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疫情时期,殡葬业超负荷运转

疫情时期,殡葬业超负荷运转

Kat Eschner 2021-08-12
新冠疫情期间发生的大规模死亡改变了殡葬行业的未来估值。

去年,美国的死亡人数超过335万人,远远超出了殡葬业的正常处理负荷。最近的一项分析发现,超过70%的额外死亡是由新冠病毒引起的。其他的额外死亡案例则与新冠疫情引发的纷乱有关,有些完全死于偶然因素。在全美各地的疫情重灾区,殡仪馆、墓地和火葬场都面临着前所未有的运转压力。毕竟,该国的殡葬业系统往往只能够应对可以预见的死亡人数(在像2019年这样的正常年份,死亡人数约为280万),而2020年它则要应对显著增加的死者。

纽约州殡葬承办人协会(New York State Funeral Directors Association)的执行董事迈克•拉诺特说,在纽约这一早期的新冠疫情重灾区,“疫情让人觉得是‘压倒性的’、‘十分紧张的’。”拉诺特指出,正常时期,纽约州每天大约有400人死亡。这就是该州的殡仪馆、火葬场和公墓所能够应对的死亡人数。有时候,异常糟糕的流感季节会导致当地的死亡人数激增,但纽约州和其他地方的殡葬系统已经被证明具有相当的弹性。

在纽约和新泽西,疫情头几个月的情况并非如此。拉诺特称,他的协会成员和邻近州的同行都被激增的殡葬服务需求压得喘不过气来。“这种情况大概一直持续到2020年夏初,之后殡葬服务需求才真正开始回落到一个系统可以跟得上的水平。”他说道。

纽约疫情爆发期间,路上存放尸体的冷藏卡车成为了许多美国人对疫情初期的印象,也勾起了人们对“9•11”事件的回忆。那是当地殡葬行业上一次因为灾难而承受过大负荷的时候。但在整个2020年,全美各地的死亡人数都出现飙升,殡葬服务专业人员的工作负荷随之达到极限。

殡葬服务人员鲜少被提及。“有需要的时候,你需要他们的帮助。”北美火葬协会(Cremation Association of North America)的执行董事芭芭拉•凯米斯表示。“但是,我们协会的葬礼和墓地从业人员以及火葬场所有者却从未被列在任何能够看见的致谢急救人员的名单上。”她说,这个行当的人都明白自己的角色,但过去一年他们在前线的工作真的非常艰难。

现在,受更危险的变异毒株和疫苗接种率低的影响,美国各地的新冠肺炎病例再次出现激增。美国的疫情还远未结束。但是,由于治疗和控制新冠病毒的知识增进,再加上疫苗接种的铺展,殡葬服务业不会面临像去年那样全美普遍的汹涌需求。自从开始评估行业状况以来,殡葬行业领导者和拥护者均称他们的行业因为疫情已经发生了不可逆转的改变。

快速的技术变革、火葬的增加,以及不得不应对巨大的死亡人数的压力,致使从业人员普遍出现职业倦怠,许多人离开了这个行业。提供殡葬艺术与科学课程的约翰•古普顿学院(John A. Gupton College)的院长史蒂夫•斯潘指出,去年该行业的营收也出现了下滑,因为种种防疫限制措施使得葬礼无法如常进行。他说:“我想,所有的殡仪馆都会认定,它们在财务上受到了相当大的打击。”据他估计,它们的收入下降了20%至30%。

从短期来看,这意味着这个行业将缺乏人手。从中期来看,这可能意味着本来已经被高度整合的殡葬行业将进一步整合,一些为黑人群体等特定社区服务的殡仪馆将会消失。从长期来看,前景难料。但有一点是肯定的:殡葬业将永远不会回到2019年的样子。

“最后的响应人员”

大约在2020年3月27日,阿拉巴马州殡仪馆的馆长兰迪•安德森接到第一通说要收走新冠病毒死者遗体的电话。那个人死在养老院里,养老院是疫情初期病毒传播最迅猛的场所之一。

“从那开始,我们接收的死于疫情的人大量增加,大约占我们2020年遗体处理总数的25%。”安德森说道。他指出,他拥有的两家殡仪馆——拉德尼殡仪馆(Radney Funeral Home)和兰利殡仪馆(Langley Funeral Home)——在2020年总共处理了100多名新冠病毒死者,遗体接收数量比2019年增加了60具到70具。

上述最近对额外死亡(指超出预期数量的死亡人数)的分析显示,美国各地都出现了额外死亡现象,尽管这种影响因时间和地域而异。该研究的作者在科学期刊《美国医学会杂志•网络开放》(JAMA Network)上撰文指出,阿拉巴马州是2020年人均额外死亡人数第五多的州,仅次于密西西比州、新泽西州、纽约州和亚利桑那州。

在H1N1流感大流行之后,安德森遵循美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)的指示,持续保持了足够高的物资水平,以便能够对100具尸体进行防腐处理,同时还配备了个人防护设备。新冠病毒来袭时,他可以与当地医疗机构共享物资,也能够为自己的团队提供保护。

然而,所有的物资都无法让他和他的员工为应对他们将要面对的局面做好准备。安德森说:“疫情危机最严重的时候,那个退伍军人疗养院,我们大概每周要去五到六次。”他们还多次前往当地医院的停尸房和人们的家。

他称,“从大约4月到大约10月、11月,我们每天都要工作12到14个小时。”这一切负荷给工作人员带来了身体上的损害,奔走在疫情前线的其他人还承受着心理上的损害。

拉诺特说,那些从事殡葬服务的人扮演着双重角色。他们是公共卫生从业者,要确保病人在其遗体离开医疗系统时可以得到安息。在这个角色中,他们需要配合当地卫生官员的工作。但他们也是第一个为痛失亲人者提供慰藉的人。

他说,去年,当每日死亡人数激增时,他们主要扮演公共卫生角色。但他们的另一个角色仍然存在。在应对疫情期间水涨船高的服务需求,并与其他人一起了解社交疏远和其他防疫措施之时,殡仪馆馆长和其他殡葬从业人员试图让悲痛的家人参与到亲人的安葬仪式中。

这需要用到一些新手段。凯米斯去年失去了她的祖母。由于疫情,她和她的母亲无法参加葬礼,但多亏了一位殡葬礼仪师,他们仍然能够参与其中。“她站在墓边,举着她的手机。”凯米斯说。她和她的母亲在Facebook Live上观看了葬礼的直播。

在凯米斯看来,这充分表明了“最后的响应人员”做点什么来慰藉痛失亲友者的意愿。“那不是她必须要做的事情。她也没有因此向我们收取费用。我也不知道可以提出直播要求。”

迎头赶上

越来越广泛的趋势是殡葬专业人员尝试使用新技术把亲人家属与死者联系在一起,凯米斯的经历就是其中一例。对许多人来说,通过Zoom直播葬礼或利用Facebook开线上追悼会非常新奇,但这些事物的出现意味着发展缓慢的传统殡葬行业发生着巨大变革。

“殡葬业由来已久,有很多古老传统的做法。”保尔•莱马斯特曾经是一名遗体防腐师,现在担任全美公墓及殡仪协会(International Cemetery, Cremation, and Funeral Association)的总顾问,他表示,“我认识很多殉葬从业者,他们甚至还有传真机。”

莱马斯特提到,疫情开始时,殡葬从业者发现自己面临着各种问题,包括数字通信的监管问题,以及工作场所发生巨大技术变革等方方面面的问题。凯米斯表示,这种对新技术的采用“让葬礼服务提升了不止十年”。

有关殡葬的教育正急于迎头赶上。斯潘指出,虽然与一年前相比,如今全美各地更有可能参加线下葬礼,但“很大一部分家庭仍然想要网络直播。”他还表示,虽然约翰古普顿学院早已开始提供数字营销课程,但是新冠肺炎的爆发加快了这类课程的开设。

拉诺特称,在过去,“逝者家属和殡葬师有关葬礼的所有事情都是在殡仪馆内面对面完成。”在美国一些地方,这种处理葬礼的状况根深蒂固,法律规定更是如此,所以导致该行业向着新的形式转型更复杂。

例如,纽约州的法律规定,公墓、火葬场和殡仪馆的文件中不允许使用电子签名。也就是说,悲痛的家属必须提供亲笔签名,并通过联邦快递或其他方式寄送纸质文件。如果逝者家属因为新冠肺炎而处于隔离状态,那么这个寄送过程就会更复杂,CNHI的乔•马奥尼写道。最近,州政府对这条特殊的法律规定进行了修改。这也是殡葬行业变革的一大动力,因为新冠疫情已经导致该行业加速衰落。

曾经有一段时间,几乎对所有美国人来说,在殡仪馆中进行精心防腐处理后陈列的遗体就是殉葬的核心。维克森林大学(Wake Forest University)的一名法学教授坦尼娅•马什专门研究葬礼和墓地产业,她表示,如今不同以往。就文化传统而言,对待死亡和遗体处置的态度变化虽然缓慢,但却实实在在地发生,现在越来越多地采用火葬就是这一趋势的例证。

在过去的几十年里,全美火葬率每年增长1%到2%。2016年,火葬率首次跃至50%以上。“火葬已经带来了改变。”马什表示。火化后可以用不同的形式进行最终的遗体处置和举行哀悼,因为通常对尸体进行防腐处理需要专业人员进行操作,但是火化的遗体并不需要。

尽管许多人预测新冠疫情期间遗体火化的数量会激增,但根据北美火葬协会的数据,估计2020年的全美火葬率仅仅上升了1.5%。不过,在一些地区,火葬率的增幅要大得多。例如,在2020年的上半年,新泽西州的火葬率上升了3%以上。马什指出,这些地区性的增长可能会持续下去。“问题是,人们会把火葬和新冠疫情联系在一起吗?”

如果两者联系到了一起,就可能会对火葬率的提高产生负面影响。不过马什并不确定。“丧葬习俗对社会常态化具有强烈作用。”她补充说,如果人们出于需要选择将心爱之人火化,然后发现这是一次积极的经历,那么很可能在未来也会选择火葬。

这种做法有很多好处。首先,火葬通常比完整的葬礼开销更小,而且可以让家属有时间聚在一起,用自己的方式与逝者告别。相比我们许多人在电视上看到的盛大葬礼,火葬提供了截然不同的选择。但对于大多数殡仪馆来说,这意味着较低的收入和角色的转变。“殡仪馆从业者必须把自己的身份从遗体防腐师转变成活动策划者。”凯米斯表示,“这是大势所趋。但是做起来并不简单。”

未来殡葬

殉葬从业者角色的转变,加之新冠疫情带来的各种压力和变化,正在对殡葬行业产生巨大影响。一些从业者正在离开该行业,而继续从事该行业的人们需要应对身处死亡前线带来的创伤。安德森自己所在地区的疫情情况稳定后,他邀请了一位创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)顾问与自己的员工会面。安德森说:“现在我们对自己所做事情的看法略有不同。”

与业内许多人一样,安德森自己也感染了新冠肺炎。他失业三个月,住院一周。亲眼目睹了疫情的肆虐之后,他对自己的康复更加担忧。“我埋葬过太多死于新冠肺炎的人。”他表示。

克里斯•布西尼在疫情最严重的时候曾经是康涅狄格州两家殡仪馆的行政助理,他也感染了新冠肺炎,殡仪馆的其他工作人员几乎也未能幸免。“我们当时吓坏了。”布西尼称。殡仪馆中唯一没有感染新冠肺炎的是遗体防腐师,他是一名在停尸房工作了很长时间的年轻人,通常和其他工作人员没有什么联系。

布西尼之所以加入殡葬行业,是因为无论对于悲痛的家属还是死者而言,都需要照护。他表示,“我真的很了解殡葬行业的温柔之处。”而离开该行业的部分原因是新冠疫情带来的各种压力。

凯米斯认为,殡葬行业大批从业者的离开可能会推动该行业的进一步整合。她指出,在过去的一年里,一些考虑退休或离开的业内人士正选择把殡仪馆出售给企业集团。

咨询公司的工作人员莱马斯特负责了不少这类交易,并见证了过去几个月的交易量出现了激增。他指出,“这促使很多业内人士会说:‘我不想再做这件事情了。’”

但这一趋势可能发展较为缓慢,而且不可预测。新冠疫情期间发生的大规模死亡改变了殡葬行业的未来估值,因为在某些地方,预计在“婴儿潮一代”发生的死亡高峰提前了十年有余。

凯米斯认为,“从现在到2025年左右,实际上我们可能会看到一些地区的死亡人数有所下降。”这种短期的下降可能会改变殡仪馆、火葬场和墓地的估值,至少目前是这样。不过凯米斯也表示,这可能也为培训新的遗体防腐师、火葬场经营者、殡葬师等其他从事这一庞大行业的人员创造了时间。未来的殡葬专业人员一毕业就得进入一个已经被新冠疫情从根本上改变的行业,而这个国家才刚刚开始努力应对其影响。

马什预计,未来三到五年内,会有更多人士提前退休或是不再从事该行业。她说:“很多人对这个职业都倦怠了。”

不过未来的种子正在开始播种。殡葬从业者所依赖的专业协会正在开始举办线下会议或大会,这是自疫情发生以前的首次尝试。对于那些仍然留在这个行业的人来说,这是一个重新部署和审视近来所发生一切的机会。莱马斯特表示,自己所在机构最近举办了一次殡葬行业分享会,大约有180名成员出席,“大家绝对是在分享故事。”他表示,现在有了一种新的同志革命情谊。

随着殡葬专业人员认真反思过去一年半的情况,该行业也在努力规划未来。“这是一次完整的殡葬行业对话。”拉诺特表示。对话的一部分是为下一轮疫情做好准备。最近,安德森在一次州会议上就这一话题发表了讲话。他指出:“第一件事情就是照顾好你的员工。”(财富中文网)

译者:万志文 三叠瀑

去年,美国的死亡人数超过335万人,远远超出了殡葬业的正常处理负荷。最近的一项分析发现,超过70%的额外死亡是由新冠病毒引起的。其他的额外死亡案例则与新冠疫情引发的纷乱有关,有些完全死于偶然因素。在全美各地的疫情重灾区,殡仪馆、墓地和火葬场都面临着前所未有的运转压力。毕竟,该国的殡葬业系统往往只能够应对可以预见的死亡人数(在像2019年这样的正常年份,死亡人数约为280万),而2020年它则要应对显著增加的死者。

纽约州殡葬承办人协会(New York State Funeral Directors Association)的执行董事迈克•拉诺特说,在纽约这一早期的新冠疫情重灾区,“疫情让人觉得是‘压倒性的’、‘十分紧张的’。”拉诺特指出,正常时期,纽约州每天大约有400人死亡。这就是该州的殡仪馆、火葬场和公墓所能够应对的死亡人数。有时候,异常糟糕的流感季节会导致当地的死亡人数激增,但纽约州和其他地方的殡葬系统已经被证明具有相当的弹性。

在纽约和新泽西,疫情头几个月的情况并非如此。拉诺特称,他的协会成员和邻近州的同行都被激增的殡葬服务需求压得喘不过气来。“这种情况大概一直持续到2020年夏初,之后殡葬服务需求才真正开始回落到一个系统可以跟得上的水平。”他说道。

纽约疫情爆发期间,路上存放尸体的冷藏卡车成为了许多美国人对疫情初期的印象,也勾起了人们对“9•11”事件的回忆。那是当地殡葬行业上一次因为灾难而承受过大负荷的时候。但在整个2020年,全美各地的死亡人数都出现飙升,殡葬服务专业人员的工作负荷随之达到极限。

殡葬服务人员鲜少被提及。“有需要的时候,你需要他们的帮助。”北美火葬协会(Cremation Association of North America)的执行董事芭芭拉•凯米斯表示。“但是,我们协会的葬礼和墓地从业人员以及火葬场所有者却从未被列在任何能够看见的致谢急救人员的名单上。”她说,这个行当的人都明白自己的角色,但过去一年他们在前线的工作真的非常艰难。

现在,受更危险的变异毒株和疫苗接种率低的影响,美国各地的新冠肺炎病例再次出现激增。美国的疫情还远未结束。但是,由于治疗和控制新冠病毒的知识增进,再加上疫苗接种的铺展,殡葬服务业不会面临像去年那样全美普遍的汹涌需求。自从开始评估行业状况以来,殡葬行业领导者和拥护者均称他们的行业因为疫情已经发生了不可逆转的改变。

快速的技术变革、火葬的增加,以及不得不应对巨大的死亡人数的压力,致使从业人员普遍出现职业倦怠,许多人离开了这个行业。提供殡葬艺术与科学课程的约翰•古普顿学院(John A. Gupton College)的院长史蒂夫•斯潘指出,去年该行业的营收也出现了下滑,因为种种防疫限制措施使得葬礼无法如常进行。他说:“我想,所有的殡仪馆都会认定,它们在财务上受到了相当大的打击。”据他估计,它们的收入下降了20%至30%。

从短期来看,这意味着这个行业将缺乏人手。从中期来看,这可能意味着本来已经被高度整合的殡葬行业将进一步整合,一些为黑人群体等特定社区服务的殡仪馆将会消失。从长期来看,前景难料。但有一点是肯定的:殡葬业将永远不会回到2019年的样子。

“最后的响应人员”

大约在2020年3月27日,阿拉巴马州殡仪馆的馆长兰迪•安德森接到第一通说要收走新冠病毒死者遗体的电话。那个人死在养老院里,养老院是疫情初期病毒传播最迅猛的场所之一。

“从那开始,我们接收的死于疫情的人大量增加,大约占我们2020年遗体处理总数的25%。”安德森说道。他指出,他拥有的两家殡仪馆——拉德尼殡仪馆(Radney Funeral Home)和兰利殡仪馆(Langley Funeral Home)——在2020年总共处理了100多名新冠病毒死者,遗体接收数量比2019年增加了60具到70具。

上述最近对额外死亡(指超出预期数量的死亡人数)的分析显示,美国各地都出现了额外死亡现象,尽管这种影响因时间和地域而异。该研究的作者在科学期刊《美国医学会杂志•网络开放》(JAMA Network)上撰文指出,阿拉巴马州是2020年人均额外死亡人数第五多的州,仅次于密西西比州、新泽西州、纽约州和亚利桑那州。

在H1N1流感大流行之后,安德森遵循美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)的指示,持续保持了足够高的物资水平,以便能够对100具尸体进行防腐处理,同时还配备了个人防护设备。新冠病毒来袭时,他可以与当地医疗机构共享物资,也能够为自己的团队提供保护。

然而,所有的物资都无法让他和他的员工为应对他们将要面对的局面做好准备。安德森说:“疫情危机最严重的时候,那个退伍军人疗养院,我们大概每周要去五到六次。”他们还多次前往当地医院的停尸房和人们的家。

他称,“从大约4月到大约10月、11月,我们每天都要工作12到14个小时。”这一切负荷给工作人员带来了身体上的损害,奔走在疫情前线的其他人还承受着心理上的损害。

拉诺特说,那些从事殡葬服务的人扮演着双重角色。他们是公共卫生从业者,要确保病人在其遗体离开医疗系统时可以得到安息。在这个角色中,他们需要配合当地卫生官员的工作。但他们也是第一个为痛失亲人者提供慰藉的人。

他说,去年,当每日死亡人数激增时,他们主要扮演公共卫生角色。但他们的另一个角色仍然存在。在应对疫情期间水涨船高的服务需求,并与其他人一起了解社交疏远和其他防疫措施之时,殡仪馆馆长和其他殡葬从业人员试图让悲痛的家人参与到亲人的安葬仪式中。

这需要用到一些新手段。凯米斯去年失去了她的祖母。由于疫情,她和她的母亲无法参加葬礼,但多亏了一位殡葬礼仪师,他们仍然能够参与其中。“她站在墓边,举着她的手机。”凯米斯说。她和她的母亲在Facebook Live上观看了葬礼的直播。

在凯米斯看来,这充分表明了“最后的响应人员”做点什么来慰藉痛失亲友者的意愿。“那不是她必须要做的事情。她也没有因此向我们收取费用。我也不知道可以提出直播要求。”

迎头赶上

越来越广泛的趋势是殡葬专业人员尝试使用新技术把亲人家属与死者联系在一起,凯米斯的经历就是其中一例。对许多人来说,通过Zoom直播葬礼或利用Facebook开线上追悼会非常新奇,但这些事物的出现意味着发展缓慢的传统殡葬行业发生着巨大变革。

“殡葬业由来已久,有很多古老传统的做法。”保尔•莱马斯特曾经是一名遗体防腐师,现在担任全美公墓及殡仪协会(International Cemetery, Cremation, and Funeral Association)的总顾问,他表示,“我认识很多殉葬从业者,他们甚至还有传真机。”

莱马斯特提到,疫情开始时,殡葬从业者发现自己面临着各种问题,包括数字通信的监管问题,以及工作场所发生巨大技术变革等方方面面的问题。凯米斯表示,这种对新技术的采用“让葬礼服务提升了不止十年”。

有关殡葬的教育正急于迎头赶上。斯潘指出,虽然与一年前相比,如今全美各地更有可能参加线下葬礼,但“很大一部分家庭仍然想要网络直播。”他还表示,虽然约翰古普顿学院早已开始提供数字营销课程,但是新冠肺炎的爆发加快了这类课程的开设。

拉诺特称,在过去,“逝者家属和殡葬师有关葬礼的所有事情都是在殡仪馆内面对面完成。”在美国一些地方,这种处理葬礼的状况根深蒂固,法律规定更是如此,所以导致该行业向着新的形式转型更复杂。

例如,纽约州的法律规定,公墓、火葬场和殡仪馆的文件中不允许使用电子签名。也就是说,悲痛的家属必须提供亲笔签名,并通过联邦快递或其他方式寄送纸质文件。如果逝者家属因为新冠肺炎而处于隔离状态,那么这个寄送过程就会更复杂,CNHI的乔•马奥尼写道。最近,州政府对这条特殊的法律规定进行了修改。这也是殡葬行业变革的一大动力,因为新冠疫情已经导致该行业加速衰落。

曾经有一段时间,几乎对所有美国人来说,在殡仪馆中进行精心防腐处理后陈列的遗体就是殉葬的核心。维克森林大学(Wake Forest University)的一名法学教授坦尼娅•马什专门研究葬礼和墓地产业,她表示,如今不同以往。就文化传统而言,对待死亡和遗体处置的态度变化虽然缓慢,但却实实在在地发生,现在越来越多地采用火葬就是这一趋势的例证。

在过去的几十年里,全美火葬率每年增长1%到2%。2016年,火葬率首次跃至50%以上。“火葬已经带来了改变。”马什表示。火化后可以用不同的形式进行最终的遗体处置和举行哀悼,因为通常对尸体进行防腐处理需要专业人员进行操作,但是火化的遗体并不需要。

尽管许多人预测新冠疫情期间遗体火化的数量会激增,但根据北美火葬协会的数据,估计2020年的全美火葬率仅仅上升了1.5%。不过,在一些地区,火葬率的增幅要大得多。例如,在2020年的上半年,新泽西州的火葬率上升了3%以上。马什指出,这些地区性的增长可能会持续下去。“问题是,人们会把火葬和新冠疫情联系在一起吗?”

如果两者联系到了一起,就可能会对火葬率的提高产生负面影响。不过马什并不确定。“丧葬习俗对社会常态化具有强烈作用。”她补充说,如果人们出于需要选择将心爱之人火化,然后发现这是一次积极的经历,那么很可能在未来也会选择火葬。

这种做法有很多好处。首先,火葬通常比完整的葬礼开销更小,而且可以让家属有时间聚在一起,用自己的方式与逝者告别。相比我们许多人在电视上看到的盛大葬礼,火葬提供了截然不同的选择。但对于大多数殡仪馆来说,这意味着较低的收入和角色的转变。“殡仪馆从业者必须把自己的身份从遗体防腐师转变成活动策划者。”凯米斯表示,“这是大势所趋。但是做起来并不简单。”

未来殡葬

殉葬从业者角色的转变,加之新冠疫情带来的各种压力和变化,正在对殡葬行业产生巨大影响。一些从业者正在离开该行业,而继续从事该行业的人们需要应对身处死亡前线带来的创伤。安德森自己所在地区的疫情情况稳定后,他邀请了一位创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)顾问与自己的员工会面。安德森说:“现在我们对自己所做事情的看法略有不同。”

与业内许多人一样,安德森自己也感染了新冠肺炎。他失业三个月,住院一周。亲眼目睹了疫情的肆虐之后,他对自己的康复更加担忧。“我埋葬过太多死于新冠肺炎的人。”他表示。

克里斯•布西尼在疫情最严重的时候曾经是康涅狄格州两家殡仪馆的行政助理,他也感染了新冠肺炎,殡仪馆的其他工作人员几乎也未能幸免。“我们当时吓坏了。”布西尼称。殡仪馆中唯一没有感染新冠肺炎的是遗体防腐师,他是一名在停尸房工作了很长时间的年轻人,通常和其他工作人员没有什么联系。

布西尼之所以加入殡葬行业,是因为无论对于悲痛的家属还是死者而言,都需要照护。他表示,“我真的很了解殡葬行业的温柔之处。”而离开该行业的部分原因是新冠疫情带来的各种压力。

凯米斯认为,殡葬行业大批从业者的离开可能会推动该行业的进一步整合。她指出,在过去的一年里,一些考虑退休或离开的业内人士正选择把殡仪馆出售给企业集团。

咨询公司的工作人员莱马斯特负责了不少这类交易,并见证了过去几个月的交易量出现了激增。他指出,“这促使很多业内人士会说:‘我不想再做这件事情了。’”

但这一趋势可能发展较为缓慢,而且不可预测。新冠疫情期间发生的大规模死亡改变了殡葬行业的未来估值,因为在某些地方,预计在“婴儿潮一代”发生的死亡高峰提前了十年有余。

凯米斯认为,“从现在到2025年左右,实际上我们可能会看到一些地区的死亡人数有所下降。”这种短期的下降可能会改变殡仪馆、火葬场和墓地的估值,至少目前是这样。不过凯米斯也表示,这可能也为培训新的遗体防腐师、火葬场经营者、殡葬师等其他从事这一庞大行业的人员创造了时间。未来的殡葬专业人员一毕业就得进入一个已经被新冠疫情从根本上改变的行业,而这个国家才刚刚开始努力应对其影响。

马什预计,未来三到五年内,会有更多人士提前退休或是不再从事该行业。她说:“很多人对这个职业都倦怠了。”

不过未来的种子正在开始播种。殡葬从业者所依赖的专业协会正在开始举办线下会议或大会,这是自疫情发生以前的首次尝试。对于那些仍然留在这个行业的人来说,这是一个重新部署和审视近来所发生一切的机会。莱马斯特表示,自己所在机构最近举办了一次殡葬行业分享会,大约有180名成员出席,“大家绝对是在分享故事。”他表示,现在有了一种新的同志革命情谊。

随着殡葬专业人员认真反思过去一年半的情况,该行业也在努力规划未来。“这是一次完整的殡葬行业对话。”拉诺特表示。对话的一部分是为下一轮疫情做好准备。最近,安德森在一次州会议上就这一话题发表了讲话。他指出:“第一件事情就是照顾好你的员工。”(财富中文网)

译者:万志文 三叠瀑

More than 3.35 million people died last year in the United States—far more than the death trade was easily able to handle. Over 70% of the excess deaths were attributable to COVID-19, a recent analysis found. Others were related to the disruption of the pandemic and some to simple chance. In hotspots around the country, funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematoria were under unprecedented stress as a system designed to accommodate a predictable number of deaths (around 2.8 million in a more normal year like 2019) confronted the challenges of caring for many more.

In New York, an early hotspot, “the adjectives that come to mind were ‘overwhelming’ and ‘intense,’” said Mike Lanotte, executive director of the New York State Funeral Directors Association. In more normal times, Lanotte said, New York State sees about 400 deaths per day. That’s the number that the funeral homes, crematoria, and cemeteries in the state are set up to handle. Occasionally, something like an unusually bad flu season causes a local spike in the number of deaths, but the system in New York State and elsewhere has proved fairly resilient over time.

During those first months in New York and New Jersey, that wasn’t the case. Lanotte said his members—and their colleagues in the neighboring state—were snowed under by demand. “It probably lasted through the early part of summer 2020 before it really started to come down to a point where the system could really catch up,” he said.

New York’s outbreak, with its refrigeration trucks to store bodies, became the face of the early pandemic for many Americans and conjured up memories of 9/11, the last time local death care infrastructure was so overwhelmed by a disaster. But deaths spiked in spots all over the country throughout 2020, pushing death care professionals to their limits.

People who work with the dead aren’t often discussed. “You need their help when you need it,” said Barbara Kemmis, executive director of the Cremation Association of North America, “but my funeral and cemetery director and crematory owner [members] are never listed in any of the ‘Thank you, first responders’ things that are out there.” People in the business understand their role, she said, but the last year on the front lines has been a difficult one.

COVID-19 cases are spiking again across the country now, with a more dangerous new variant and low vaccination rates wreaking havoc. The pandemic is far from over for America. But better knowledge of how to treat and contain the disease, combined with vaccination, means those in the death trade aren’t facing anything like the nationwide deluge of last year. As they begin to take stock, industry leaders and advocates say their profession has been irrevocably changed by the pandemic.

Fast technological change, an increase in cremations, and just the sheer scale of death they had to handle have all contributed to an epidemic of burnout and many people leaving the business. At the same time, revenues last year—usually driven by funerals of the kind that weren’t possible under COVID-19 restrictions—were down, said Steve Spann, president of John A. Gupton College, which serves the mortuary business. “All funeral homes, I think, will determine that they took a pretty decent hit financially,” he said, pegging that impact in the 20% to 30% reduction range.

In the short term, that means there just aren’t enough people in the business. In the medium term, that might mean further consolidation in the already highly consolidated death business, and the loss of funeral homes that serve specific communities, such as the Black community. In the long term, it’s hard to say. But one thing is for certain: The death business will never return to the way it was in 2019.

“Last responders”

Alabama funeral director Randy Anderson got his first call to pick up the body of someone who had died from COVID-19—a “decedent” in funeral argot—on or around March 27, 2020. That person died in a nursing home, one of the early locations where the disease spread like wildfire.

“That began the multitude of deaths that we would have, about 25% of the deaths that we handled in 2020,” he said. In total, the two funeral homes he owns, Radney Funeral Home and Langley Funeral Home, handled more than 100 COVID-19 deaths in 2020, representing an increase of 60 to 70 calls to pick up bodies over 2019, he said.

That same recent analysis of excess death—the term for numbers of the dead that go beyond the expected—showed extra deaths occurring all over the country, although the impact was distributed in time and space. Writing in the scientific journal JAMA Network, the study authors identify Alabama as the state that endured the fifth-highest number of per capita excess deaths in 2020, after Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, and Arizona.

After the H1N1 pandemic, Anderson followed CDC instructions and continuously maintained a high enough level of supplies to embalm 100 bodies, along with PPE. When COVID-19 hit, he was in a position to share supplies with local health care providers and protect his own team.

But all the supplies in the world couldn’t prepare him and his staff for what they would face. “That veterans’ nursing home, we were there probably five or six times a week during the heat of the crisis,” Anderson said. They also made numerous trips to the morgues of local hospitals and to people’s homes.

“We were working 12- to 14-hour days from about April to about October, November,” he said. The toll of all that work was physical, but—as for others on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic—it was also psychological.

Those in death care have a twinned role, said Lanotte. They are public health practitioners who ensure that when patients leave the medical system as a dead body, they are put to rest. In that role, they work with local health officials. But they are also the first point of care for people grieving the loss of a loved one.

Last year, when daily deaths surged, the public health role had to take the front seat, he said. But their other role remained. While coping with the demands of the pandemic and learning, along with the rest of us, about social distancing and other measures, funeral directors and other death care professionals sought to include grieving families in their loved ones’ final disposition.

That took innovation. Kemmis lost her grandmother last year. She and her mother couldn’t travel to the graveside service because of the pandemic, but they were still able to participate thanks to one funeral director. “She was standing at the graveside, holding up her cell phone,” Kemmis said. She and her mother watched on Facebook Live.

To Kemmis, that’s a sign of how far “last responders” will go for those left behind. “She didn’t have to do that. She didn’t charge us to do that. And I didn’t even know to ask for that.”

Rushing to catch up

Kemmis’s experience is one example of a broader trend of death care professionals trying new techniques to connect loved ones with the deceased. While Zoom funerals and Facebook memorials were new for many consumers, they represent an even bigger change in the slow-moving, traditional funeral industry.

“Death care is an old profession. They have a lot of old practices,” said Poul Lemasters, a former embalmer who is now general counsel for the International Cemetery, Cremation, and Funeral Association. “I know a lot of people who even still have fax machines.”

When the pandemic began, he said, death care practitioners found themselves navigating everything from regulatory issues around digital correspondence to dramatic technology shifts in their own workplaces. That embracing of technology “advanced funeral service by a decade or more,” said Kemmis.

Mortuary education is rushing to catch up. While in-person funeral attendance around the country is more possible now than it was a year ago, said Spann, “a good portion [of families] still want livestreaming.” John A. Gupton College was beginning to offer digital marketing instruction, he said, but COVID-19 has accelerated that part of the curriculum.

In the past, “almost everything that a consumer would do with the funeral director would be done face-to-face in the funeral home,” said Lanotte. In some parts of the country, that state of affairs was entrenched in law, further complicating the transition to a new way of doing things.

In New York State, for instance, cemeteries, crematoria, and funeral homes were legally not allowed to accept digital signatures on their documents. That meant grieving families had to provide a physical signature and send the documents by FedEx or other means—a process further complicated if they were quarantined by COVID-19 themselves, writes Joe Mahoney of CNHI. This particular law was recently changed. But it’s part of a larger dynamic in the death care industry whose fading has been hastened by the pandemic.

There was a time when funeral homes and artfully embalmed and displayed bodies were at the center of death care for nearly all Americans. That’s not true anymore, said Tanya Marsh, a professor of law at Wake Forest University who studies the funeral and cemetery trades. Cultural attitudes toward death and final disposition are slowly but surely shifting, she said, a trend exemplified by the increased adoption of cremation.

For the past few decades, the national cremation rate has grown by 1% to 2% per year. In 2016, that rate rose above 50% for the first time. “Cremation has been a game changer,” said Marsh. It allows for different approaches to final disposition and mourning because cremated remains don’t require a specialist to handle them, as an embalmed body does.

Although many predicted a spike in cremations during the pandemic, the national cremation rate went up only by a predictable 1.5% in 2020, according to numbers from the Cremation Association of North America. In some areas, however, the cremation rate increased far more. In the first six months of 2020, for instance, the cremation rate in New Jersey went up by more than 3%. These regional increases may endure, Marsh noted. “The question is going to be, Do people associate [cremation] with COVID?”

If they do, that could negatively impact the increase of cremation rates. But Marsh isn’t sure. “There’s a really strong social normalizing aspect of funeral practices,” she said. If people had a loved one cremated for the first time out of necessity but found it to be a positive experience, she added, it’s likely they will seek out cremation for future final dispositions.

The practice has a lot going for it. It’s generally less expensive than a full burial, for one thing, and it gives families time to gather and say goodbye in their own way. It allows for very different options than the big funeral many of us see on television. But for funeral homes, it represents generally lower revenues and a changing role. “They have to change their identity from being embalmers to event planners,” said Kemmis. “That’s what the trends are pointing to. And that’s hard.”

Tomorrow’s death care

A changing role, combined with the other stresses and changes of the pandemic, is having a huge impact on the death trade. Some are leaving it, while those who remain are dealing with the trauma of being on the front lines. After things settled down in his area, Anderson brought in a PTSD counselor to meet with his staff. “We view what we do a little differently now,” he said.

Like many in the profession, Anderson himself caught COVID-19. He was out of work for three months and hospitalized for a week. Seeing the ravages of the disease firsthand made the prospect of his own illness more alarming. “I had buried people that died with [COVID-19],” he said.

Kris Busini, who was an executive assistant for two funeral home owners in Connecticut through the worst of the pandemic, also caught COVID-19, along with almost everyone else at his funeral home. “We were terrified,” he said. The only one on his team who didn’t catch COVID-19 was their embalmer, a young man who worked long days in the funeral home’s morgue, away from other staff.

Busini was drawn to the death care industry because of the care involved, for both those grieving and the deceased. “There’s a tenderness to it that I really appreciated,” he said. He left, in part, because of the stresses of the pandemic.

The exodus from the death care profession will likely drive further consolidation, Kemmis said. After the past year, some members of the profession who were contemplating retirement or leaving their practice are choosing to sell to conglomerates, she noted.

Lemasters handles some of those transactions as part of his consulting firm and has seen a spike in the past few months. “This has pushed a lot of people to say, ‘I don’t want to do this anymore,’” he noted.

But the trend may be slow and unpredictable. Death on the scale of what has happened during this pandemic altered the future value of the death trade, because in some places, the boomer generation whose death peak was anticipated to be more than a decade from now happened early.

“Between now and 2025-ish, we might actually see a decline in deaths in some areas,” Kemmis said. That short-term decrease may change the valuation of funeral homes, crematoria, and cemeteries—at least for now. But it may also create time to train up new embalmers, crematorium operators, funeral directors, and others in a vast profession, Kemmis said. The death professionals of tomorrow will graduate into an industry that’s been fundamentally altered by the pandemic, in a country only beginning to grapple with its implications.

Marsh expects to see further early retirements and industry exoduses over the next three to five years. “There’s a ton of burnout,” she said.

Some seeds of what’s coming next are beginning to unfurl. The professional associations that death care professionals rely on are starting to host in-person meetings and conferences, the first since before the pandemic. For those who have stayed in the profession, it’s an opportunity to regroup and examine the recent past. During a recent gathering of about 180 members of the death trade hosted by his organization, Lemasters said, “there was absolutely a sharing of stories.” There’s a new feeling of comradery, he said.

As death care professionals reckon with the past year and a half, the industry is also trying to plan for the future. “That’s a full death care industry conversation,” said Lenotte. Part of that conversation is preparing for the next pandemic. Anderson recently presented on that topic at a state convention. “The first thing is just take care of your staff,” he said.

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