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这家公司是“通用”新冠疫苗的希望,获2060万美元资金

这家公司是“通用”新冠疫苗的希望,获2060万美元资金

Jeremy Khan 2021-08-23
全球现有多个致力于开发通用新冠疫苗的生物技术研发团体,Gritstone是其中之一。

人类一直冀望开发出可以对抗未来新冠病毒变种的通用疫苗,而现在我们距离梦想成真又近了一步。

流行病防范创新联盟(Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)已经同意向美国加利福尼亚州埃默里维尔一家成立6年的生物技术公司——Gritstone提供2060万美元资金,资助其对一款“通用”新冠疫苗进行测试。

流行病防范创新联盟是一家跨国组织,由多国政府、非政府组织于2016年携手成立,该组织致力于创建能够对大流行病进行快速反应的机制。新冠疫情则是该组织碰到的第一个真正考验。

流行病防范创新联盟的首席执行官理查德•哈切特说:“新冠肺炎变异毒株已经导致部分疫苗效力降低,所以我们一定不能放松警惕。如果我们想提前为应对这种致命病毒做好准备,就必须继续对关键疫苗研发工作进行投资。”

Gritstone将利用前述投资在南非对其新冠疫苗开展初期人体临床试验。该公司在8月17日的公告中称,相关试验将于年底前启动。

Gritstone同时表示,这笔资金将被用于进行各项临床前研究,提高公司的研发、制造能力,并帮助其开发出更稳定的疫苗。此前,该公司的研究还得到了美国国家过敏与传染病研究所(U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)、拉霍亚免疫学研究所(La Jolla Institute for Immunology)和比尔及梅林达•盖茨基金会(Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)的支持。

根据Gritstone与流行病防范创新联盟签署的最新资助协议,如果该公司的通用新冠疫苗研发成功,相关疫苗将通过新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划(COVAX)架构供应全球,也就是说,发展中国家也将可以获得这种疫苗。新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划由新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划、疫苗推广机构全球疫苗免疫联盟(Gavi)、世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)牵头成立,其使命是让全球各国都能够公平获得新冠疫苗。

全球现有多个致力于开发通用新冠疫苗的生物技术研发团体,Gritstone只是其中之一。其他类似团体还包括比利时初创公司myNEO以及来自杜克大学(Duke University)沃尔特里德陆军研究所(Walter Reed Army Institute)和北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)的独立学术团队。这些机构拥有相同的目标,那就是找到一种可以更好应对新冠病毒未来突变的强力疫苗,只是采用的研发策略和技术略有不同。不过,流行病防范创新联盟对Gritstone临床试验的资助能够被看作是对该团队目前进展的重要肯定。

Gritstone的信使RNA(mRNA)技术与辉瑞(Pfizer)、Moderna在开发新冠疫苗时使用的技术类似,但二者之间也存在一些重要区别。现有mRNA疫苗仅可以促使人体细胞产生一种冠状病毒蛋白,即新冠病毒借以感染细胞的刺突蛋白,导致现有疫苗容易被新冠病毒变种(例如德尔塔变种病毒)的刺突蛋白突变所突破,造成突破感染。

而Gritstone的疫苗则不同,除刺突蛋白外,其还能够指导细胞产生与新冠病毒相关的其他蛋白,特别是整个冠状病毒家族中变异不大的各种蛋白。虽然在许多情况下,我们对其功能的认识仍然不全面,但各方普遍认为,这些蛋白之所以可以“保存良好”,是因为其为病毒生存所必需,因而可能不太容易出现能够使病毒“逃逸免疫”的突变。此外,由于该疫苗同时瞄准了多种蛋白,任何一种新冠变异体不太可能在所有蛋白中都产生足以使其“逃逸免疫”的突变。

此外,Gritstone正在对所谓“自扩增型mRNA”(或SAM)疫苗的使用进行研究,这也是其与现行做法的重大差异之一。现有mRNA疫苗仅可以促使细胞产生有限数量的病毒蛋白,而SAM疫苗则能够欺骗细胞产生更多的特定蛋白。也就是说,少量疫苗将有可能会带来更强力的免疫效果,如此一来,民众后续就不再需要多次接种疫苗或接种加强针疫苗。

不过也有研究者对Gritstone采用的方法持怀疑态度。首先,目前唯一被证明可以防止感染新冠病毒的抗体就产生于对刺突蛋白的免疫反应。虽然训练体内B细胞和T细胞识别其他病毒蛋白或许也能够帮助人体启动免疫反应,但因为抗体还可以阻止病毒使用其刺突感染细胞,目前尚不清楚在没有抗体的情况下此种免疫反应能够起到多大效果。

此外,也有研究者担心,除非设计极为精准且与其他分子共同使用,否则SAM疫苗可能会对部分免疫系统造成过度刺激,进而对mRNA造成伤害、减少细胞的病毒蛋白质产量,最终导致疫苗效力下降。

最后,由于此种方法是通过促使细胞同时显示多种病毒蛋白(来提升免疫效果),有人担心这会耗尽B细胞和T细胞的反应能力,让人体的“防御战线”拉得过长,降低疫苗效力。

Gritstone表示,作为其所谓CORAL新冠疫苗开发平台的任务之一,该公司将对是否可能通过黑猩猩腺病毒载体技术(与阿斯利康现行新冠疫苗开发技术相似)或结合使用腺病毒和SAM技术开发通用新冠疫苗展开试验。

该公司表示:“加上流行病防范创新联盟支持的研究项目,相关临床试验将对4种不同的候选疫苗进行测试,为CORAL项目确定青少年、老年人、已接种疫苗人群及免疫缺陷人群的最佳接种剂量和抗原含量。”

作为一家在纳斯达克(Nasdaq)上市的公司,Gritstone的主营业务是开发用于癌症治疗的SAM技术。该公司现有两款肿瘤药物正在进行II期人体试验,一款用于治疗结直肠癌,另一款用于治疗肺癌。不过该公司最近也开始将艾滋病、新冠肺炎等传染病纳入自己的研究范围之中。(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

人类一直冀望开发出可以对抗未来新冠病毒变种的通用疫苗,而现在我们距离梦想成真又近了一步。

流行病防范创新联盟(Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)已经同意向美国加利福尼亚州埃默里维尔一家成立6年的生物技术公司——Gritstone提供2060万美元资金,资助其对一款“通用”新冠疫苗进行测试。

流行病防范创新联盟是一家跨国组织,由多国政府、非政府组织于2016年携手成立,该组织致力于创建能够对大流行病进行快速反应的机制。新冠疫情则是该组织碰到的第一个真正考验。

流行病防范创新联盟的首席执行官理查德•哈切特说:“新冠肺炎变异毒株已经导致部分疫苗效力降低,所以我们一定不能放松警惕。如果我们想提前为应对这种致命病毒做好准备,就必须继续对关键疫苗研发工作进行投资。”

Gritstone将利用前述投资在南非对其新冠疫苗开展初期人体临床试验。该公司在8月17日的公告中称,相关试验将于年底前启动。

Gritstone同时表示,这笔资金将被用于进行各项临床前研究,提高公司的研发、制造能力,并帮助其开发出更稳定的疫苗。此前,该公司的研究还得到了美国国家过敏与传染病研究所(U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)、拉霍亚免疫学研究所(La Jolla Institute for Immunology)和比尔及梅林达•盖茨基金会(Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)的支持。

根据Gritstone与流行病防范创新联盟签署的最新资助协议,如果该公司的通用新冠疫苗研发成功,相关疫苗将通过新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划(COVAX)架构供应全球,也就是说,发展中国家也将可以获得这种疫苗。新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划由新冠肺炎疫苗实施计划、疫苗推广机构全球疫苗免疫联盟(Gavi)、世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)牵头成立,其使命是让全球各国都能够公平获得新冠疫苗。

全球现有多个致力于开发通用新冠疫苗的生物技术研发团体,Gritstone只是其中之一。其他类似团体还包括比利时初创公司myNEO以及来自杜克大学(Duke University)沃尔特里德陆军研究所(Walter Reed Army Institute)和北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)的独立学术团队。这些机构拥有相同的目标,那就是找到一种可以更好应对新冠病毒未来突变的强力疫苗,只是采用的研发策略和技术略有不同。不过,流行病防范创新联盟对Gritstone临床试验的资助能够被看作是对该团队目前进展的重要肯定。

Gritstone的信使RNA(mRNA)技术与辉瑞(Pfizer)、Moderna在开发新冠疫苗时使用的技术类似,但二者之间也存在一些重要区别。现有mRNA疫苗仅可以促使人体细胞产生一种冠状病毒蛋白,即新冠病毒借以感染细胞的刺突蛋白,导致现有疫苗容易被新冠病毒变种(例如德尔塔变种病毒)的刺突蛋白突变所突破,造成突破感染。

而Gritstone的疫苗则不同,除刺突蛋白外,其还能够指导细胞产生与新冠病毒相关的其他蛋白,特别是整个冠状病毒家族中变异不大的各种蛋白。虽然在许多情况下,我们对其功能的认识仍然不全面,但各方普遍认为,这些蛋白之所以可以“保存良好”,是因为其为病毒生存所必需,因而可能不太容易出现能够使病毒“逃逸免疫”的突变。此外,由于该疫苗同时瞄准了多种蛋白,任何一种新冠变异体不太可能在所有蛋白中都产生足以使其“逃逸免疫”的突变。

此外,Gritstone正在对所谓“自扩增型mRNA”(或SAM)疫苗的使用进行研究,这也是其与现行做法的重大差异之一。现有mRNA疫苗仅可以促使细胞产生有限数量的病毒蛋白,而SAM疫苗则能够欺骗细胞产生更多的特定蛋白。也就是说,少量疫苗将有可能会带来更强力的免疫效果,如此一来,民众后续就不再需要多次接种疫苗或接种加强针疫苗。

不过也有研究者对Gritstone采用的方法持怀疑态度。首先,目前唯一被证明可以防止感染新冠病毒的抗体就产生于对刺突蛋白的免疫反应。虽然训练体内B细胞和T细胞识别其他病毒蛋白或许也能够帮助人体启动免疫反应,但因为抗体还可以阻止病毒使用其刺突感染细胞,目前尚不清楚在没有抗体的情况下此种免疫反应能够起到多大效果。

此外,也有研究者担心,除非设计极为精准且与其他分子共同使用,否则SAM疫苗可能会对部分免疫系统造成过度刺激,进而对mRNA造成伤害、减少细胞的病毒蛋白质产量,最终导致疫苗效力下降。

最后,由于此种方法是通过促使细胞同时显示多种病毒蛋白(来提升免疫效果),有人担心这会耗尽B细胞和T细胞的反应能力,让人体的“防御战线”拉得过长,降低疫苗效力。

Gritstone表示,作为其所谓CORAL新冠疫苗开发平台的任务之一,该公司将对是否可能通过黑猩猩腺病毒载体技术(与阿斯利康现行新冠疫苗开发技术相似)或结合使用腺病毒和SAM技术开发通用新冠疫苗展开试验。

该公司表示:“加上流行病防范创新联盟支持的研究项目,相关临床试验将对4种不同的候选疫苗进行测试,为CORAL项目确定青少年、老年人、已接种疫苗人群及免疫缺陷人群的最佳接种剂量和抗原含量。”

作为一家在纳斯达克(Nasdaq)上市的公司,Gritstone的主营业务是开发用于癌症治疗的SAM技术。该公司现有两款肿瘤药物正在进行II期人体试验,一款用于治疗结直肠癌,另一款用于治疗肺癌。不过该公司最近也开始将艾滋病、新冠肺炎等传染病纳入自己的研究范围之中。(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

The prospect of a next-generation COVID-19 vaccine that could offer protection against future virus variants took a step closer to reality at now.

The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) has agreed to provide $20.6 million in funding to a six-year-old biotechnology company called Gritstone, based in Emeryville, Calif., to help it test a “universal” COVID-19 vaccine.

CEPI is a global partnership of governments and nongovernmental organizations dedicated to creating mechanisms for quickly combating pandemics. COVID-19 has been the first real test for the organization, which was established in 2016.

“COVID-19 variants are already rendering some of our vaccines less effective, so it is critical that we don’t let our guard down. We must continue to invest in critical vaccine R&D if we are to stay one step ahead of this deadly virus,” Richard Hatchett, CEPI’s chief executive officer, said.

The latest funding for Gritstone will help it conduct an initial human clinical trial of its COVID-19 vaccine in South Africa. The company said in an announcement on August 17 that the trial would begin before the end of the year.

The money will also help Gritstone conduct preclinical studies, increase its research and manufacturing capacity, and help it develop a more stable vaccine, the company said. The company has previously received backing for its research from the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), as well as the La Jolla Institute for Immunology and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

As part of the latest CEPI funding deal, Gritstone has agreed that if it is successful in developing a universal COVID-19 vaccine, it will be made available globally through the COVAX facility, which is sponsored by CEPI, the vaccine funding body Gavi, and the World Health Organization, meaning that developing countries ought to be able to gain access to the vaccine.

Gritstone is one of several biotechnology research groups around the world pursuing a universal coronavirus vaccine. Others include Belgian startup myNEO as well as separate academic teams from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Duke University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Each is betting on a slightly different strategy and technology to achieve the goal of a vaccine that is more robust to future coronavirus mutations. But CEPI’s funding of Gritstone’s clinical trial is an important endorsement of its progress so far.

Gritstone’s messenger RNA (mRNA) technology is similar to that used by both Pfizer and Moderna in their COVID-19 vaccines. But there are a few crucial differences: The existing mRNA vaccines prompt the body’s cells to manufacture just a single coronavirus protein—the spike protein that the virus uses to infect cells. That has made these existing vaccines vulnerable to mutations in the spike protein seen in new variants of SARS-CoV-2, such as the Delta variant.

In addition to that spike protein, Gritstone’s vaccine would instruct cells to make other proteins associated with the virus, especially targeting ones that seem not to show much variation across the whole family of coronaviruses. Although their function is not entirely understood in many cases, these “well-conserved” proteins are thought to be essential for the virus’s survival and thus may not be as susceptible to mutations that would enable the virus to elude a vaccine. Plus, by targeting multiple proteins at the same time, it becomes far less likely that any one variant would have enough mutations in all of those proteins to enable it to escape the vaccine.

Another key difference is that Gritstone is investigating the use of what is known as a “self-augmenting mRNA” (or SAM) vaccine. While existing mRNA vaccines can prompt a cell to make only a limited number of virus proteins, SAM vaccines trick the cell into producing many more copies of a particular protein. This means a smaller amount of vaccine can potentially create a more robust immune response, potentially obviating the need for second doses and booster shots.

Some researchers, however, are skeptical of Gritstone’s approach. For one thing, the only antibodies proven to prevent infection from SARS-CoV-2 form in response to the spike protein. While training the body’s B cells and T cells to recognize other virus proteins too might help a person mount an immune response, it isn’t clear how effective that response is without antibodies that can also prevent the virus from using its spike to infect cells.

In addition, some researchers worry that SAM vaccines, unless very carefully engineered and administered with other molecules, overstimulate a part of the immune system that can degrade mRNA and reduce the cell's production of the virus proteins, ultimately rendering the vaccine less effective.

Finally, there is some concern that this approach, by prompting cells to display many virus proteins at once, could exhaust the B cell and T cell response, spreading the body's defenses too thin, which would also make the vaccine less effective.

Gritstone said that as part of its COVID-19 vaccine development platform, which it calls CORAL, it will experiment with whether a universal COVID-19 vaccine could be delivered with a chimpanzee adenovirus vector technology that is similar to the one used in AstraZeneca’s current COVID-19 vaccine, or whether a combination of adenovirus and SAM technologies could be used.

“Together with the CEPI-supported study, this set of clinical trials will test four different vaccine candidates and establish optimal dosing and antigenic content for the CORAL program in young individuals, the elderly, the previously vaccinated, and the immunocompromised,” the company said.

Gritstone, whose shares are publicly traded on Nasdaq, has primarily been developing its SAM technology for use in cancer therapies. The company currently has two oncology drugs—one for use in colorectal cancer and another for lung cancer—in Phase II human trials. But it has recently broadened the scope of its research to include infectious diseases, such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2.

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