits have recently announced receiving any money from him, and Musk did not respond to several Fortune requests for comment.

On paper, his $5.7 billion donation vaulted Musk up the ranks of the country’s most generous philanthropists in 2021—second only to the $15 billion donated by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates to their joint foundation last year, according to the Chronicle of Philanthropy. But it’s also possible that Musk hasn’t yet given away a single cent of this largesse.

Instead, several philanthropy experts have speculated that Musk has merely moved his money into intermediary investment vehicles known as donor-advised funds, or DAFs. These funds hold assets that are earmarked for charity, allowing the donor to take immediate tax deductions against their income for the year the gift is made—but without any obligation or deadline to actually distribute it.

“Money can sit in donor-advised funds for a long, long time,” Elizabeth Dale, an associate professor of nonprofit leadership at Seattle University, tells Fortune. “We don’t have a lot of [regulatory] policies around these newer forms of giving.”

The tax benefits are one reason that donor-advised funds are an increasingly popular—and increasingly controversial—vehicle for wealthy tech entrepreneurs and other billionaires. They’ve been adopted by many of the country’s billionaire philanthropists (who otherwise have some very different styles of giving), including MacKenzie Scott, the writer and former spouse of Amazon founder Jeff Bezos; Bill Ackman, the activist investor and founder of Pershing Square Capital Management; Mark Zuckerberg, the founder and CEO of Facebook (now Meta); and Jack Dorsey, the founder of Twitter and Square (now Block). And they’re becoming more popular: In the 2020 fiscal year, contributions to DAFs grew by 21%, to $31.7 billion, the Chronicle reported late February.

Their appeal goes beyond tax advantages: Donor-advised funds are relatively low-cost and easy to establish, especially when compared with the old-school route for the wealthiest donors of setting up a private foundation (and all the staffing and other overhead costs that such organizations can entail). Instead, donors park their assets in an account administered by a sponsoring financial institution, such as Fidelity or Vanguard, which holds on to (and invests) the money unless and until the donor directs them to start writing checks. These accounts are also far more accessible to a wider swath of would-be philanthropists. For example, Fidelity—the largest DAF sponsor—has no minimum for individuals opening a charitable account, and says that its annual fees average out to about 1% of the balance.

“You don’t need to be a billionaire or even a millionaire to open a DAF,” Dale points out. “They are much more accessible to ‘everyday’ donors than a private foundation would be.”

These accounts can hold cash and stock, as well as cryptocurrency, real estate, and other alternative investments. And they are, by some measures, more generous than traditional foundations: Grants from DAFs increased 27% to $22.4 billion in fiscal 2020, almost twice the amount distributed by the 10 largest private foundations during that time, according to the Chronicle.

DAF defenders say that their current structure allows billionaires to earmark money for charity and then thoughtfully study how best to deploy it. (It also means that if the underlying investments pay off, the ultimate value of the donations will grow.) But these funds have many critics, who argue that the accounts enable billionaires to take tax write-offs without actually giving away any money. Unlike private charitable foundations, which are required by law to pay out at least 5% of their assets on an annual basis, DAFs have no payout requirements or deadlines. (If donors die before their DAFs finish disbursing their money, and they haven’t left instructions for continued payouts, either their named successors take over or the DAF sponsor can distribute the money to charities.)

A bipartisan bill now under consideration by both houses of Congress would put more restrictions on DAFs, by creating new types of accounts; one would provide upfront tax benefits only if deposits are paid out within 15 years, while another would give donors 50 years to distribute funds but would not provide upfront income-tax deductions.

DAFs’ tax benefits for donors can also eclipse those of routing money to a private foundation. For example, Musk would be able to claim a DAF-related tax deduction of as much as 30% of his 2021 adjusted gross income, versus only a 20% deduction if he routed that money to his private foundation, the Associated Press reported in February. That sort of offset could take the sting out of a particularly big tax liability for Musk, who has sparred with Sen. Elizabeth Warren and others over how much he pays in taxes. (He sold more than $16 billion worth of Tesla shares late last year, and said in December that he was staring down a tax bill of more than $11 billion.)

Musk, the poster boy for what the New York Times in December dubbed “troll philanthropy,” last year also flirted with donating $6 billion to the United Nations World Food Programme. “If WFP can describe on this Twitter thread exactly how $6B will solve world hunger, I will sell Tesla stock right now and do it,” he tweeted in October. That post, followed by his disclosed $5.7 billion donation of Tesla shares to charity, initially raised speculation that Musk had followed through—but the World Food Programme has not yet received any donations from Musk, a WFP spokesperson told Fortune in late March.

Perhaps the nonprofit’s initial reply to Musk—“$6B will not solve world hunger, but it WILL prevent geopolitical instability, mass migration and save 42 million people on the brink of starvation,” WFP executive director David Beasley argued on Twitter—didn’t pass the ultra-billionaire’s muster. But given Musk’s own levels of philanthropic disclosure this year, there’s a certain irony in another one of his conditions for donating to the WFP. The nonprofit must provide “open source accounting,” Musk wrote in October, “so the public sees precisely how the money is spent.”

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