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什么是新兴银行?了解一下它的收费、特权和前景

什么是新兴银行?了解一下它的收费、特权和前景

Megan Leonhardt 2021-11-08
一份报告显示,有大约30%的美国人使用某类专注在线业务的银行。

当您要存钱时,您是更倾向新兴银行还是传统银行?是否可以说,“金融权力属于多数人,而不是少数人”?消费者在考虑放弃自己的银行转向所谓的新兴银行或“专注金融科技与创新”的挑战者银行时面临许多挑战,而如何区分不同的广告营销(更不用说费用、开支、隐性成本和便利性)只是这些挑战的一部分。

许多热门的金融科技银行应用程序在市场推广时,宣扬自己是民主化的金融,提供无压力的注册、透明的定价,以及用户在需要资金时能够方便取出。而美国人正在慢慢开始买账。Plaid的《2021年金融科技报告》(2021 Fintech Report)显示,大约30%的美国人使用某类专注在线业务的银行。大约67%的美国客户使用纯数字化银行业务和传统银行的在线或移动应用程序。

Aite-Novarica是一家技术、金融服务和保险行业的咨询公司,其零售银行和支付业务主管大卫·阿尔贝塔齐称:"一般来说,[金融科技公司]在定价和功能方面对消费者更加透明。”在全面审查50家金融科技公司的过程中,我们发现许多公司在其网站上明确列出了费用和定价,不过通常标在常见问题和法律披露中较为隐密的地方。而其他隐性费用标注的地方就只有最精明的消费者才能够发现了。消费者在放弃传统银行前可以考虑以下因素。

费用

透明度是好事,但这并不总是意味着不收费。在《财富》杂志审查的金融科技公司中,约有一半收取典型的银行费用,包括每月账户会员费或订阅费、网络外自动取款费用,以及与现金存款相关的费用。

例如,Digit和Tend的入门级银行账户每月收费约10美元,而Revolut的精英订阅计划收费16.99美元(但是,Revolut确实提供一个免费的选项,并且刚刚改进了其免费服务)。另外,Dave每月收取会员费1美元,网络外ATM费用,同时对所有的苹果支付(Apple Pay)、谷歌支付(Google Pay),以及借记卡转账所发生的金额收取1%的手续费。

Bankrate的数据显示,传统银行的计息支票账户的平均月费是16.35美元。无息账户的平均月费为5.08美元。总而言之,许多新兴银行和金融科技公司的收费机制与传统银行相比,变化并不太大。

传统银行收取费用的平均成本。资料来源:BANKRATE’S 2021 CHECKING ACCOUNT AND ATM FEE STUDY

新兴银行的客户也会累积外部费用。虽然应用程序可能不会收取ATM费用,但终端运营商就不一定了。同样,对于要将现金存入金融科技银行账户的消费者来说,特别是那些在酒店和餐馆等现金密集型行业工作的客户,也是如此。比如,Current允许客户在全国6万多家商店将现金存入他们的账户,这一过程相当容易,但每笔交易收取3.5美元的费用。

不同的手机银行应用程序层出不穷,许多确实提供了实体银行没有的服务,例如提前获得直接存款、可观的现金返还奖励,有些服务甚至与他们目标服务的社区直接相关。

比如,Majority于2019年推出,自称是一个“针对移民的一体化移动银行应用程序”,每月收取5美元的订阅费。客户可以免费向超过35个国家的朋友和家人发送电话信贷,这些国家包括古巴、墨西哥、尼日利亚和哥伦比亚。

“我们只是想解决你跨境生活中的问题。”首席执行官马格努斯·拉松在接受《财富》杂志采访时说道,“如今,如果你是一名在美国的移民,你的支出大多为服务费。所以,比起花10美元打电话,10美元汇款,10美元办理银行业务,用户通过我们的服务能够节省很多。”因此,如果使用Majority的所有额外服务,客户可以少花钱——如果不使用,我们可能有更便宜的替代品。

据《财富》杂志分析,除了提供更多服务外,只有少数提供移动银行服务的金融科技公司披露了透支费。这些服务可能会增加客户的费用。Bankrate的数据表明,去年,透支费平均每次达到33.58美元。而Doxo的数据则表明,大约33%的家庭支付过透支费。

发展中新兴银行业务

据Morning Consult公司对4400名消费者的调查,只有约三分之一的美国人信任金融科技公司,远远低于银行和信用社,而大约43%的人说他们没有想法。这也许也在情理之中,毕竟新兴银行出现的时间并不长,大多数都开在近10年。

虽然金融科技银行仍然是新生事物,但该领域已经有了相当多的争议。Chime银行多次中断,导致客户无法访问账户,小企业抱怨去年Square银行扣留了他们多达30%的付款,德国的Wirecard也在欺诈和丑闻中倒闭了。一些金融科技应用程序还遇到了安全问题。2020年7月,Dave被黑客攻击,至少有750万客户的个人信息遭泄露。

超过四分之一的消费者仍然不信任金融科技(数据基于2021年4月对4400名美国消费者进行的实地调查)资料来源:MORNING CONSULT

而订阅这些服务的人也不是完全得不到充分服务。尽管银行应用程序和金融技术公司吹嘘,他们能够减少没有银行账户的美国人的数量(这一数字在2019年约为710万户),但Morning Consult发现,低收入、农村和黑人消费者——通常没有银行账户的一类人——属于对这些产品最不感兴趣的人。

“许多美国人不信任传统的银行系统,因为大银行和大公司在美国经济中的权力太大了。”美国俄亥俄州民主党参议员谢罗德·布朗说道,“人们被收费和二次机会账户弄得焦头烂额,所以不得不转向所谓的金融技术公司,这些公司声称有更容易、更便宜的银行业务。但是这些产品几乎没有任何保障和监管,而且随着他们的发展,大多数似乎是复制——而不是改变——华尔街的模式。”

当金融科技公司开始提供银行服务时,他们通常与银行合作。像Coastal Community Bank、MetaBank、Nbkc bank和Sutton Bank这样鲜为人知的银行负责应对监管,并提供美国联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)的存款保险,而金融科技公司则提供界面和消费者数据。因此,通常是银行受到更严格的审查,且审查方式与传统银行账户有所不同。

根据圣路易斯联储(St. Louis Federal Reserve)3月的分析,如果消费者用Venmo或PayPal支付一笔余额给一个朋友,该交易可能不受《电子资金转账法案》(Electronic Funds Transfer Act)保障。

“在保护消费者权益方面,我们已经看到像Square和Chime等公司的不端行为。必需追究这些公司的责任,否则所谓的金融技术公司便可以通过这些漏洞,用与银行和信用社不同的规则行事,进而导致不公平竞争,将消费者的资金置于危险之中。"

布朗和其他立法者呼吁对该行业进行更多的监管,并支持“无收费账户”立法,要求银行提供免费的数字银行账户。但到目前为止,美国联邦政府层面制定的规则还很少。

Aite-Novarica公司的战略顾问大卫·马太说:“新兴银行很好地证明了政府要花很长时间去适应不断变化的技术。我认为政府和监管机构真的不知道应该如何处理它们。”

产品爆炸性增长

无论监管机构和立法机关是否为该行业进行额外的指导,该行业已经在不断发展和壮大。据彭博社(Bloomberg)报道,目前全球有300多家金融科技公司在运营。大多数公司不仅提供借记消费卡、支票和储蓄账户,而且还提供投资、退休储蓄,甚至是加密货币业务。

这吸引了大笔资金。根据毕马威(KPMG)的数据,2021年上半年,全球风险投资公司在金融科技领域的资金达到了创纪录的523亿美元,是2020年下半年融资水平的两倍多。

马太指出:“新兴银行和其他科技创业公司一样,会不断成长。”他们正在扩大规模,迫切地要在市场上攫取重要份额。虽然新兴银行的衡量标准与传统银行非常不同,在短期内有一定回旋余地,但长期盈利能力还是大头。

阿尔贝塔齐表示:“盈利能力肯定是审查的一部分,而这样看来,他们已经没有时间盈利了。”如果盈利前途渺茫,就可能会让人怀疑新兴银行是否能够继续提供其低成本的服务。

一些新兴银行开始关注传统银行一直以来的正确做法,在某些情况下,它们从银行伙伴关系转向成为(或购买)成熟的银行,以削减成本,扩大机会,追求更多的收入渠道。阿尔贝塔齐指出,无论是在监管方面还是在盈利方面,银行合作模式不太能够长期有效。“在我看来,那些可以生存下来的[新兴银行],要么有银行执照,要么能够拿到银行执照。从长远来看,他们不能依靠第三方。”

一些新兴银行已经在展望未来。譬如,Varo银行是第一个被授予国家银行执照的消费金融科技公司。其首席执行官及创始人科林·沃尔什称:“我们选择银行特许经营,这样我们可以提供非常丰富的系列产品,它消除了中间商的成本,为我们实现货币化提供了不同方式。”

他还表示,依赖一家中介银行会使Vero权限受限,像消费者数据、信贷核保,甚至直接访问支付系统等方面的限制。沃尔什说:“如今,我们像银行一样开展业务,每次有人用卡进行交易时,我们不需要付费;有人通过ACH转移资金或存入支票时,我们也不需要支付费用,但在以前这些我们都是要付费的。”

他还补充道:“经济效益和它所产生利润率,以及你为客户实际创造更多价值的能力以及产生更好的单位经济性等方面是非常有意义的。”值得注意的是,Varo在9月的最新一轮融资中筹集了5.1亿美元,现在的估值为25亿美元。

自从Varo获得银行执照后,Square获得了工业银行执照的批准,而SoFi获得了初步批准。Revolut也在走特许经营的道路。Revolut的首席执行官罗纳德·奥利维拉说:“除了存款,这还使我们能够独立运营,不依赖于赞助银行。”Revolut已经在美国以及英国、澳大利亚和新加坡申请了银行执照,而在东欧已经拥有了一张银行执照。

其他公司则希望通过收购来铺平道路。M1金融公司的首席执行官最近收购了First National Bank of Buhl,以扩大M1的银行业务能力,推动提供个人贷款、汽车贷款和抵押贷款。首席执行官布莱恩·巴恩斯向《财富》杂志表示,M1在未来会成为一家银行,并得到相应监管。

但是,新兴银行在扩大规模,寻求特许经营权时能否保持独立,还有待观察。阿尔贝塔齐认为,至少有一些新兴银行会被经营许久的美国大型金融机构所收购,比如像西班牙对外银行(BBVA)对Simple Bank的收购。

阿尔贝塔齐说:“虽然现在收购很多,但并不表示收购的银行能够盈利;而我们要问自己的一个大问题就是:这些新兴银行或挑战者银行未来能否独立扩大规模?关键是能否建立一个盈利的银行业务?”(财富中文网)

译者:Transn

当您要存钱时,您是更倾向新兴银行还是传统银行?是否可以说,“金融权力属于多数人,而不是少数人”?消费者在考虑放弃自己的银行转向所谓的新兴银行或“专注金融科技与创新”的挑战者银行时面临许多挑战,而如何区分不同的广告营销(更不用说费用、开支、隐性成本和便利性)只是这些挑战的一部分。

许多热门的金融科技银行应用程序在市场推广时,宣扬自己是民主化的金融,提供无压力的注册、透明的定价,以及用户在需要资金时能够方便取出。而美国人正在慢慢开始买账。Plaid的《2021年金融科技报告》(2021 Fintech Report)显示,大约30%的美国人使用某类专注在线业务的银行。大约67%的美国客户使用纯数字化银行业务和传统银行的在线或移动应用程序。

Aite-Novarica是一家技术、金融服务和保险行业的咨询公司,其零售银行和支付业务主管大卫·阿尔贝塔齐称:"一般来说,[金融科技公司]在定价和功能方面对消费者更加透明。”在全面审查50家金融科技公司的过程中,我们发现许多公司在其网站上明确列出了费用和定价,不过通常标在常见问题和法律披露中较为隐密的地方。而其他隐性费用标注的地方就只有最精明的消费者才能够发现了。消费者在放弃传统银行前可以考虑以下因素。

费用

透明度是好事,但这并不总是意味着不收费。在《财富》杂志审查的金融科技公司中,约有一半收取典型的银行费用,包括每月账户会员费或订阅费、网络外自动取款费用,以及与现金存款相关的费用。

例如,Digit和Tend的入门级银行账户每月收费约10美元,而Revolut的精英订阅计划收费16.99美元(但是,Revolut确实提供一个免费的选项,并且刚刚改进了其免费服务)。另外,Dave每月收取会员费1美元,网络外ATM费用,同时对所有的苹果支付(Apple Pay)、谷歌支付(Google Pay),以及借记卡转账所发生的金额收取1%的手续费。

Bankrate的数据显示,传统银行的计息支票账户的平均月费是16.35美元。无息账户的平均月费为5.08美元。总而言之,许多新兴银行和金融科技公司的收费机制与传统银行相比,变化并不太大。

新兴银行的客户也会累积外部费用。虽然应用程序可能不会收取ATM费用,但终端运营商就不一定了。同样,对于要将现金存入金融科技银行账户的消费者来说,特别是那些在酒店和餐馆等现金密集型行业工作的客户,也是如此。比如,Current允许客户在全国6万多家商店将现金存入他们的账户,这一过程相当容易,但每笔交易收取3.5美元的费用。

不同的手机银行应用程序层出不穷,许多确实提供了实体银行没有的服务,例如提前获得直接存款、可观的现金返还奖励,有些服务甚至与他们目标服务的社区直接相关。

比如,Majority于2019年推出,自称是一个“针对移民的一体化移动银行应用程序”,每月收取5美元的订阅费。客户可以免费向超过35个国家的朋友和家人发送电话信贷,这些国家包括古巴、墨西哥、尼日利亚和哥伦比亚。

“我们只是想解决你跨境生活中的问题。”首席执行官马格努斯·拉松在接受《财富》杂志采访时说道,“如今,如果你是一名在美国的移民,你的支出大多为服务费。所以,比起花10美元打电话,10美元汇款,10美元办理银行业务,用户通过我们的服务能够节省很多。”因此,如果使用Majority的所有额外服务,客户可以少花钱——如果不使用,我们可能有更便宜的替代品。

据《财富》杂志分析,除了提供更多服务外,只有少数提供移动银行服务的金融科技公司披露了透支费。这些服务可能会增加客户的费用。Bankrate的数据表明,去年,透支费平均每次达到33.58美元。而Doxo的数据则表明,大约33%的家庭支付过透支费。

发展中新兴银行业务

据Morning Consult公司对4400名消费者的调查,只有约三分之一的美国人信任金融科技公司,远远低于银行和信用社,而大约43%的人说他们没有想法。这也许也在情理之中,毕竟新兴银行出现的时间并不长,大多数都开在近10年。

虽然金融科技银行仍然是新生事物,但该领域已经有了相当多的争议。Chime银行多次中断,导致客户无法访问账户,小企业抱怨去年Square银行扣留了他们多达30%的付款,德国的Wirecard也在欺诈和丑闻中倒闭了。一些金融科技应用程序还遇到了安全问题。2020年7月,Dave被黑客攻击,至少有750万客户的个人信息遭泄露。

而订阅这些服务的人也不是完全得不到充分服务。尽管银行应用程序和金融技术公司吹嘘,他们能够减少没有银行账户的美国人的数量(这一数字在2019年约为710万户),但Morning Consult发现,低收入、农村和黑人消费者——通常没有银行账户的一类人——属于对这些产品最不感兴趣的人。

“许多美国人不信任传统的银行系统,因为大银行和大公司在美国经济中的权力太大了。”美国俄亥俄州民主党参议员谢罗德·布朗说道,“人们被收费和二次机会账户弄得焦头烂额,所以不得不转向所谓的金融技术公司,这些公司声称有更容易、更便宜的银行业务。但是这些产品几乎没有任何保障和监管,而且随着他们的发展,大多数似乎是复制——而不是改变——华尔街的模式。”

当金融科技公司开始提供银行服务时,他们通常与银行合作。像Coastal Community Bank、MetaBank、Nbkc bank和Sutton Bank这样鲜为人知的银行负责应对监管,并提供美国联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)的存款保险,而金融科技公司则提供界面和消费者数据。因此,通常是银行受到更严格的审查,且审查方式与传统银行账户有所不同。

根据圣路易斯联储(St. Louis Federal Reserve)3月的分析,如果消费者用Venmo或PayPal支付一笔余额给一个朋友,该交易可能不受《电子资金转账法案》(Electronic Funds Transfer Act)保障。

“在保护消费者权益方面,我们已经看到像Square和Chime等公司的不端行为。必需追究这些公司的责任,否则所谓的金融技术公司便可以通过这些漏洞,用与银行和信用社不同的规则行事,进而导致不公平竞争,将消费者的资金置于危险之中。"

布朗和其他立法者呼吁对该行业进行更多的监管,并支持“无收费账户”立法,要求银行提供免费的数字银行账户。但到目前为止,美国联邦政府层面制定的规则还很少。

Aite-Novarica公司的战略顾问大卫·马太说:“新兴银行很好地证明了政府要花很长时间去适应不断变化的技术。我认为政府和监管机构真的不知道应该如何处理它们。”

产品爆炸性增长

无论监管机构和立法机关是否为该行业进行额外的指导,该行业已经在不断发展和壮大。据彭博社(Bloomberg)报道,目前全球有300多家金融科技公司在运营。大多数公司不仅提供借记消费卡、支票和储蓄账户,而且还提供投资、退休储蓄,甚至是加密货币业务。

这吸引了大笔资金。根据毕马威(KPMG)的数据,2021年上半年,全球风险投资公司在金融科技领域的资金达到了创纪录的523亿美元,是2020年下半年融资水平的两倍多。

马太指出:“新兴银行和其他科技创业公司一样,会不断成长。”他们正在扩大规模,迫切地要在市场上攫取重要份额。虽然新兴银行的衡量标准与传统银行非常不同,在短期内有一定回旋余地,但长期盈利能力还是大头。

阿尔贝塔齐表示:“盈利能力肯定是审查的一部分,而这样看来,他们已经没有时间盈利了。”如果盈利前途渺茫,就可能会让人怀疑新兴银行是否能够继续提供其低成本的服务。

一些新兴银行开始关注传统银行一直以来的正确做法,在某些情况下,它们从银行伙伴关系转向成为(或购买)成熟的银行,以削减成本,扩大机会,追求更多的收入渠道。阿尔贝塔齐指出,无论是在监管方面还是在盈利方面,银行合作模式不太能够长期有效。“在我看来,那些可以生存下来的[新兴银行],要么有银行执照,要么能够拿到银行执照。从长远来看,他们不能依靠第三方。”

一些新兴银行已经在展望未来。譬如,Varo银行是第一个被授予国家银行执照的消费金融科技公司。其首席执行官及创始人科林·沃尔什称:“我们选择银行特许经营,这样我们可以提供非常丰富的系列产品,它消除了中间商的成本,为我们实现货币化提供了不同方式。”

他还表示,依赖一家中介银行会使Vero权限受限,像消费者数据、信贷核保,甚至直接访问支付系统等方面的限制。沃尔什说:“如今,我们像银行一样开展业务,每次有人用卡进行交易时,我们不需要付费;有人通过ACH转移资金或存入支票时,我们也不需要支付费用,但在以前这些我们都是要付费的。”

他还补充道:“经济效益和它所产生利润率,以及你为客户实际创造更多价值的能力以及产生更好的单位经济性等方面是非常有意义的。”值得注意的是,Varo在9月的最新一轮融资中筹集了5.1亿美元,现在的估值为25亿美元。

自从Varo获得银行执照后,Square获得了工业银行执照的批准,而SoFi获得了初步批准。Revolut也在走特许经营的道路。Revolut的首席执行官罗纳德·奥利维拉说:“除了存款,这还使我们能够独立运营,不依赖于赞助银行。”Revolut已经在美国以及英国、澳大利亚和新加坡申请了银行执照,而在东欧已经拥有了一张银行执照。

其他公司则希望通过收购来铺平道路。M1金融公司的首席执行官最近收购了First National Bank of Buhl,以扩大M1的银行业务能力,推动提供个人贷款、汽车贷款和抵押贷款。首席执行官布莱恩·巴恩斯向《财富》杂志表示,M1在未来会成为一家银行,并得到相应监管。

但是,新兴银行在扩大规模,寻求特许经营权时能否保持独立,还有待观察。阿尔贝塔齐认为,至少有一些新兴银行会被经营许久的美国大型金融机构所收购,比如像西班牙对外银行(BBVA)对Simple Bank的收购。

阿尔贝塔齐说:“虽然现在收购很多,但并不表示收购的银行能够盈利;而我们要问自己的一个大问题就是:这些新兴银行或挑战者银行未来能否独立扩大规模?关键是能否建立一个盈利的银行业务?”(财富中文网)

译者:Transn

When it comes to your money, do you prefer your "Banking, evolved"? Or are you more in the camp of "Banking for humans"? Would it be fair to say, "Financial power belongs in the hands of the many, not the few"? Differentiating between taglines (not to mention fees, expenses, hidden costs, and convenience) are just a few of the many challenges facing consumers thinking about ditching their bank for a so-called neobank or challenger bank.

Many of the most popular fintech banking apps have marketed their services as democratizing finance, with stress-free signups, transparent pricing, and the ability to easily access money when needed. And Americans are slowly starting to buy in. About 30% of Americans use some type of online-only banking, according to Plaid’s 2021 Fintech Report. About 67% of U.S. customers use digital-first and traditional banks’ online or mobile apps.

“Generally speaking, [fintechs] are more transparent to consumers about pricing features and functionality,” says David Albertazzi, director of retail banking and payments practice at Aite-Novarica, an advisory firm focused on the technology, financial services, and insurance industries. In a comprehensive review of 50 fintechs, we found many had fees and pricing clearly listed on their websites, albeit often in hard-to-locate portions of its FAQ and legal disclosure sections. But other hidden fees were tucked away where only the savviest consumers could find them. Here are the factors consumers may want to consider before ditching their traditional bank.

Fees

Transparency is great—but it doesn’t always translate to fee-free. Approximately half of fintechs Fortune reviewed charge typical bank fees ranging from monthly account memberships or subscriptions, out-of-network ATM charges, and expenses related to cash deposits.

Digit and Tend, for example, both charge about $10 a month for their entry-level bank accounts, while Revolut charges $16.99 for its elite subscription plan. (Revolut, however, does have a free option and just enhanced its fee-free offerings.) Meanwhile Dave charges $1 per month for membership, an out-of-network ATM fee, as well as a fee equal to 1% of the transferred amount for any Apple Pay, Google Pay, and debit card transfers.

All in all, the fee game at many neobanks and fintechs is not exactly a massive evolution from traditional banks. The average monthly fee for interest-bearing checking accounts at traditional banks is $16.35, according to Bankrate. Noninterest accounts have an average monthly fee of $5.08.

Neobank customers also have the opportunity to rack up outside charges. The banking app may not charge an ATM fee, but the terminal operator may. Same for consumers who may need to deposit cash into their fintech bank account, particularly if they work in cash-heavy industries like hospitality and restaurants. Current, for example, makes the process fairly easy by allowing customers to add cash to their account at over 60,000 stores nationwide, but does charge $3.50 per transaction.

With the proliferation of different mobile banking apps, however, many do offer services beyond the typical brick-and-mortar banks, including early access to direct deposits, generous cash-back rewards, and even services related directly to the communities they aim to serve.

Majority, for instance, charges a $5 monthly subscription fee. Launched in 2019, Majority bills itself as an “all-in-one mobile banking app for migrants.” Customers can send phone credits, fee-free, to friends and family members in more than 35 countries including Cuba, Mexico, Nigeria, and Colombia.

“Our purpose is just to fix the problem you have when you have this cross-border life,” CEO Magnus Larsson tells Fortune. “If you're a migrant in the U.S. today, you were actually paying the most for all the services. So instead of spending $10 on calling and $10 on sending money and $10 on banking, our users are saving a lot of money by using our service.” So if you use all of Majority's extra services, you could save—but if not, there may be cheaper alternatives.

In addition to offering more services, only a small number of fintechs offering mobile banking services disclosed overdraft fees, according to Fortune’s analysis. And those can add up for customers. Last year, overdraft fees hit an average of $33.58 per incident, according to Bankrate. And about 33% of households had overdraft fees, according to Doxo.

The evolving neobank space

Neobanks haven't been around long, with most having opened only in the past 10 years. So perhaps it's not surprising that only about a third of Americans say they trust fintech companies—far less than the proportion that trust banks and credit unions, according to a Morning Consult survey of 4,400 consumers. About 43% say they have no opinion.

While fintech banking is still relatively new, the space has already had its fair share of controversies, including Chime’s multiple outages that barred customers from accessing their accounts, small businesses complaining last year that Square was holding back up to 30% of their payments, and Germany's Wirecard collapsing in fraud and scandal. A number of fintech apps also have suffered security issues. Most recently the fintech Dave was hacked in July 2020 and the personal information of at least 7.5 million customers was exposed.

Those signing onto these services are not exactly underserved either. Although banking apps and fintechs have touted their potential to reduce the number of unbanked Americans (about 7.1 million U.S. households in 2019), Morning Consult found that those who typically fall into this category—low-income, rural, and Black consumers—are among those least likely to be interested in using these products.

“Many Americans don’t trust the traditional banking system because big banks and corporations have too much power in our economy,” Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) tells Fortune. “They’ve been burned by fees and second chance accounts, so they are forced to turn to so-called fintechs that claim to make banking easier and cheaper. But these products have few protections or oversight, and as these technologies have developed, most of them seem to mirror—rather than challenge—the Wall Street model.”

When fintechs started offering banking services, they typically partnered with a bank. Little-known banks like Coastal Community Bank, MetaBank, Nbkc bank, and Sutton Bank handled the regulatory oversight and provided FDIC insurance on deposits, while fintechs provided slick interfaces and consumer data. So in these partnerships, it's usually the banking partner that's being more heavily scrutinized, and the regulations are not always applied the same way they would be for a traditional bank account.

If a consumer, for example, uses Venmo or PayPal to pay a friend from their account balance, the transaction may not be covered by safeguards of the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, according to the St. Louis Federal Reserve's March analysis.

“We’ve seen how companies, like Square and Chime, have a bad track record when it comes to protecting consumers. We need to hold these companies accountable and close the loopholes that allow so-called fintech firms to play by a different set of rules than banks and credit unions, leading to unfair competition and putting consumers’ money at risk.”

Brown, along with other lawmakers, has called for more regulation and oversight of the industry, as well as supported No Fee Account legislation that would require banks to offer free digital bank accounts. But so far, there has been little rulemaking on the federal level.

“Governments are always very slow to adapt to changing technology. Neobanks are a great example of that. I don't think the government and the regulators really know what to do with them just yet,” says David Mattei, a strategic adviser at Aite-Novarica.

An explosion of offerings

Whether or not regulators and lawmakers put additional guide rails on the industry, it’s already evolving and growing. Bloomberg reports there are over 300 fintechs operating globally. Today, most not only offer debit spending cards, checking, and savings accounts—but also investing, retirement savings, and even crypto exposure.

That's pulling in big money. Global funding in fintech from venture capitalist firms reached a record $52.3 billion during the first half of 2021, according to KPMG. And that's more than double the level raised in the second half of 2020.

“Neobanks are just like any kind of tech startup; it's grow, grow, grow, grow,” Mattei tells Fortune. They're scaling up and trying desperately looking to carve out a significant market share. And neobanks are still measured very differently from a traditional banks, which does give them some leeway in the near term. But long-term profitability will need to be a larger part of the equation.

"Profitability is definitely part of the scrutiny here and from that standpoint, they are running out of time to become profitable," Albertazzi says. And the path toward operating in the black may throw into question whether neobanks will be able to continue to offer their lower-cost services.

But some neobanks are starting to look at what traditional banks have been doing right, and in some cases that may be moving away from bank partnerships to becoming (or buying) full-fledged banks in order to trim costs and expand opportunities to pursue more avenues for revenue. Albertazzi tells Fortune that the bank partnership model may not work long term, both in terms of regulation and profitability. “In my opinion those [neobanks] that will survive, will need or already have acquired a banking license. I think long term they cannot rely on a third party to do that,” he says.

Some neobanks are already looking to the future. Varo Bank, for instance, was the first consumer fintech to be granted a national bank charter. “We chose the bank charter route because it allows us to offer a very fulsome set of products and it also provides a more diverse path to monetization. It eliminates the costs of the intermediary,” Colin Walsh, CEO and founder at Varo Bank, tells Fortune.

Being dependent on an intermediary bank meant Varo had a fairly narrow set of permissions, including limitations on consumer data, credit underwriting, and even direct access to payment systems, Walsh says. “Now that we're operating as a bank, we don't pay a toll every time somebody transacts on a card, we don't pay when they move money through ACH rails or when they deposit a check—so we had to pay for all that.

“The economics and what it does from a margin perspective and your ability to actually create more value for your customer and also have better unit economics is very meaningful,” Walsh says. It’s worth noting, perhaps, that Varo raised $510 million in its latest funding round in September and is now looking at a $2.5 billion valuation.

Since Varo received its bank charter, Square received approval for an industrial banking charter while SoFi snagged preliminary approval. Revolut is taking the charter path as well. “Beyond deposits, what it does is it allows us to operate independently, so we're not dependent on a sponsor bank,” says Ronald Oliveira, Revolut’s CEO. Revolut has filed for a bank charter in the U.S., as well as in the U.K., Australia, and Singapore. It already has a bank license in Eastern Europe.

Others are looking to acquisitions to pave the way. M1 Finance's CEO recently bought the First National Bank of Buhl in a bid to seemingly expand M1's banking capabilities, including a push into offering personal loans, auto loans, and mortgages. CEO Brian Barnes told Fortune’s Declan Harty M1 sees itself becoming regulated as a bank in the future.

But whether or not these neobanks can remain independent while they scale up and potentially seek out charters remains to be seen. Albertazzi believes that at least some neobanks will find themselves absorbed by some of the larger U.S. financial institutions that have been in business for a long time. And that’s already happened in some cases, such as BBVA’s acquisition of Simple Bank.

“The big question that we ask ourselves is whether or not over time those neobanks or challenger banks can independently scale. Can they build a profitable—and profitable is the key word here—banking business? Because right now adoption is really high; that doesn't mean they're profitable,” Albertazzi says.

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