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NFT、加密货币让不少美国人赚了大钱,他们应不应该缴税?

NFT、加密货币让不少美国人赚了大钱,他们应不应该缴税?

KATE ROCKWOOD,JENNIFER THOMAS 2022-02-14
美国国税局至今没有给出明确的解释或者根本没有想清楚该如何解决。

随着纳税季来临,许多投资者面临一个新的问题,那就是如何处理棘手的加密货币税。

投资加密货币有机会赚到快钱。这种投资的回报速度、给投资者带来的兴奋和希望,吸引了大量新加密货币投资者。事实上,灰度投资公司(Grayscale Investments)的一项研究发现,现在超过四分之一美国投资者持有比特币,55%的投资者在过去12个月开始投资加密货币。

随着加密货币投资日益普遍,尤其是人们开始冒险购买非同质化代币(NFT)并从加密货币赚取了越来越多的收入,情况也变得更加复杂。这引发了一些日益复杂的税务问题和灰色地带,美国国税局至今没有给出明确的解释或者根本没有想清楚该如何解决。虽然疫情让人手不足的国税局雪上加霜,但这并不意味着他们不会持续关注加密货币。

加密货币税务公司CoinTracker的税务策略主管希恩·钱德拉瑟基拉表示:“许多人不会申报加密货币相关税费,因为他们认为国税局等监管机构根本不会注意到加密货币。

有时候人们确实会收到一份1099纳税申报表,这表明国税局已经知晓了加密货币相关的状况,国税局还会通过其他方式获取相关信息。不要以为国税局无法在区块链上跟踪你的动向,这是严重的误解。”

知道这一点之后,以下是关于加密货币和加密货币税你需要知道的一些信息。

哪些情况会触发加密货币税?

如果投资者去年只是用美元购买加密货币并存放在数字钱包,就不需要缴税。只有出售、消费、兑换其他加密货币或收到加密货币付款才应该缴税。

出售或交易加密货币如何计算税费?

国税局将加密货币视为财产而不是现金。从税务的角度,加密货币的性质与股票、债券等资本资产的性质类似。就像股票一样,当投资者出售加密货币的价格高于购买价格时,需要就收益部分纳税。

投资者在买卖加密货币时必须知道其为加密货币支付的价格(成本税基)和出售加密货币时的价值。例如,如果投资者支付2,000美元购买比特币,出售时价值3,500美元,就需要为1,500美元的差价缴纳资本收益税,并在国税局的表格8949中进行申报。

如果买入加密货币不到12个月将其卖出,将作为短期资本收益课税。根据投资者的收入水平,这类收益的税率为一般所得税率,即10%至37%。如果持有加密货币超过一年后出售,将按照更优惠的长期资本收益课税。钱德拉瑟基拉表示,这种情况下税率相对较低,针对高收入者通常为15%或20%。

用一种加密货币交易另外一种加密货币也属于课税事件。交易一枚加密货币被视为放弃它的所有权,如果其交易时的价值高于购买价格,则需要缴纳资本收益税。

钱德拉瑟基拉表示,人们很容易在这方面出现问题。

他表示:“人们[通过交易]获得了资本收益,但他们并没有预留出足够的现金支付当年的税费。”

加密货币本身是一种鼓励交易的投资产品。许多投资者选择“趁跌买入”,即当加密货币价格下跌时购买,期望它能快速反弹。CNBC调查发现,尤其是新投资者被加密货币交易的便利性所吸引,有24%的投资者每天都会进行交易,33%则会每周进行一次交易。

投资者能否进行加密货币税纳税损失节税?

当然可以。与股票一样,投资者需要跟踪出售或交易加密货币时的损失和收益。每年最高可抵消3,000美元加密货币和NFT损失。如果损失超过3,000美元,可以将这些损失无限期结转。

如果用加密货币购物该如何处理?

加密货币与法定货币竞争面临的一个最大障碍是如何课税。在使用现金消费时,你不需要为现金本身缴税。但加密货币的情况不同。如果处置加密货币时其价值高于购买价格,投资者就需要为此缴纳资本收益税。税务律师、佛罗里达州坦帕税务与诉讼律师事务所Fogarty Mueller Harris的创始成员布莱恩·哈里斯表示,许多投资者在这方面犯过错误。

他表示:“无论你用加密货币买个披萨或者买辆车,都需要像出售任何其他财产一样,计算出收益或损失。”

例如,假设你在几年前购买了价值10,000美元的加密货币,现在其价值上涨到50,000美元。然后你用这些加密货币购买了一辆价值40,000美元的汽车,你必须在纳税申报表中将这40,000美元作为应税收入申报。

从加密货币中获得的收入如何课税?

从加密货币中获得的收入,无论是工资还是加密货币挖矿收入,均作为普通收入按通常税率课税。哈里斯表示:“从根本上来说,人们赚取这些收入的方式,就是他人支付的现金。”

这类收入将按照收到付款当天加密货币的公允市值总额课税。从加密货币挖矿或质押获得的收入,按照与普通收入相同的方式处理。所谓加密货币质押,是指将加密货币锁定在钱包当中,钱包会激活软件验证区块链上的交易。这个过程作为一种工作量证明方法,对于以太坊等加密货币必不可少。投资者质押加密货币并获得回报,类似于银行向在储蓄账户中存款的消费者支付的利息。

钱德拉瑟基拉表示:“质押很受欢迎,因为这是最简单的赚取被动收入的方式之一。例如,你可以在Coinbase质押加密货币Cosmos。如果你购买这种加密货币但不进行其他交易,Coinbase就会在你的账户中计入年利息,你会看到你的账户余额每一秒都在增加。”

但国税局可能即将调整对质押所得的处理方式。最近,一名男子起诉美国国税局对他通过质押创建的新代币课税,国税局之后退还了相关税费。国税局未来的政策可能不再将质押所得作为收入课税,而是在质押的加密货币出售时按资本收益课税。

如果进行NFT艺术品投资,在税务方面需要知道哪些信息?

2021年,非同质化代币(NFT)迎来了爆炸式增长。这一方面要得益于一些事件吸引了人们的眼球,例如艺术家Beeple的NFT艺术作品《Everydays: The First 5000 Days》通过佳士得(Christie’s)拍卖,卖出了超过6,900万美元的天价。

钱德拉瑟基拉表示:“NFT就像数量有限的照片一样。”这些数字证书证明了在区块链(通常是以太坊)上存储的一个独一无二的文件的所有权。这个文件可能是一件艺术品、一个亲笔签名甚至一个GIF动图。

对于NFT的课税原则与加密货币基本相同。购买NFT不需要缴税,但通过出售或交易NFT获得的任何利润应该作为资本收益课税。

但钱德拉瑟基拉表示,值得注意的是,如果持有NFT超过一年,“国税局可能按照规定将其作为收藏品处理。”例如,艺术类NFT经常被分类为收藏品。钱德拉瑟基拉补充道,这意味着对高净值人士可能按28%的税率课税,比一般长期加密货币收益税率高8%。

是否应该聘请专业的加密货币税务顾问?

如果投资者对加密货币领域只是略有涉猎,可以自行处理相关税务问题,或者交由一般税务专业人士处理。如果投资者有良好的成本税基记录,并且可以轻松从加密货币交易平台下载交易记录,处理相关税务问题极其简单。

CoinTracker、TokenTax和CryptoTrader等专注于加密货币的软件程序,可以帮助用户跟踪收益和损失情况。这些软件通常还兼容TurboTax或TaxAct等常用税务软件。

但如果投资者每天都要进行加密货币交易,经手大量资金,或者正在从事加密货币挖矿或质押,钱德拉瑟基拉建议他们与了解如何处理加密货币税的注册公共会计师合作。尤其是当投资者在多个加密货币交易平台有许多数字钱包时,更应该这样做。

他表示:“在加密货币领域很难保存记录,但国税局希望投资者能够记录自己的交易情况。”

(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

随着纳税季来临,许多投资者面临一个新的问题,那就是如何处理棘手的加密货币税。

投资加密货币有机会赚到快钱。这种投资的回报速度、给投资者带来的兴奋和希望,吸引了大量新加密货币投资者。事实上,灰度投资公司(Grayscale Investments)的一项研究发现,现在超过四分之一美国投资者持有比特币,55%的投资者在过去12个月开始投资加密货币。

随着加密货币投资日益普遍,尤其是人们开始冒险购买非同质化代币(NFT)并从加密货币赚取了越来越多的收入,情况也变得更加复杂。这引发了一些日益复杂的税务问题和灰色地带,美国国税局至今没有给出明确的解释或者根本没有想清楚该如何解决。虽然疫情让人手不足的国税局雪上加霜,但这并不意味着他们不会持续关注加密货币。

加密货币税务公司CoinTracker的税务策略主管希恩·钱德拉瑟基拉表示:“许多人不会申报加密货币相关税费,因为他们认为国税局等监管机构根本不会注意到加密货币。

有时候人们确实会收到一份1099纳税申报表,这表明国税局已经知晓了加密货币相关的状况,国税局还会通过其他方式获取相关信息。不要以为国税局无法在区块链上跟踪你的动向,这是严重的误解。”

知道这一点之后,以下是关于加密货币和加密货币税你需要知道的一些信息。

哪些情况会触发加密货币税?

如果投资者去年只是用美元购买加密货币并存放在数字钱包,就不需要缴税。只有出售、消费、兑换其他加密货币或收到加密货币付款才应该缴税。

出售或交易加密货币如何计算税费?

国税局将加密货币视为财产而不是现金。从税务的角度,加密货币的性质与股票、债券等资本资产的性质类似。就像股票一样,当投资者出售加密货币的价格高于购买价格时,需要就收益部分纳税。

投资者在买卖加密货币时必须知道其为加密货币支付的价格(成本税基)和出售加密货币时的价值。例如,如果投资者支付2,000美元购买比特币,出售时价值3,500美元,就需要为1,500美元的差价缴纳资本收益税,并在国税局的表格8949中进行申报。

如果买入加密货币不到12个月将其卖出,将作为短期资本收益课税。根据投资者的收入水平,这类收益的税率为一般所得税率,即10%至37%。如果持有加密货币超过一年后出售,将按照更优惠的长期资本收益课税。钱德拉瑟基拉表示,这种情况下税率相对较低,针对高收入者通常为15%或20%。

用一种加密货币交易另外一种加密货币也属于课税事件。交易一枚加密货币被视为放弃它的所有权,如果其交易时的价值高于购买价格,则需要缴纳资本收益税。

钱德拉瑟基拉表示,人们很容易在这方面出现问题。

他表示:“人们[通过交易]获得了资本收益,但他们并没有预留出足够的现金支付当年的税费。”

加密货币本身是一种鼓励交易的投资产品。许多投资者选择“趁跌买入”,即当加密货币价格下跌时购买,期望它能快速反弹。CNBC调查发现,尤其是新投资者被加密货币交易的便利性所吸引,有24%的投资者每天都会进行交易,33%则会每周进行一次交易。

投资者能否进行加密货币税纳税损失节税?

当然可以。与股票一样,投资者需要跟踪出售或交易加密货币时的损失和收益。每年最高可抵消3,000美元加密货币和NFT损失。如果损失超过3,000美元,可以将这些损失无限期结转。

如果用加密货币购物该如何处理?

加密货币与法定货币竞争面临的一个最大障碍是如何课税。在使用现金消费时,你不需要为现金本身缴税。但加密货币的情况不同。如果处置加密货币时其价值高于购买价格,投资者就需要为此缴纳资本收益税。税务律师、佛罗里达州坦帕税务与诉讼律师事务所Fogarty Mueller Harris的创始成员布莱恩·哈里斯表示,许多投资者在这方面犯过错误。

他表示:“无论你用加密货币买个披萨或者买辆车,都需要像出售任何其他财产一样,计算出收益或损失。”

例如,假设你在几年前购买了价值10,000美元的加密货币,现在其价值上涨到50,000美元。然后你用这些加密货币购买了一辆价值40,000美元的汽车,你必须在纳税申报表中将这40,000美元作为应税收入申报。

从加密货币中获得的收入如何课税?

从加密货币中获得的收入,无论是工资还是加密货币挖矿收入,均作为普通收入按通常税率课税。哈里斯表示:“从根本上来说,人们赚取这些收入的方式,就是他人支付的现金。”

这类收入将按照收到付款当天加密货币的公允市值总额课税。从加密货币挖矿或质押获得的收入,按照与普通收入相同的方式处理。所谓加密货币质押,是指将加密货币锁定在钱包当中,钱包会激活软件验证区块链上的交易。这个过程作为一种工作量证明方法,对于以太坊等加密货币必不可少。投资者质押加密货币并获得回报,类似于银行向在储蓄账户中存款的消费者支付的利息。

钱德拉瑟基拉表示:“质押很受欢迎,因为这是最简单的赚取被动收入的方式之一。例如,你可以在Coinbase质押加密货币Cosmos。如果你购买这种加密货币但不进行其他交易,Coinbase就会在你的账户中计入年利息,你会看到你的账户余额每一秒都在增加。”

但国税局可能即将调整对质押所得的处理方式。最近,一名男子起诉美国国税局对他通过质押创建的新代币课税,国税局之后退还了相关税费。国税局未来的政策可能不再将质押所得作为收入课税,而是在质押的加密货币出售时按资本收益课税。

如果进行NFT艺术品投资,在税务方面需要知道哪些信息?

2021年,非同质化代币(NFT)迎来了爆炸式增长。这一方面要得益于一些事件吸引了人们的眼球,例如艺术家Beeple的NFT艺术作品《Everydays: The First 5000 Days》通过佳士得(Christie’s)拍卖,卖出了超过6,900万美元的天价。

钱德拉瑟基拉表示:“NFT就像数量有限的照片一样。”这些数字证书证明了在区块链(通常是以太坊)上存储的一个独一无二的文件的所有权。这个文件可能是一件艺术品、一个亲笔签名甚至一个GIF动图。

对于NFT的课税原则与加密货币基本相同。购买NFT不需要缴税,但通过出售或交易NFT获得的任何利润应该作为资本收益课税。

但钱德拉瑟基拉表示,值得注意的是,如果持有NFT超过一年,“国税局可能按照规定将其作为收藏品处理。”例如,艺术类NFT经常被分类为收藏品。钱德拉瑟基拉补充道,这意味着对高净值人士可能按28%的税率课税,比一般长期加密货币收益税率高8%。

是否应该聘请专业的加密货币税务顾问?

如果投资者对加密货币领域只是略有涉猎,可以自行处理相关税务问题,或者交由一般税务专业人士处理。如果投资者有良好的成本税基记录,并且可以轻松从加密货币交易平台下载交易记录,处理相关税务问题极其简单。

CoinTracker、TokenTax和CryptoTrader等专注于加密货币的软件程序,可以帮助用户跟踪收益和损失情况。这些软件通常还兼容TurboTax或TaxAct等常用税务软件。

但如果投资者每天都要进行加密货币交易,经手大量资金,或者正在从事加密货币挖矿或质押,钱德拉瑟基拉建议他们与了解如何处理加密货币税的注册公共会计师合作。尤其是当投资者在多个加密货币交易平台有许多数字钱包时,更应该这样做。

他表示:“在加密货币领域很难保存记录,但国税局希望投资者能够记录自己的交易情况。”

(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Tax season is here and with it comes a new wrinkle for many investors—navigating the tricky waters of cryptocurrency taxes.

The speed, excitement, and hopes for the chances of making fast cash, has attracted a flood of new crypto investors. In fact, more than a quarter of American investors now hold some Bitcoin and 55% of them began investing in crypto in the last 12 month, according to a study by Grayscale Investments.

As crypto investing becomes more commonplace, it’s also gotten more complicated. Especially as people venture into buying non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and are earning more income from crypto. That’s led to some increasingly complex tax issues and grey areas that haven’t been explicitly spelled out, or yet figured out, by the IRS. And while the pandemic has wreaked havoc on the understaffed IRS, that doesn’t mean they’re not keeping a close eye on crypto.

“A lot of people don’t report crypto thinking that crypto is completely invisible from the regulators like the IRS,” says Shehan Chandrasekera, head of tax strategy at crypto tax firm, CoinTracker.

“In some cases you do receive a 1099 and the IRS already knows, but the IRS also has other ways to know what you’re doing. It’s a big misconception that they can’t follow you on blockchain.”

With that in mind, here’s what you need to know about cryptocurrency and paying taxes.

What triggers cryptocurrency taxes?

If all you did last year was buy crypto with dollars, and let it hang out in your digital wallet, you don’t owe taxes on it. Crypto only becomes taxable when you sell it, spend it, exchange it for another cryptocurrency or get paid with it.

What do you owe when you sell or trade cryptocurrency?

In the eyes of the IRS, crypto isn’t cash, but property. Tax-wise, crypto is treated like other capital assets such as stocks or bonds. And just like with stocks, if you sell crypto for more than you paid for it, you’ll be taxed on the gains.

The important thing to know when you’re buying and selling crypto is how much you paid for the crypto (cost basis) and how much it was worth when you sold it. As an example, if you bought $2,000 in Bitcoin, and you sold it when it was worth $3,500, you’d have to pay capital gains tax on the $1,500 difference and report it on IRS Form 8949.

If you sell your crypto less than 12 months after you bought it, you’ll be taxed at the short-term capital gains rate. These gains are taxed at regular income rates, which range from 10% to 37%, depending on your income. If you hold your crypto for more than a year and then sell, you’ll be taxed the more favorable long-term capital gain. That’s a usually much lower rate of 15% or 20% for high-income earners, Chandrasekera says.

Trading one cryptocurrency for another is also a taxable event. Trading a coin is considered getting rid of it, and if it’s worth more at that moment than what you paid for it, you’ll have to pay capital gains tax.

This is an area where people tend to get in trouble, Chandrasekera says.

“They have the capital gain [from the trade], but they didn’t set aside enough actual cash to pay taxes that year,” he says.

And crypto is inherently an investment that encourages trading. Scores of investors “buy the dip,” aka buy a cryptocurrency when its price drops in the expectation that it will soon bounce back. New investors in particular are drawn to the ease of trading and 24% make trades daily while 33% make them weekly, according to a CNBC survey.

Can you harvest your crypto tax losses?

Absolutely. As with stocks, you’ll need to track both your losses and gains when you sell or trade crypto. You can offset crypto and NFT losses up to $3,000 each year. If you have losses above $3,000, you can carry them forward indefinitely.

What happens when you buy something with crypto?

One of the biggest barriers to crypto giving fiat currency a, well, run for its money, is how it’s taxed. When you spend physical cash, you don’t pay taxes on the cash itself. Not so for crypto. Once you dispose of the crypto, if it’s worth more than what you paid for it, you’ll pay capital gains taxes on it. That’s one area where many investors get tripped up, says Brian Harris, a tax attorney and founding member of tax and litigation firm Fogarty Mueller Harris in Tampa, Florida.

“You have to figure out gain or loss the way you would have any other sale of property even if you use it to buy a pizza or a car,” he says.

As an example, let’s say you bought $10,000 in Bitcoin a few years ago and it’s now worth $50,000. If you use that coin to buy a $40,000 car, you’ll have to report $40,000 as taxable income on your tax return.

What about money you earn in crypto?

Any money you make in crypto, whether it’s payment for a job or from mining crypto, is taxed like ordinary income at your usual tax rate. “You’re basically earning that the same way as if someone paid you in cash,” Harris says.

You’re taxed on the gross amount of the coin’s fair market value the day you received it. Money you earn from mining cryptocurrency or stalking cryptocurrency is treated the same way as ordinary income. With staking cryptocurrency, you “lock up” your crypto in a wallet which triggers software that helps validate transactions on the blockchain. This process is necessary for cryptocurrency like Ethereum that use the proof-of-work method. People who stake their coins then earn a reward similar to the interest that banks pay costumes for keeping money in a savings account.

“Staking has become popular because it’s one of the easiest ways to earn passive income,” Chandrasekera says. “For example, Cosmos is a coin you can stake on Coinbase. You buy the coin, do nothing, and Coinbase credits you annual interest every second and you can see your balance increasing every second.”

There is a chance, though, that how the IRS treats money made from staking could be about to change. The IRS recently refunded taxes to a man who sued the agency over being taxed on new tokens he created through staking. Future IRS policy could see staking rewards taxed not as income, but as capital gains once those coins are sold.

So you’ve jumped into NFT art. What does that mean for your taxes?

The creation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) exploded in 2021. That was partly fueled by eye-popping events like artist Beeple selling his NFT-based artwork, “Everydays: The First 5000 Days,” for more than $69 million in a Christie’s auction.

“NFTs are like pictures that are created in limited quantities,” Chandrasekera says. These digital certificates show ownership of a unique file stored on a blockchain, typically Ethereum. They might be a digital copy of a piece of art, an autograph or even a GIF.

The tax rules for NFTS are pretty much the same as those for cryptocurrency. Simply buying an NFT doesn’t trigger a tax, but any profit you make from the sale or trade of one can be taxed as capital gains.

It’s important to note, though, that if you hold an NFT for more than a year, “it could be treated as a collectible under the IRS code,” Chandrasekera says. Art-based NFTs, for one, often get classified as collectibles. What that means is that people with a high net worth could be taxed at 28%, which is 8% higher than regular long term crypto gains, Chandrasekera adds.

Should you use a tax advisor who specializes in crypto?

If you’re simply doing a little dabbling in cryptocurrency, you may be able to handle the taxes on your own or with your usual tax professional. That’s especially true if you’ve kept good records on your cost basis and can easily download your transactions from a cryptocurrency exchange.

Crypto-focused software programs like CoinTracker, TokenTax and CryptoTrader can help you keep track of your gains and losses. They’re also usually compatible with regular tax software like TurboTax or TaxAct.

But if you’re trading crypto daily, dealing with large amounts of money, or you’re mining or staking crypto, then you'll probably want to work with a CPA who is knowledgeable in handling crypto taxes, Chandrasekera says. That’s especially true if you have multiple wallets spread across several cryptocurrency exchanges.

“In the crypto space, it’s really hard to keep records, but the IRS expects you to keep track of it,” he says.

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