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比特币能耗问题无解,可持续加密货币有望崛起

比特币能耗问题无解,可持续加密货币有望崛起

DECLAN HARTY 2021-09-30
币圈正面临对能耗的清算,这可能会为卡尔达诺(Cardano)、以太坊2.0和Chia等加密货币打开大门。

哈德森·詹姆森看透了。

作为庞大的加密货币界的一员,30岁的詹姆森早早就成为数字资产的持有者和追随者。詹姆森于2011年首次购买比特币,当时比特币刚刚诞生两年。他最近5年在以太坊基金会(Ethereum Foundation)工作,担任过各种职务,之后还将继续在该领域发展。然而,今年8月,他决定不再买入加密货币届的龙头货币比特币。

当然,中本聪的发明仍有可能彻底颠覆全球银行体系,用一种去中心化的体系取而代之——但其他货币也同样可以。詹姆森认为,比特币对能量的消耗太大。于是他套现了,这是他十年来第一次清空比特币。

目前负责Flashbots运营部门的詹姆森向《财富》杂志表示:“很明显,比特币如果不是忽视了环境问题,就是在为环境问题找借口。”

过去十几年,加密货币社区基本上都伴随着采矿设备震耳欲聋的声音嗡嗡作响,比特币的耗电量也和比特币价格一起飙升。根据Digiconomist对比特币能耗量的追踪数据,作为加密货币始祖,比特币现在一年的耗电量与波兰相当,碳足迹与阿曼相当。

最近,联合国政府间气候变化委员会已经宣布,极端天气事件、食物短缺和动物灭绝将成为新常态的一部分,对比特币耗能的担忧终于引发了人们的讨论。

今年5月,伊隆·马斯克宣布,在比特币变得更加环保之前,特斯拉不会接受比特币作为支付方式,为重新审议比特币的环保问题打下了基础。马萨诸塞州参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦之后也呼吁打击“加密采矿造成环境资源浪费的做法”。当下,环境、社会和治理议题在华尔街持续升温,随着投资者对加密货币的研究加深,他们似乎准备提出更多问题。

“对于可持续和影响力投资者来说,它是货币中的烟草,”价值270亿美元的家族理财公司Pathstone的首席影响官埃里卡·卡普在接受采访时表示。“这是一种虚无主义的观点,但这是事实。”

币圈正面临对能耗的清算,可能会为卡尔达诺(Cardano)、以太坊2.0和Chia等加密货币打开大门,这些货币将自己定位为更高效、更环保的比特币替代品。

“加密技术将继续存在——这一点毋庸置疑。它正在为企业和消费者带来实实在在的好处,比如让交易变得更快、更可靠、更便宜、也更透明。”RippleX总经理莫妮卡·朗在5月写道。“但随着行业不断成熟,可持续发展必须成为核心关注点。”

问题在于比特币区块链内在的工作量证明结构。在某种程度上,正是这种开创性的想法使中本聪的创意变得独特、安全、甚至成为现实。工作量证明机制意味着,矿工们每天没日没夜地进行数学计算,这些计算有助于建立网络,同时保证网络的安全,在每一场比赛中获胜的矿工会在这个过程中获得一些比特币。这是一场规模游戏:矿工投入的计算资源越多,获胜的可能性就越高。剑桥替代金融中心(Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance)表示,尽管大多比特币矿机都使用可再生能源,但仍有很多矿工使用煤炭和天然气。

在许多比特币粉丝看来,这是必要的成本。比特币致力于成为一种数字黄金,一种无需对任何单一管理机构负责、易于转让的全球货币。所以安全是最重要的,工作量证明机制是安全的基础。“归根到底是个权衡的问题,”剑桥替代金融中心数字资产主管米歇尔•劳赫斯表示。“这就是工作量证明的本质。要达到这种安全水平就需要大量电力。”

不过,卡尔达诺、波尔卡多特(Polkadot)、索拉纳(Solana)等认为还有更好的出路。

使用一种称为权益证明的共识机制,加密货币的区块链可以通过个人或团体拿出平台的本地货币块来验证交易,而无需依赖高能耗的挖掘计算(而且只有一小部分能成功)。因此,权益证明区块链可以在复杂程度低得多的计算机系统上运行,更容易在不增加能源消耗量的情况下扩大交易量,减少对环境的影响。卡尔达诺创始人查尔斯·霍斯金森表示,旗下加密货币社区的一些成员已经能够在树莓派(Raspberry Pi)上创建质押池,而树莓派是一款可以单手持握的单板计算机,售价35美元。

“我们启动人类基因组计划时,花了数十亿美元才完成第一个人类基因组的测序。现在有一家叫Nebula的公司,只用300美元,就能提供你的整个基因组测序,”以太坊联合创始人霍斯金森向《财富》杂志表示。“得益于技术的发展,要达到和以前一样的效果只需花费更少成本。币圈也一样。”

卡尔达诺推出于2017年,是今年增长最快的加密货币之一。其货币艾达币(ADA)在2021年的CoinMarketCap的排名迅速上升,成为除比特币及以太坊之外最大的数字资产,截至9月22日,已经比今年年初上涨了1100%。

卡尔达诺将自己定位为第三代加密货币:像比特币一样去中心化,具有以太坊的智能合约功能,更关键的是,可以扩展。霍斯金森的挖币生涯始于2011年的一台台式电脑,他创造卡尔达诺可能是为了一个更大的目标,而不只是成为一个绿色加密货币,他说,生态可持续性一直是计算的一部分。

索拉纳和波尔卡多特使用类似的权益证明作为他们的基础协议,不过都添加了额外的系统。例如,索拉纳同时使用历史证明协议,称该协议有助于验证区块链上的顺序和时间。与此同时,波尔卡多特使用了传统权益证明协议的一种变体,称为指定权益证明。

以太坊的发明者维塔利克·布特林是权益证明环保理念的最大支持者之一。作为世界第二大加密货币,以太坊正准备在2022年初从工作量证明模式转为权益证明模式,布特林表示,此举可能会使以太坊的能源消耗减少99%以上。

“现在,作为加密货币,为了被认真对待,或者为了今后10年的存活,需要灵活和创新。”詹姆森说,“已经在这么做的加密货币要么正在研究,要么在积极实施其他替代性的共识机制,避免像比特币一样耗电。”

权益证明也吸引了注重可持续性的加密项目的注意。BitGreen正在计划创建一个影响力投资市场,可以将“链下”世界的绿色基础设施项目与加密投资者连接起来。BitGreen首席执行官亚当•卡弗向《财富》杂志表示,为了实现这一目标,该公司正寻求依托波尔卡多特的网络进行建设。

卡弗称,"我们要像Robinhood为股市所做的那样,为数百万想把自己的可投资收入投入与其价值相符的投资机会并获得市场回报的人创造这样的机会。"

不过,作为一种共识机制,权益证明机制还相对未经过考验。尽管其历史可以追溯到2012年,不是什么新鲜事物,而且如今已成为第二大共识机制,但加起来,使用这种机制的加密货币只相当于比特币的一小部分。截至8月24日,排名前60位的使用权益证明机制的加密货币的总市值仅为2000亿美元左右。相比之下,比特币的市值超过了9000亿美元。整个加密市场的规模约为2万亿美元。

还有其他问题。在CoinDesk研究分析师克里斯汀·金看来,共识机制对环境的好处是显而易见的。但金指出,投资者应该多问问题,比如这种加密货币是否在履行自己关于生态足迹的承诺。

“如果一辆车能耗能减少99%,却打不着火或转不了弯,你绝对不会买。”金在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示,“节能汽车的关键点在于,首先它是一辆很不错的汽车,同时它的能耗也不高。”

在Chia的创始人兼首席执行官布拉姆•科恩看来,权益证明机制算不上去中心化,因为验证者可以联合起来发起攻击,从而接管网络,虽然这意味着他们要冒着失去所有币的风险。

BitTorrent创始人转向了一个全新的方向,采用了一种被称为空间证明和时间证明的共识协议。该机制仍然遵守比特币2009白皮书中提出的中本聪共识,但依赖的是存储空间,而不是计算能力。

它的工作原理如下:Chia网络上所谓的“农民”(farmer)将硬盘上未使用的空间分配给软件,这些软件会在硬盘上放入混合的加密数字,即Chia所谓的“地块”(“plots”)。然后,当Chia区块链显示需要一个新区块时,农民可以检查他们是否有一个与挑战非常相似的地块。玩家每完成一个验证区块,即由验证区块的时间领主(Timelords)奖励一个XCH代币。科恩解释说,如果说比特币矿工在印彩票,那么Chia的时空证明模型就类似于宾戈卡。

“我们的想法是避免毫无意义的电力燃烧。”科恩在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示,“现在很难做到,因为需要一些资源来推动区块链前进。如果存在这样一种资源,它就叫做存储空间。”

现在还很难断定空间证明、时间证明或其他共识机制是否能打败工作量证明机制、成为加密货币行业的未来。但投资者已经开始下注了,虽然可持续性并非其中的驱动因素。

迈克尔是一位来自佛罗里达州的投资者,他在Reddit上很活跃,自2018年以来,艾达币(ADA)一直是他的首选。迈克尔(要求《财富》杂志不要透露他的姓氏)被其以研究为基础的结构所吸引,一直在投资艾达币,不断提高自己的头寸。“吸引人们进入币圈的头号因素是钱。”他说,“每个人都想赚钱。”

当迈克尔第一次买艾达币时,可持续性并不在考虑范围内,他担心未来几年,可持续性将成为币圈的“流行词”。不过,他意识到,如果加密货币要成为未来的货币,他们可能需要考虑环境问题:“你不能用不可持续的币种来运行全球金融操作系统。”(财富中文网))

译者:Agatha

哈德森·詹姆森看透了。

作为庞大的加密货币界的一员,30岁的詹姆森早早就成为数字资产的持有者和追随者。詹姆森于2011年首次购买比特币,当时比特币刚刚诞生两年。他最近5年在以太坊基金会(Ethereum Foundation)工作,担任过各种职务,之后还将继续在该领域发展。然而,今年8月,他决定不再买入加密货币届的龙头货币比特币。

当然,中本聪的发明仍有可能彻底颠覆全球银行体系,用一种去中心化的体系取而代之——但其他货币也同样可以。詹姆森认为,比特币对能量的消耗太大。于是他套现了,这是他十年来第一次清空比特币。

目前负责Flashbots运营部门的詹姆森向《财富》杂志表示:“很明显,比特币如果不是忽视了环境问题,就是在为环境问题找借口。”

过去十几年,加密货币社区基本上都伴随着采矿设备震耳欲聋的声音嗡嗡作响,比特币的耗电量也和比特币价格一起飙升。根据Digiconomist对比特币能耗量的追踪数据,作为加密货币始祖,比特币现在一年的耗电量与波兰相当,碳足迹与阿曼相当。

最近,联合国政府间气候变化委员会已经宣布,极端天气事件、食物短缺和动物灭绝将成为新常态的一部分,对比特币耗能的担忧终于引发了人们的讨论。

今年5月,伊隆·马斯克宣布,在比特币变得更加环保之前,特斯拉不会接受比特币作为支付方式,为重新审议比特币的环保问题打下了基础。马萨诸塞州参议员伊丽莎白·沃伦之后也呼吁打击“加密采矿造成环境资源浪费的做法”。当下,环境、社会和治理议题在华尔街持续升温,随着投资者对加密货币的研究加深,他们似乎准备提出更多问题。

“对于可持续和影响力投资者来说,它是货币中的烟草,”价值270亿美元的家族理财公司Pathstone的首席影响官埃里卡·卡普在接受采访时表示。“这是一种虚无主义的观点,但这是事实。”

币圈正面临对能耗的清算,可能会为卡尔达诺(Cardano)、以太坊2.0和Chia等加密货币打开大门,这些货币将自己定位为更高效、更环保的比特币替代品。

“加密技术将继续存在——这一点毋庸置疑。它正在为企业和消费者带来实实在在的好处,比如让交易变得更快、更可靠、更便宜、也更透明。”RippleX总经理莫妮卡·朗在5月写道。“但随着行业不断成熟,可持续发展必须成为核心关注点。”

问题在于比特币区块链内在的工作量证明结构。在某种程度上,正是这种开创性的想法使中本聪的创意变得独特、安全、甚至成为现实。工作量证明机制意味着,矿工们每天没日没夜地进行数学计算,这些计算有助于建立网络,同时保证网络的安全,在每一场比赛中获胜的矿工会在这个过程中获得一些比特币。这是一场规模游戏:矿工投入的计算资源越多,获胜的可能性就越高。剑桥替代金融中心(Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance)表示,尽管大多比特币矿机都使用可再生能源,但仍有很多矿工使用煤炭和天然气。

在许多比特币粉丝看来,这是必要的成本。比特币致力于成为一种数字黄金,一种无需对任何单一管理机构负责、易于转让的全球货币。所以安全是最重要的,工作量证明机制是安全的基础。“归根到底是个权衡的问题,”剑桥替代金融中心数字资产主管米歇尔•劳赫斯表示。“这就是工作量证明的本质。要达到这种安全水平就需要大量电力。”

不过,卡尔达诺、波尔卡多特(Polkadot)、索拉纳(Solana)等认为还有更好的出路。

使用一种称为权益证明的共识机制,加密货币的区块链可以通过个人或团体拿出平台的本地货币块来验证交易,而无需依赖高能耗的挖掘计算(而且只有一小部分能成功)。因此,权益证明区块链可以在复杂程度低得多的计算机系统上运行,更容易在不增加能源消耗量的情况下扩大交易量,减少对环境的影响。卡尔达诺创始人查尔斯·霍斯金森表示,旗下加密货币社区的一些成员已经能够在树莓派(Raspberry Pi)上创建质押池,而树莓派是一款可以单手持握的单板计算机,售价35美元。

“我们启动人类基因组计划时,花了数十亿美元才完成第一个人类基因组的测序。现在有一家叫Nebula的公司,只用300美元,就能提供你的整个基因组测序,”以太坊联合创始人霍斯金森向《财富》杂志表示。“得益于技术的发展,要达到和以前一样的效果只需花费更少成本。币圈也一样。”

卡尔达诺推出于2017年,是今年增长最快的加密货币之一。其货币艾达币(ADA)在2021年的CoinMarketCap的排名迅速上升,成为除比特币及以太坊之外最大的数字资产,截至9月22日,已经比今年年初上涨了1100%。

卡尔达诺将自己定位为第三代加密货币:像比特币一样去中心化,具有以太坊的智能合约功能,更关键的是,可以扩展。霍斯金森的挖币生涯始于2011年的一台台式电脑,他创造卡尔达诺可能是为了一个更大的目标,而不只是成为一个绿色加密货币,他说,生态可持续性一直是计算的一部分。

索拉纳和波尔卡多特使用类似的权益证明作为他们的基础协议,不过都添加了额外的系统。例如,索拉纳同时使用历史证明协议,称该协议有助于验证区块链上的顺序和时间。与此同时,波尔卡多特使用了传统权益证明协议的一种变体,称为指定权益证明。

以太坊的发明者维塔利克·布特林是权益证明环保理念的最大支持者之一。作为世界第二大加密货币,以太坊正准备在2022年初从工作量证明模式转为权益证明模式,布特林表示,此举可能会使以太坊的能源消耗减少99%以上。

“现在,作为加密货币,为了被认真对待,或者为了今后10年的存活,需要灵活和创新。”詹姆森说,“已经在这么做的加密货币要么正在研究,要么在积极实施其他替代性的共识机制,避免像比特币一样耗电。”

权益证明也吸引了注重可持续性的加密项目的注意。BitGreen正在计划创建一个影响力投资市场,可以将“链下”世界的绿色基础设施项目与加密投资者连接起来。BitGreen首席执行官亚当•卡弗向《财富》杂志表示,为了实现这一目标,该公司正寻求依托波尔卡多特的网络进行建设。

卡弗称,"我们要像Robinhood为股市所做的那样,为数百万想把自己的可投资收入投入与其价值相符的投资机会并获得市场回报的人创造这样的机会。"

不过,作为一种共识机制,权益证明机制还相对未经过考验。尽管其历史可以追溯到2012年,不是什么新鲜事物,而且如今已成为第二大共识机制,但加起来,使用这种机制的加密货币只相当于比特币的一小部分。截至8月24日,排名前60位的使用权益证明机制的加密货币的总市值仅为2000亿美元左右。相比之下,比特币的市值超过了9000亿美元。整个加密市场的规模约为2万亿美元。

还有其他问题。在CoinDesk研究分析师克里斯汀·金看来,共识机制对环境的好处是显而易见的。但金指出,投资者应该多问问题,比如这种加密货币是否在履行自己关于生态足迹的承诺。

“如果一辆车能耗能减少99%,却打不着火或转不了弯,你绝对不会买。”金在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示,“节能汽车的关键点在于,首先它是一辆很不错的汽车,同时它的能耗也不高。”

在Chia的创始人兼首席执行官布拉姆•科恩看来,权益证明机制算不上去中心化,因为验证者可以联合起来发起攻击,从而接管网络,虽然这意味着他们要冒着失去所有币的风险。

BitTorrent创始人转向了一个全新的方向,采用了一种被称为空间证明和时间证明的共识协议。该机制仍然遵守比特币2009白皮书中提出的中本聪共识,但依赖的是存储空间,而不是计算能力。

它的工作原理如下:Chia网络上所谓的“农民”(farmer)将硬盘上未使用的空间分配给软件,这些软件会在硬盘上放入混合的加密数字,即Chia所谓的“地块”(“plots”)。然后,当Chia区块链显示需要一个新区块时,农民可以检查他们是否有一个与挑战非常相似的地块。玩家每完成一个验证区块,即由验证区块的时间领主(Timelords)奖励一个XCH代币。科恩解释说,如果说比特币矿工在印彩票,那么Chia的时空证明模型就类似于宾戈卡。

“我们的想法是避免毫无意义的电力燃烧。”科恩在接受《财富》杂志采访时表示,“现在很难做到,因为需要一些资源来推动区块链前进。如果存在这样一种资源,它就叫做存储空间。”

现在还很难断定空间证明、时间证明或其他共识机制是否能打败工作量证明机制、成为加密货币行业的未来。但投资者已经开始下注了,虽然可持续性并非其中的驱动因素。

迈克尔是一位来自佛罗里达州的投资者,他在Reddit上很活跃,自2018年以来,艾达币(ADA)一直是他的首选。迈克尔(要求《财富》杂志不要透露他的姓氏)被其以研究为基础的结构所吸引,一直在投资艾达币,不断提高自己的头寸。“吸引人们进入币圈的头号因素是钱。”他说,“每个人都想赚钱。”

当迈克尔第一次买艾达币时,可持续性并不在考虑范围内,他担心未来几年,可持续性将成为币圈的“流行词”。不过,他意识到,如果加密货币要成为未来的货币,他们可能需要考虑环境问题:“你不能用不可持续的币种来运行全球金融操作系统。”(财富中文网))

译者:Agatha

Hudson Jameson had seen enough.

A member of the sprawling cryptoverse, the 30-year-old had been an early adopter of and believer in digital assets. Jameson first bought Bitcoin in 2011, just two years after its creation. He would go on to make his career in the field, having recently spent five years working at the Ethereum Foundation in various roles. And then, in August, he decided he could no longer subscribe to the cardinal cryptocurrency that is Bitcoin.

Sure, Satoshi Nakamoto’s invention still has the potential to completely upend the global banking system in favor of a decentralized one—but so too do others. The costs of the ravenous levels of energy needed to sustain Bitcoin had become too high, Jameson reasoned. So he cashed out, making him Bitcoin-less for the first time in a decade.

“It’s becoming pretty clear that Bitcoin is either ignoring or making excuses for the environmental issues it’s having,” Jameson, who now heads up operations at Flashbots, told Fortune.

Over the past dozen years, the cryptocurrency community has largely hummed along to the deafening sounds of mining rigs while Bitcoin’s energy usage has ballooned along with its price. The original cryptocurrency now uses about the same amount of electricity in a year as Poland, with a carbon footprint comparable to that of Oman, according to Digiconomist, which tracks Bitcoin’s energy consumption.

At a time when the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is declaring that extreme weather events, food shortages, and animal extinctions will be a part of society’s new reality, concern about the amount of energy required to power Bitcoin has finally reached the national dialogue.

Elon Musk set the stage for renewed scrutiny in May by declaring that Tesla would not accept Bitcoin as payment until it is greener. Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts has since called for a crackdown on “environmentally wasteful crypto mining practices.” And Wall Street, where the environmental, social, and governance phenomenon continues to gain steam, seems primed to raise more questions as it dips further into crypto.

“For sustainable and impact investors, it is the tobacco of currencies,” said Erika Karp, chief impact officer at $27 billion family office Pathstone, of crypto in an interview. “That’s kind of a nihilistic view, but that’s the reality.”

The world of digital assets is facing a reckoning over its energy consumption today—possibly opening the door for cryptocurrencies like Cardano, Ethereum 2.0, and Chia that have positioned themselves as more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to Bitcoin.

“Crypto is here to stay—this point is no longer up for debate. It is creating real-world benefits for businesses and consumers alike—benefits like faster, more reliable, and cheaper transactions with greater transparency than ever before,” RippleX general manager Monica Long wrote in May. “But as the industry matures, sustainability must be at the center.”

At issue is the proof-of-work structure that the Bitcoin blockchain was built with, which in some ways was the pioneering idea that helped make Nakamoto’s creation unique, secure, and even possible. Proof of work relies on miners racing all day every day to solve mathematical computations that help build the network while keeping it secure, with the winning miners in each of those races earning some Bitcoin in the process. It is a game of scale: The more computing resources a miner puts toward solving those computations, the higher the likelihood they win. And while renewable energy sources are most commonly used to power Bitcoin mining rigs, there are still a good deal of miners relying on coal and natural gas, according to the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance.

It’s a necessary cost in the eyes of many Bitcoin fans. Bitcoin is vying to become a type of digital gold, an easily transferable global currency that does not answer to any single governing body. So security is paramount, and proof of work provides just that. “It’s all a matter of tradeoffs,” said Michel Rauchs, digital assets lead at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. “It’s the very nature of proof of work. It requires a lot of electricity to achieve that level of security.”

Cardano, Polkadot, Solana, and others think there’s a better way forward, though.

Using a consensus mechanism known as proof of stake, the cryptocurrencies’ blockchains rely on individuals or groups putting up chunks of a platform’s native currency to validate transactions, rather than relying on energy-sucking mining computations (only a fraction of which are successful). Proof-of-stake blockchains can, as a result, run on vastly less sophisticated computer systems, making it easier to scale the volume of transactions without increasing the energy usage, and, therefore, the environmental footprint. Cardano founder Charles Hoskinson says some members of the cryptocurrency’s community have been able to create stake pools on a Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer that fits in your hand and costs $35.

“When we did the Human Genome Project, it cost billions of dollars to sequence the first human genome. Now there’s a company called Nebula, and for $300 they’ll sequence your entire genome,” Hoskinson, an Ethereum cofounder, told Fortune. “Technology allows you to have cost reductions to achieve the same ends that you did before. And it’s the same situation here.”

Launched in 2017, Cardano has been one of the fastest-growing cryptocurrencies this year. Its coin, ADA, has catapulted up the CoinMarketCap rankings in 2021 to become the largest digital asset not named Bitcoin or Ethereum, having risen more than 1,100% since the start of the year, as of Sept. 22.

Cardano bills itself as a third-generation cryptocurrency: one that is decentralized like Bitcoin, has the smart contract capabilities of Ethereum, and, critically, can scale. And while Hoskinson, who started mining Bitcoin from a desktop computer in 2011, may have created Cardano for a much larger purpose than being a green crypto, ecological sustainability was always a part of the calculus, he said.

Solana and Polkadot similarly use proof of stake as their base protocols, though both have added additional systems on top of those. Solana, for example, also uses a proof-of-history protocol that it says helps verify the order and time on its blockchain. Polkadot, meanwhile, uses a variant of the traditional proof-of-stake protocol known as nominated proof of stake.

One of the biggest proponents of proof of stake’s environmental friendliness has been Ethereum inventor Vitalik Buterin. The world’s second-largest cryptocurrency, Ethereum is currently gearing up to switch from a proof-of-work model to proof of stake in early 2022, a move that Buterin has said could cut Ethereum’s energy consumption by more than 99%.

“At this point, in order to be taken seriously as a cryptocurrency or to have a chance of surviving the next 10 years, you need to be able to be flexible and innovative,” Jameson said. “Coins that are doing that are either looking into or actively implementing alternative consensus mechanisms that do not use as much electricity as Bitcoin does.”

Proof of stake is grabbing the attention of sustainability-minded crypto projects, too. BitGreen is looking to possibly create an impact investing market that could connect the “off chain” world of green infrastructure projects with crypto investors. To do that, BitGreen is looking to build on the Polkadot network, its CEO Adam Carver told Fortune.

“We will do for sustainability what Robinhood did for equities in that we will create access for millions of people who want to put their own discretionary investment income into investment opportunities that have a market rate of return and that align with their values,” Carver said.

It is still relatively untested as a consensus mechanism, though. While not new, as its roots trace back to 2012, proof of stake is now the second-largest consensus mechanism. But combined, the cryptocurrencies using it represent only a fraction of Bitcoin’s size. A group of the top 60 proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies held a combined market capitalization of just about $200 billion as of Aug. 24. Bitcoin, by comparison, commands a market cap in excess of $900 billion. The entire crypto market is at around $2 trillion.

And there are questions about proof of stake. In the eyes of Christine Kim, a research analyst at CoinDesk, the environmental benefits of the consensus mechanism are clear. But investors, Kim noted, should be asking as many questions about whether such proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies are doing what they say they will do about their ecological footprint.

“You would never buy a car just because it uses 99% less energy, but the car itself can’t start or make turns,” Kim told Fortune. “The point of building an energy-efficient car is that it’s a great car, but, at the same time, it doesn’t use as much energy.”

Chia founder and CEO Bram Cohen takes issue with the notion that proof of stake is decentralized, as validators could band together and mount an attack to take over a network, even if they risk losing out on the coins they staked to do so.

The BitTorrent founder has instead moved in an entirely new direction with a consensus protocol called proof of space and time. The mechanism still abides by the Nakamoto consensus laid out in the Bitcoin 2009 white paper, but relies on storage space rather than computing power.

Here’s how it works: The so-called farmers on the Chia network allocate unused space on a hard drive for software that puts a mix of cryptographic numbers on the drive in what Chia calls “plots.” Then, when the Chia blockchain indicates a new block is needed, farmers can check if they have a plot closely resembling the challenge. Farmers are rewarded with an XCH token for each verified block they complete by what are known as Timelords, who verify the blocks. So if Bitcoin miners are printing lottery tickets, Cohen explained, Chia’s proof-of-space-and-time model revolves around bingo cards.

“The idea is to get away from the burning of electricity [that’s] doing nothing whatsoever,” Cohen told Fortune. “Now, that’s difficult to do because some resource needs to go into moving the blockchain forward. And such a resource does it exist, it’s called storage space.”

Whether proof of space, time, or some other consensus mechanism beats out proof of work as the cryptocurrency industry’s future is impossible to know today. But investors are already starting to place their bets, even if sustainability is not the driving factor.

For Michael, a Florida-based investor who is active on Reddit, Cardano has been his coin of choice since 2018. Drawn to it by its research-backed structure, Michael, who asked Fortune not to use his last name, has been staking his ADA coins and growing his position that way: “The No. 1 thing that’s going to bring people to crypto is money,” he said. “Everyone wants to make a buck.”

Sustainability was not a factor when Michael first bought in, and he worries that it is going to become “a buzzword” for the cryptocurrency space in the coming years. He realizes, though, that if cryptocurrencies are going to be the money of the future, they likely need to keep the environment in mind: “You can’t run the world’s financial operating system on a token that isn’t sustainable.”

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