立即打开
美国应该给全民发钱,可是钱从哪里来?

美国应该给全民发钱,可是钱从哪里来?

George Zarkadakis 2021-06-30
公民信托组织可以把人们的个人数据出售给科技公司,资助普遍基本收入计划。

图片来源:Getty Images

普遍基本收入(Universal Basic Income,简称UBI)秉承一个激进的想法:无论每个人的财产或就业情况如何,每个月都能够领到一笔固定的免税收入。UBI的倡导者指出,经济正在加速转变,工作方式从稳定的全职工作转向打零工,而且他们认为在不确定性与日俱增的劳动力市场,有必要通过UBI为公民谋福祉。人工智能系统的发展进一步支撑了他们的观点,因为这些系统可以自动操作更多的体力型和认知型人工任务,从而清楚地表明,对大多数人而言,未来的工资工作将是间歇性的,并且充满变数。

UBI曾经是一个边缘想法,但新冠疫情使其受到人们的普遍关注。在疫情封城期间,大西洋两岸花费数万亿美元,让人们无法上班,这对UBI而言是一场大规模的实验。我们该何去何从?

有两个因素将决定UBI是否会成为后疫情时代新常态的一部分。第一个因素是,政府如何在不大幅增加国债和提高通胀的情况下,持续性地资助一个永久性的UBI计划。美国企业研究所(American Enterprise Institute)的研究探讨了一种在不影响预算的情况下,实现UBI的方法,即通过取消几乎所有现行的福利计划,向每个美国人每月发放1350美元。但是,从经济学的角度来看,天下没有免费的午餐。这项计划会损害处于收入分配最底层的数百万公民的利益。因此,UBI非但没有减少,反而加剧了不平等。

第二个因素是UBI如何影响人类行为。自食其力不仅仅是一种经济需求,也能够让人获得尊严和自尊。失业与精神疾病以及自杀存在明显的相关性。为了活得有意义,人们需要感受自身价值。

幸好我们的价值也有货币价值。我们的数字化身和数据,已经相当重要,并将在未来变得愈发重要,因为需要用它们来训练和增强智能算法,用来取代我们的工作。个人数据蕴藏的巨大价值目前已经成为了几家科技公司的摇钱树。

如果我们主张个人数据的财产权呢?我们可以将数据聚合成一个集体资产,而非将数据出售给科技巨头以换取免费服务。然后,我们能够向数据提供者(也就是我们)指派具有信托责任的代表,代表我们管理这一资产。这个组织称为公民数据信托。

数据信托可以向需要数据来开发算法、产品和服务的私人或公共组织,收费提供数据的受控访问。这些费用将由信托收取,并作为红利派发给公民,从而资助UBI。

对于目前数据的价值,不妨参考美国的航空公司是如何通过数据密集的常旅客计划,获得数十亿美元的贷款。2021年3月,美国航空公司(American Airlines)的忠诚度计划(loyalty program)的估值创下了纪录,这是一个价值240亿美元的客户行为数据的数据集。

与其它数据集结合,会提升数据集的价值。一个智慧城市数据信托能够保存几十个公民的数据集,包括健康记录、交通习惯和环境数据。如果每个公民都是该数据信托的股东,股利就可以转化为每月数千美元的收入。

数据信托能够通过成为进行价值创新的数字生态系统的中介机构,获取部分价值,并将其重新分配给数据所有者,从而促进社会的经济平等。重要的是,数据信托将个人数据的收集和管理与处理和利用分开,从而降低了资金短缺的初创企业进行人工智能创新的门槛。通过使用数据资助UBI,数据信托有助于让每个人在未来获得公平的发展机会。(财富中文网)

乔治•扎尔卡达基斯是《网络共和国:在智能机器时代重塑民主》(Cyber Republic: Reinventing Democracy in the Age of Intelligent Machines)一书的作者,大西洋理事会(Atlantic Council)的高级研究员。

译者:徐亮

普遍基本收入(Universal Basic Income,简称UBI)秉承一个激进的想法:无论每个人的财产或就业情况如何,每个月都能够领到一笔固定的免税收入。UBI的倡导者指出,经济正在加速转变,工作方式从稳定的全职工作转向打零工,而且他们认为在不确定性与日俱增的劳动力市场,有必要通过UBI为公民谋福祉。人工智能系统的发展进一步支撑了他们的观点,因为这些系统可以自动操作更多的体力型和认知型人工任务,从而清楚地表明,对大多数人而言,未来的工资工作将是间歇性的,并且充满变数。

UBI曾经是一个边缘想法,但新冠疫情使其受到人们的普遍关注。在疫情封城期间,大西洋两岸花费数万亿美元,让人们无法上班,这对UBI而言是一场大规模的实验。我们该何去何从?

有两个因素将决定UBI是否会成为后疫情时代新常态的一部分。第一个因素是,政府如何在不大幅增加国债和提高通胀的情况下,持续性地资助一个永久性的UBI计划。美国企业研究所(American Enterprise Institute)的研究探讨了一种在不影响预算的情况下,实现UBI的方法,即通过取消几乎所有现行的福利计划,向每个美国人每月发放1350美元。但是,从经济学的角度来看,天下没有免费的午餐。这项计划会损害处于收入分配最底层的数百万公民的利益。因此,UBI非但没有减少,反而加剧了不平等。

第二个因素是UBI如何影响人类行为。自食其力不仅仅是一种经济需求,也能够让人获得尊严和自尊。失业与精神疾病以及自杀存在明显的相关性。为了活得有意义,人们需要感受自身价值。

幸好我们的价值也有货币价值。我们的数字化身和数据,已经相当重要,并将在未来变得愈发重要,因为需要用它们来训练和增强智能算法,用来取代我们的工作。个人数据蕴藏的巨大价值目前已经成为了几家科技公司的摇钱树。

如果我们主张个人数据的财产权呢?我们可以将数据聚合成一个集体资产,而非将数据出售给科技巨头以换取免费服务。然后,我们能够向数据提供者(也就是我们)指派具有信托责任的代表,代表我们管理这一资产。这个组织称为公民数据信托。

数据信托可以向需要数据来开发算法、产品和服务的私人或公共组织,收费提供数据的受控访问。这些费用将由信托收取,并作为红利派发给公民,从而资助UBI。

对于目前数据的价值,不妨参考美国的航空公司是如何通过数据密集的常旅客计划,获得数十亿美元的贷款。2021年3月,美国航空公司(American Airlines)的忠诚度计划(loyalty program)的估值创下了纪录,这是一个价值240亿美元的客户行为数据的数据集。

与其它数据集结合,会提升数据集的价值。一个智慧城市数据信托能够保存几十个公民的数据集,包括健康记录、交通习惯和环境数据。如果每个公民都是该数据信托的股东,股利就可以转化为每月数千美元的收入。

数据信托能够通过成为进行价值创新的数字生态系统的中介机构,获取部分价值,并将其重新分配给数据所有者,从而促进社会的经济平等。重要的是,数据信托将个人数据的收集和管理与处理和利用分开,从而降低了资金短缺的初创企业进行人工智能创新的门槛。通过使用数据资助UBI,数据信托有助于让每个人在未来获得公平的发展机会。(财富中文网)

乔治•扎尔卡达基斯是《网络共和国:在智能机器时代重塑民主》(Cyber Republic: Reinventing Democracy in the Age of Intelligent Machines)一书的作者,大西洋理事会(Atlantic Council)的高级研究员。

译者:徐亮

Universal basic income (UBI) is the radical idea of giving every person a tax-free, flat amount of income, irrespective of their wealth or employment status. Proponents of UBI point to the accelerating transition of the economy from secure, full-time jobs toward zero-hour gig contracts, and argue that UBI will be necessary to fund citizen well-being in an increasingly uncertain labor market. Their argument is further supported by the march of artificially intelligent systems that automate ever more physical and cognitive human tasks, clearly pointing to a future where wage work will be intermittent and unpredictable for most people.

UBI used to be a fringe idea, but the COVID-19 pandemic has put it firmly in the spotlight. The trillions of dollars spent on both sides of the Atlantic to keep people out of the office during lockdowns have been a massive experiment in UBI. So where do we go from here?

Two factors will determine whether UBI becomes part of the post-pandemic new normal. The first is how sustainable it is for any government to fund a perpetual UBI without massively adding to the national debt and raising inflation. Research by the American Enterprise Institute has shown a way to achieve a budget-neutral UBI that would give each American $1,350 per month by eliminating almost all current welfare programs. But, given there’s no free lunch in economics, the plan has been shown to be detrimental to millions of citizens at the bottom of income distribution. So instead of lowering inequality, a UBI could raise it.

The second factor is how UBI would affect human behavior. Earning a living is not an economic necessity only; it is also a source of dignity and self-respect. There is clear correlation between unemployment and mental illness, as well as suicide. Humans need to feel worthy in order to live a meaningful life.

Thankfully, our worth also has a monetary value. Our digital avatars and data, already quite important, will become even more so in the future, as they are needed to train and power the intelligent algorithms that will replace us in the workplace. The enormous value of our data is currently monetized by a handful of tech companies.

What if we claimed property rights for our personal data? Instead of effectively selling the data to tech giants in exchange for free services, we could instead aggregate our data into a collective asset. Then, we could assign representatives with fiduciary responsibilities to the data providers—us—to govern that asset on our behalf. Call this organization a citizen data trust.

The data trust could then give, for a fee, controlled access to our data to private or public organizations that need data to develop algorithms, products, and services. Those fees would be collected by the trust and distributed to the citizens as dividends, thus funding a UBI.

To put the value of data in context, consider how U.S. airlines raised billions in loans backed by their data-heavy frequent flier programs. In March 2021, American Airlines hit a record valuation for its loyalty program—a data set of customer behavior data—of $24 billion.

Data sets increase in value when combined with other data sets. A smart city data trust could hold dozens of citizen data sets, including health records, transportation habits, and environmental data. If every citizen was a shareholder in that data trust, dividends could translate to thousands of dollars of income per month.

Data trusts could help societies move toward greater economic equality by becoming intermediaries in a digital ecosystem of new value creation, capturing some of that value, and redistributing it back to the data owners. Importantly, data trusts separate the collection and administration of personal data from its processing and utilization, thereby lowering barriers to A.I. innovation for less capitalized startups. By using data to fund a UBI, data trusts could help level people’s opportunities for prosperity in the future.

George Zarkadakis is author of Cyber Republic: Reinventing Democracy in the Age of Intelligent Machines and a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council.

热读文章
热门视频
扫描二维码下载财富APP