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大辞职潮可能导致美国大学的入学率进一步下降

大辞职潮可能导致美国大学的入学率进一步下降

Kat McKim 2022-03-29
自2010年以来,美国社区大学的入学率逐步下降,过去两年更是大幅下降,自2019年以来降幅超过13%。

多年以来,关于高中毕业之后的计划,主流观点把读大学尤其是取得四年学位,作为所有学生的黄金标准,认为拥有大学学位在当前的就业市场中绝对不可或缺。孩子们都听到了这种观点,并且许多人表示认同。

教育科技提供商EVERFI调查了超过14万名参加大学和职业准备相关在线课程的学生,有56%的受访者预计在高中毕业后将攻读两年或四年大学。

家长们同样把读大学作为子女高中毕业之后的最佳选择。

美国学生援助组织(American Student Assistance)的首席执行官琼·埃迪说:“大多数家庭都希望孩子能够读大学,并将其作为目标。”该组织是一家专注于就业教育与准备的非营利组织。“我们调查了初高中学生的家长,他们表示可以接受子女走[读大学以外]的道路,但60%的家长表示如果子女不读大学,那就是家长的失败。”

虽然孩子和家长最初都有大学梦,但一部分人的梦想可能与现实格格不入:据美国国家教育统计中心(National Center for Education Statistics)和美国全国学生信息中心(National Student Clearinghouse)报告中的数据显示,2019年,18岁至24岁人群的总体大学入学率只有41%,过去两年本科生入学率每年下降约2.5%。

社区大学的情况尤为严重:自2010年以来,社区大学的入学率逐步下降,过去两年更是大幅下降,自2019年以来降幅超过13%。

社区大学主要服务低收入学生和边缘化人群,因此这些群体可能正在放弃就读大学,尽管他们怀有上大学的梦想。芝加哥公立学校(Chicago Public Schools)的前首席执行官、希望芝加哥(Hope Chicago)的现任首席执行官贾尼斯·杰克逊对于入学率下降的深远影响感到担忧。希望芝加哥是一家向芝加哥学生提供奖学金的非营利组织。

杰克逊表示:“从公平的角度,我确实想看到更多的有色人种能够读大学并完成学业。但除了公平以外,为了维持美国的地位,必须保证大众受过良好教育。如果美国有色人种的比例越来越高[基于人口结构变化预测],但有色人种的大学入学率却在下降,这个问题就应该引起每个人的重视。”

有许多因素导致孩子们上大学的愿望与最终入学率不匹配。其中高涨的学费和获取学费补助的难度排在前列,这或许并不意外。虽然佩尔助学金(Pell Grants)(向低收入学生发放的基于需求的补助金)最近发放的资助金额增加,但却跟不上大学成本的上涨速度。即使有学费补助,每年依旧会有数百万美元助学金无人申领,因为申领过程复杂且繁琐。

高等教育领域的支付能力危机并不新鲜,但这一次的背景截然不同:新冠疫情和大辞职潮(Great Resignation)让学生们面临着前所未有的复杂状况,也带来了机遇,这正在改变学生们对于读大学的看法。

目前,大学入学率下降的情况与以往的趋势相反。在经济衰退期间,大学的入学率通常会大幅升高。迈阿密大学(Miami University)的经济学助理教授莱利·阿克顿推断,当前大学入学率下降至少部分原因是新冠疫情的影响,尤其是持续的不确定性对心理的影响。

阿克顿称:“或许你曾经有去读大学的打算,但随着新冠疫情爆发,提前一个月制定计划都变得很难。对许多学生而言,尤其是作为家中第一个要读大学的孩子,考入大学本身就是一个复杂和不确定的过程,而新冠疫情带来的不确定性在这个过程中被进一步放大。”

面对这种被放大的不确定性,在理想情况下学生或许可以求助于学校辅导员。然而,与社会工作者等学校支持人员的情况一样,目前学习辅导员严重不足。

虽然美国学校辅导员协会(American School Counselor Association)建议每250名学生配备一名学校辅导员,但全美的平均数只有415比1。大学顾问团(College Advising Corps)的首席项目官亚布拉赫·皮普尔斯曾经在某些学校见过1名辅导员服务多达1000名学生的情况。

皮普尔斯说:“想想学校辅导员的工作,他们根本没有时间与每个学生坐下来交流。这样的要求对辅导员来说是不公平的。”

更糟糕的是,学校辅导员的学位课程中,不一定要求他们完成大学咨询课程。学校辅导员在学校中能够扮演许多角色,比如为学生提供社会情感支持、协助课程注册和考试管理等,因此大学咨询通常并不是学校辅导员培训的重点。

这意味着学生往往要独自应对这些复杂的情况,决定高中毕业之后的计划,有时候亲朋好友的指导,并没有给学生提供完成这个可怕的复杂过程所需要的专门知识。

皮普尔斯称:“学生会尽量自行调查研究,但大学咨询是学校需要的资源。专业顾问必须可以为学生提供建议,并帮助学生获得必要资源。”

尤其是从学生被大学录取到实际入学这段时间。许多高等教育普及方面的从业者将这段时间称为“暑期融化”现象,因为学生,尤其是低收入学生或家中第一个上大学的学生,要面对一系列令人困惑而且通常令人望而生畏的任务,可能迫使他们放弃入学。

在这段时间,学生通常需要完成长篇论文,回应有关缺失文件的问题,还要支付保证金以保住自己的名额或床位。对于家中没有可靠网络连接或计算机的学生而言,情况变得更加复杂。

皮普尔斯还指出,学生的家庭不仅要缴纳这些保证金,还要支付与高中毕业相关的其他费用,例如高中三年级活动和毕业庆祝等。这些保证金通常需要在春季缴纳,学生无法使用学费补助支付,只能自掏腰包。如果没有按时缴纳保证金,他们可能就会失去更经济的住宿选择,或者未来会面临其他复杂情况。

皮普尔斯说:“许多学生非常担心,尤其是家中没有人读过大学的孩子。在这个过程中的任何挫折都好像在告诉孩子不要去读大学。它像是一个征兆,在暗示你不适合读大学。”

新冠疫情不仅加剧了学生们的这种担忧,还带来了更多障碍,必定会对大学尤其是社区大学入学率产生连锁反应。在正常时期可能读大学的学生面临着照顾儿童的干扰,可能有家庭成员需要重症监护,此外由于授课方式改为网课,一些课程可能无法学习。

阿克顿提到弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)的一项研究显示,新冠疫情对男性大学入学率的影响尤其严重,这可能是因为男性往往会选择高技术含量的行业,而这些行业改为虚拟授课的效果不佳。

新冠疫情让读大学在许多学生眼中变成了一种不太可行的选择,与此同时,大辞职潮诞生了大批有吸引力的就业机会,所提供的起薪远高于一般水平。皮普尔斯发现各类认证课程增多,这类课程不依赖传统职业学校,比如公司直接向员工提供在岗培训和认证。

埃迪表示,这种趋势对Z世代学生很有吸引力。

他说:“Z世代不同于他们的先辈。我们的研究都显示,Z世代渴望获得实践经验。他们希望掌握技术。他们想尝试不同事物。”

20岁的卡尔托姆·卡巴正是这种性格。卡巴在2020年高中毕业后,计划自学数据科学。她的设想是一边兼职工作,一边自学数据科学基础,并完成一系列以项目为基础的工作。

毕业后不久,她在教育科技公司Multiverse发现了一个参加为期一年职业学徒项目的机会。该项目让她可以在全职工作的同时,通过在线模块和在职培训学习数据科学。

虽然高中一毕业无需举债就能够得到一笔工资收入,这确实是促使她作出决定的因素之一,但她最看重的还是这份工作所提供的实践经验和自学机会。她相信这两点对她的职业发展至关重要。

卡巴表示:“我认为,学习多种不同技能是更好的选择,例如学会自学,从长远来看将带来回报。无论我选择哪一条职业道路,比如创业等,[自学]能力将对我大有裨益。”

卡巴现在是保险公司安达保险集团(Chubb)的数据分析师学徒,这个月为期一年的学徒期即将结束。之后她将获得美国劳工部(Department of Labor)的数据分析认证,她希望可以继续留在安达保险成为一名全职员工。她认为,凭借过去一年的工作经验,自己未来的职业发展前景光明。

卡巴说:“在初级岗位上,与刚毕业的大学生相比,我确实经验更丰富。相比之下,我认为我的收入潜力可能高于他们。”

显然,像卡巴这样选择读大学以外的其他职业道路确实有许多好处,但希望芝加哥的首席执行官杰克逊指出,人一生的收入水平往往依旧与是否取得了大学学位密切相关。

杰克逊称:“[避免让孩子背负沉重的学生债务]在某些方面确实是明智的选择。但我们知道一个没有大学学位的人收入能力有限。”

好在高校和其他高等教育普及机构正在采取措施,它们希望逆转入学率下降的趋势,让更多的学生能够进入并读完大学。

会员制非营利组织Common App的总裁兼首席执行官珍妮·里卡德看到许多高校都在采取措施解决入学率下降的问题,包括将大学入学考试改为可选项(Common App超过95%的会员机构目前实行考试可选政策,两年前只有45%)、免除申请费以及向确认为家中第一个上大学的申请者提供特别支持等。有900多家高等教育机构都是Common App的会员。

Common App正在与多家机构合作试点直接录取项目,高校将主动联系达到一定高中平均分标准的潜在申请者,保证只要他们完成申请就一定可以被录取。里卡德认为,直接录取是让更多的学生进入大学的一条可行途径。

他表示:“对于家中的第一代大学生,他们身边没有其他大学生,因此当他们想去某所学校就读时,心里会承受巨大的压力。而直接录取则能够消除学生的压力、焦虑和对被拒绝的担忧等情感障碍。”

虽然这些都是积极的变化,但高等教育普及活动的领导者呼吁做出更大规模的改革,包括进一步提高佩尔助学金的最高金额、简化联邦助学补助的申请流程、将学费补助发放函标准化,让学生和家长可以提前了解读大学的成本。

杰克逊强调,虽然许多机构正在努力普及大学教育和提高入学率,但仍然需要进行广泛的系统性改革,才能带来长久改变。

杰克逊说:“这不是通过筹款就可以解决的问题。联邦政府必须从根本上改变其对高等教育的态度,因为这关乎整个国家的未来。”(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

多年以来,关于高中毕业之后的计划,主流观点把读大学尤其是取得四年学位,作为所有学生的黄金标准,认为拥有大学学位在当前的就业市场中绝对不可或缺。孩子们都听到了这种观点,并且许多人表示认同。

教育科技提供商EVERFI调查了超过14万名参加大学和职业准备相关在线课程的学生,有56%的受访者预计在高中毕业后将攻读两年或四年大学。

家长们同样把读大学作为子女高中毕业之后的最佳选择。

美国学生援助组织(American Student Assistance)的首席执行官琼·埃迪说:“大多数家庭都希望孩子能够读大学,并将其作为目标。”该组织是一家专注于就业教育与准备的非营利组织。“我们调查了初高中学生的家长,他们表示可以接受子女走[读大学以外]的道路,但60%的家长表示如果子女不读大学,那就是家长的失败。”

虽然孩子和家长最初都有大学梦,但一部分人的梦想可能与现实格格不入:据美国国家教育统计中心(National Center for Education Statistics)和美国全国学生信息中心(National Student Clearinghouse)报告中的数据显示,2019年,18岁至24岁人群的总体大学入学率只有41%,过去两年本科生入学率每年下降约2.5%。

社区大学的情况尤为严重:自2010年以来,社区大学的入学率逐步下降,过去两年更是大幅下降,自2019年以来降幅超过13%。

社区大学主要服务低收入学生和边缘化人群,因此这些群体可能正在放弃就读大学,尽管他们怀有上大学的梦想。芝加哥公立学校(Chicago Public Schools)的前首席执行官、希望芝加哥(Hope Chicago)的现任首席执行官贾尼斯·杰克逊对于入学率下降的深远影响感到担忧。希望芝加哥是一家向芝加哥学生提供奖学金的非营利组织。

杰克逊表示:“从公平的角度,我确实想看到更多的有色人种能够读大学并完成学业。但除了公平以外,为了维持美国的地位,必须保证大众受过良好教育。如果美国有色人种的比例越来越高[基于人口结构变化预测],但有色人种的大学入学率却在下降,这个问题就应该引起每个人的重视。”

有许多因素导致孩子们上大学的愿望与最终入学率不匹配。其中高涨的学费和获取学费补助的难度排在前列,这或许并不意外。虽然佩尔助学金(Pell Grants)(向低收入学生发放的基于需求的补助金)最近发放的资助金额增加,但却跟不上大学成本的上涨速度。即使有学费补助,每年依旧会有数百万美元助学金无人申领,因为申领过程复杂且繁琐。

高等教育领域的支付能力危机并不新鲜,但这一次的背景截然不同:新冠疫情和大辞职潮(Great Resignation)让学生们面临着前所未有的复杂状况,也带来了机遇,这正在改变学生们对于读大学的看法。

目前,大学入学率下降的情况与以往的趋势相反。在经济衰退期间,大学的入学率通常会大幅升高。迈阿密大学(Miami University)的经济学助理教授莱利·阿克顿推断,当前大学入学率下降至少部分原因是新冠疫情的影响,尤其是持续的不确定性对心理的影响。

阿克顿称:“或许你曾经有去读大学的打算,但随着新冠疫情爆发,提前一个月制定计划都变得很难。对许多学生而言,尤其是作为家中第一个要读大学的孩子,考入大学本身就是一个复杂和不确定的过程,而新冠疫情带来的不确定性在这个过程中被进一步放大。”

面对这种被放大的不确定性,在理想情况下学生或许可以求助于学校辅导员。然而,与社会工作者等学校支持人员的情况一样,目前学习辅导员严重不足。

虽然美国学校辅导员协会(American School Counselor Association)建议每250名学生配备一名学校辅导员,但全美的平均数只有415比1。大学顾问团(College Advising Corps)的首席项目官亚布拉赫·皮普尔斯曾经在某些学校见过1名辅导员服务多达1000名学生的情况。

皮普尔斯说:“想想学校辅导员的工作,他们根本没有时间与每个学生坐下来交流。这样的要求对辅导员来说是不公平的。”

更糟糕的是,学校辅导员的学位课程中,不一定要求他们完成大学咨询课程。学校辅导员在学校中能够扮演许多角色,比如为学生提供社会情感支持、协助课程注册和考试管理等,因此大学咨询通常并不是学校辅导员培训的重点。

这意味着学生往往要独自应对这些复杂的情况,决定高中毕业之后的计划,有时候亲朋好友的指导,并没有给学生提供完成这个可怕的复杂过程所需要的专门知识。

皮普尔斯称:“学生会尽量自行调查研究,但大学咨询是学校需要的资源。专业顾问必须可以为学生提供建议,并帮助学生获得必要资源。”

尤其是从学生被大学录取到实际入学这段时间。许多高等教育普及方面的从业者将这段时间称为“暑期融化”现象,因为学生,尤其是低收入学生或家中第一个上大学的学生,要面对一系列令人困惑而且通常令人望而生畏的任务,可能迫使他们放弃入学。

在这段时间,学生通常需要完成长篇论文,回应有关缺失文件的问题,还要支付保证金以保住自己的名额或床位。对于家中没有可靠网络连接或计算机的学生而言,情况变得更加复杂。

皮普尔斯还指出,学生的家庭不仅要缴纳这些保证金,还要支付与高中毕业相关的其他费用,例如高中三年级活动和毕业庆祝等。这些保证金通常需要在春季缴纳,学生无法使用学费补助支付,只能自掏腰包。如果没有按时缴纳保证金,他们可能就会失去更经济的住宿选择,或者未来会面临其他复杂情况。

皮普尔斯说:“许多学生非常担心,尤其是家中没有人读过大学的孩子。在这个过程中的任何挫折都好像在告诉孩子不要去读大学。它像是一个征兆,在暗示你不适合读大学。”

新冠疫情不仅加剧了学生们的这种担忧,还带来了更多障碍,必定会对大学尤其是社区大学入学率产生连锁反应。在正常时期可能读大学的学生面临着照顾儿童的干扰,可能有家庭成员需要重症监护,此外由于授课方式改为网课,一些课程可能无法学习。

阿克顿提到弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)的一项研究显示,新冠疫情对男性大学入学率的影响尤其严重,这可能是因为男性往往会选择高技术含量的行业,而这些行业改为虚拟授课的效果不佳。

新冠疫情让读大学在许多学生眼中变成了一种不太可行的选择,与此同时,大辞职潮诞生了大批有吸引力的就业机会,所提供的起薪远高于一般水平。皮普尔斯发现各类认证课程增多,这类课程不依赖传统职业学校,比如公司直接向员工提供在岗培训和认证。

埃迪表示,这种趋势对Z世代学生很有吸引力。

他说:“Z世代不同于他们的先辈。我们的研究都显示,Z世代渴望获得实践经验。他们希望掌握技术。他们想尝试不同事物。”

20岁的卡尔托姆·卡巴正是这种性格。卡巴在2020年高中毕业后,计划自学数据科学。她的设想是一边兼职工作,一边自学数据科学基础,并完成一系列以项目为基础的工作。

毕业后不久,她在教育科技公司Multiverse发现了一个参加为期一年职业学徒项目的机会。该项目让她可以在全职工作的同时,通过在线模块和在职培训学习数据科学。

虽然高中一毕业无需举债就能够得到一笔工资收入,这确实是促使她作出决定的因素之一,但她最看重的还是这份工作所提供的实践经验和自学机会。她相信这两点对她的职业发展至关重要。

卡巴表示:“我认为,学习多种不同技能是更好的选择,例如学会自学,从长远来看将带来回报。无论我选择哪一条职业道路,比如创业等,[自学]能力将对我大有裨益。”

卡巴现在是保险公司安达保险集团(Chubb)的数据分析师学徒,这个月为期一年的学徒期即将结束。之后她将获得美国劳工部(Department of Labor)的数据分析认证,她希望可以继续留在安达保险成为一名全职员工。她认为,凭借过去一年的工作经验,自己未来的职业发展前景光明。

卡巴说:“在初级岗位上,与刚毕业的大学生相比,我确实经验更丰富。相比之下,我认为我的收入潜力可能高于他们。”

显然,像卡巴这样选择读大学以外的其他职业道路确实有许多好处,但希望芝加哥的首席执行官杰克逊指出,人一生的收入水平往往依旧与是否取得了大学学位密切相关。

杰克逊称:“[避免让孩子背负沉重的学生债务]在某些方面确实是明智的选择。但我们知道一个没有大学学位的人收入能力有限。”

好在高校和其他高等教育普及机构正在采取措施,它们希望逆转入学率下降的趋势,让更多的学生能够进入并读完大学。

会员制非营利组织Common App的总裁兼首席执行官珍妮·里卡德看到许多高校都在采取措施解决入学率下降的问题,包括将大学入学考试改为可选项(Common App超过95%的会员机构目前实行考试可选政策,两年前只有45%)、免除申请费以及向确认为家中第一个上大学的申请者提供特别支持等。有900多家高等教育机构都是Common App的会员。

Common App正在与多家机构合作试点直接录取项目,高校将主动联系达到一定高中平均分标准的潜在申请者,保证只要他们完成申请就一定可以被录取。里卡德认为,直接录取是让更多的学生进入大学的一条可行途径。

他表示:“对于家中的第一代大学生,他们身边没有其他大学生,因此当他们想去某所学校就读时,心里会承受巨大的压力。而直接录取则能够消除学生的压力、焦虑和对被拒绝的担忧等情感障碍。”

虽然这些都是积极的变化,但高等教育普及活动的领导者呼吁做出更大规模的改革,包括进一步提高佩尔助学金的最高金额、简化联邦助学补助的申请流程、将学费补助发放函标准化,让学生和家长可以提前了解读大学的成本。

杰克逊强调,虽然许多机构正在努力普及大学教育和提高入学率,但仍然需要进行广泛的系统性改革,才能带来长久改变。

杰克逊说:“这不是通过筹款就可以解决的问题。联邦政府必须从根本上改变其对高等教育的态度,因为这关乎整个国家的未来。”(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

For many years, the prevailing narrative about post-high-school plans has presented college–and particularly a four-year degree–as the gold standard for all students and an absolute necessity in the current job market. Kids are listening, and many of them agree.

Education technology provider EVERFI surveyed over 140,000 students who took an online course about college and career readiness, and 56 percent of them expected to attend a two-or-four-year college after high school.

Parents are similarly invested in college as the best post-high-school option for their children.

“There’s an expectation and goal of most families that their kids go to college,” said Jean Eddy, CEO of American Student Assistance, a nonprofit focused on career exploration and readiness. “We’ve surveyed parents of middle-and-high-school students, and they say that they are open to [non-college] paths for their son or daughter, but 60 percent of those same parents also say that if my child doesn’t go to college, I’ve failed.”

Though kids and parents may both initially buy into the college dream, these aspirations are at odds with reality for a subset of them: The overall college enrollment rate for 18-24-year-olds was just 41 percent in 2019, according to data from the National Center for Education Statistics, and the National Student Clearinghouse reports that undergraduate enrollment further declined about 2.5 percent per year in the past two years.

In particular, community college enrollment has suffered: Enrollment at these institutions has been declining steadily since 2010 and fell off sharply in the past two years, dropping more than 13 percent since 2019.

Given that community colleges predominantly serve low-income students and those from marginalized backgrounds, it’s likely that these groups in particular are dropping out of the college pipeline despite aspirations to attend. Janice Jackson, the former CEO of Chicago Public Schools and the current CEO of Hope Chicago, a nonprofit that provides scholarships to Chicago students, is worried about the far-reaching implications of this decline.

“Yes, from an equity standpoint, I’m concerned about seeing more people of color going to college and finishing,” Jackson said. “But beyond equity, in order for America to maintain its position of power, we need to have an educated populus. If more people in this country will be people of color [based on predicted demographic shifts], but there’s a decline in people of color going to college, everyone should be concerned.”

There are a number of factors driving the mismatch between kids’ initial college aspirations and their eventual matriculation. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the skyrocketing cost of a degree combined with the difficulty of obtaining financial aid tops the list. Despite a recent increase in funding for Pell Grants (need-based aid awarded to low-income students), these awards haven’t kept pace with the cost of college. And even when financial aid money is available, millions of dollars are left unclaimed every year because the process to apply for it can feel arduous and confusing.

This affordability crisis in higher education isn’t new, but it’s playing out against a new backdrop: The pandemic and the Great Resignation are presenting students with both unique complications and opportunities that are changing the way they think about college.

The current decrease in college enrollment runs counter to past trends—college enrollment typically spikes during recessions—and Riley Acton, an assistant professor of economics at Miami University, theorizes that this is at least partially due to the effects of the pandemic, in particular the psychological toll of constant uncertainty.

“Maybe you thought you were going to college, but then the pandmeic struck, and it’s really hard to plan one month to the next,” Acton said. “The uncertainty we’ve all faced gets amplified in a process that is already complex and uncertain for a lot of students, particularly those who are the first in their families to go to college.”

In the face of this amplified uncertainty, students might ideally turn to their school counselor for help. However, as is the case for other school support staff like social workers, there is a severe shortage of school counselors.

Though the American School Counselor Association recommends a ratio of 250 students for every one school counselor, the national average is 415 to one, and Yarbrah Peeples, the chief program officer at College Advising Corps, has seen some schools where a single counselor serves upwards of 1,000 students.

“When we think about the work of a school counselor, the time to sit down individually with every student isn’t there,” Peeples said. “It isn’t a fair request to make of counselors.”

Further complicating matters, school counselors are not always required to complete coursework in college advising as part of their degree programs. School counselors can have a number of roles in a school, from supporting students’ socioemotional needs to assisting with course registration and test administration, so college advising is not always a prominent focus of a school counselor’s training.

This means that students are often left to untangle the complicated web of post-high-school decisions on their own, sometimes with guidance from friends and family members who don’t have the specialized knowledge students need to effectively navigate a complex and intimidating process.

“Students try to do their own research, but advising is a resource that schools need,” Peeples said. “A professional needs to be able to offer advice and connect students to resources.”

This is particularly true in the period between a student’s acceptance to college and their actual matriculation, a time that many in the college access field call the summer melt, so named because students—particularly low-income students or those who are the first in their families to go to college—face a confusing and often daunting array of tasks that can deter them from enrolling.

During this time, students are often required to complete lengthy paperwork, respond to requests for missing documentation, and pay deposits to hold their seat or guarantee housing, all of which can be made more complicated for kids who don’t have reliable internet or computer access at home.

Peeples also points out that these deposit requests come at a time when families are facing other expenses related to high school graduation, such as senior-year events and graduation celebrations. Since deposits are often required in the spring, students are unable to use financial aid to pay them and must pay out-of-pocket instead. If they delay, they may miss out on more affordable housing options or face further complications down the line.

“There’s a lot of fear with a lot of students, especially if nobody has made the transition to college in their families,” Peeples said. “It can feel like any bump in the road is something saying you shouldn’t go. It’s a sign that this isn’t for you.”

In addition to exacerbating this fear, the pandemic has brought a host of other barriers that were bound to have ripple effects on college enrollment, particularly at community colleges. Students who may have enrolled in a normal year faced childcare disruptions, family members that required intense care, and programs and classes that were no longer available, given the shift to online instruction.

Acton points to research out of the University of Virginia showing that the impact of the pandemic on college enrollment was particularly severe for men, perhaps because the programs they tend to gravitate toward, such as skilled trades, didn’t translate well to virtual instruction.

At the same time that the pandemic made college look like a less feasible option to many students, the great resignation brought a flood of attractive employment opportunities with higher-than-usual starting salaries. Peeples has seen an increase in different types of credentialing programs that don’t depend on traditional vocational schools, for example companies offering on-the-job training and certifications directly to their employees.

According to Eddy, this trend appeals to the temperament of many Gen Z students.

“Gen Z is very different from previous generations,” Eddy said. “All of our research suggests that these kids are looking for hands-on experiences. They want to be skilled. They want to try different things.”

20 year old Cartomu Kabba fits this description well. Kabba graduated high school in 2020 planning to pursue a course of self-study in data science. She envisioned herself working part-time while teaching herself data science fundamentals and building a portfolio of project-based work.

Shortly after graduating, she instead saw an opportunity to participate in a one-year professional apprenticeship program with education technology company Multiverse. The program would allow her to work full-time while learning data science through a mix of online modules and on-the-job training.

Though the ability to earn a salary directly out of high school without taking on debt was a factor in her decision, she was primarily attracted by the promise of hands-on experience and the opportunity for self-study, both of which she believes are crucial to her career development.

“I felt like it was better for me to learn multiple different skills that would pay off in the long run, like teaching myself to learn,” Kabba said. “For any path I want to take, like starting a business, the skill set of [teaching myself] will pay off.”

Kabba is currently working as a data analyst apprentice at the insurance company Chubb, and she is set to finish her year-long apprenticeship this month. Upon completion, she’ll receive a certificate from the Department of Labor in data analytics, and she is hopeful that Chubb will keep her on as a full-time employee. She feels that her future job prospects are strong, thanks to the work experience she’s gained over the past year.

“I do have more experience than somebody in an entry-level position that has just graduated college,” Kabba said. “If we’re doing that comparison, I think I’d have a higher earning potential than them.”

It’s clear that non-college pathways such as the one Kabba chose have much to offer, but Hope Chicago CEO Jackson notes that lifetime earnings are often still tied to college degree completion.

“It’s smart in some ways [that kids don’t take on huge college debt],” Jackson said. “But we know that without a degree, earning power is limited.”

Fortunately, colleges and other organizations in higher education access are taking steps they hope will reverse the decline in enrollment and bring more students to and through college.

Jenny Rickard, the president and CEO of Common App, a nonprofit member organization of over 900 higher education institutions,has seen colleges take various steps to stem the enrollment decline, including making college entrance exams optional (over 95 percent of Common App member institutions are now test-optional, compared to just 45 percent two years ago), waiving application fees, and doing special outreach to applicants who identified as the first in their families to attend college.

Common App is also working with a number of institutions to pilot direct admissions programs, in which colleges reach out to potential applicants who meet a certain high school GPA threshold and guarantee them admission if they complete an application. Rickard sees direct admissions as a promising way to get more students into the college pipeline.

“When we think about first generation students who may not have someone they know who has gone to college, that pressure they feel to get into a particular school is big,” Rickard said. “Direct admissions eliminates the emotional barriers of stress, anxiety, and fear of rejection.”

Though these developments are positive, leaders in higher education access advocate for even greater change, including further increasing the maximum Pell Grant award, simplifying the application process for federal student aid, and standardizing financial aid award letters so that college costs are clearer to students and families up-front.

Jackson emphasizes that while many organizations are working hard to expand college access and enrollment, broad systemic changes are needed to bring about lasting change.

“This is not something we will fundraise our way out of,” Jackson said. “The federal government has to fundamentally change how it thinks about higher education because our country’s future depends on it.”

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