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美国“超级高铁”为何难落地?

美国“超级高铁”为何难落地?

NICOLE GOODKIND 2021-06-22
美国人还要等上很长一段时间才能看到超级高铁成为现实,这会让人们很难对该项目保持兴趣并一直给予支持。

在过去的这一周,美国两党参议员为了达成一项历史性的、规模达 1 万亿美元的基础设施协议忙得不可开交——这项事务的棘手程度不亚于穿渡冥河。但即使没有“摆渡人”的引导,民主共和两党似乎也基本达成了一致。

在距离议员们数千英里之外的内华达州,坐落着维珍超级高铁的测试设施。维珍集团的理查德•布兰森爵士希望,这项基础设施协议中能包括一些对超级高铁的激励措施,该公司表示,“超级高铁”的速度将是传统火车的 10 倍,而且乘坐时能减少高达95%的碳排放量。

“超级高铁”本质上还是一列火车,乘客将坐在最多可容纳 28 人的吊舱中,理论上可以通过低压管高速运行。吊舱以近似飞机的速度滑翔,同时利用磁悬浮技术漂浮在地面上。

“这项基础设施将对社会大有裨益,”布兰森告诉《财富》杂志。“它能在紧急情况下挽救生命,以及加快机场、城市之间的人员流动。它还是环保的——这种交通方式与该法案的理念最合拍。”

上个月,维珍超级高铁的首席执行官兼联合创始人乔什•吉格尔(Josh Giegel)在华盛顿参加了众议院交通和基础设施下属委员会的听证会。他说,这项基础设施法案和正在华盛顿开展的工作将为未来 100 年里的交通运输格局定下基调——而要图绘出这片完整的蓝图,高铁和超级高铁将成为不可或缺的一部分。

“我们正处于超级高铁十年计划的起点,”他说。“十年计划”始于2020年12月,吉格尔和他的同事成为第一批亲身体验超级高铁的试乘客。试运行的时速仅为107英里,比亚洲和欧洲的一些高铁还慢。吉格尔表示,这项工作是渐进式的,他相信超级高铁最终能达到更快的速度,超过每小时700英里。“我们希望到本世纪末,将有数亿人通过这种方式出行。”

吉格尔说,自疫情大流行以来,人们在这一年半的时间里都处于相对隔离的状态,但也从中吸取了教训,为开发超级高铁等交通替代方案增添了动力。人们希望能够建立面对面、物理上的联系,并希望以一种污染更少、也没那么拥堵的方式来实现。

吉格尔和布兰森也看到了“超级高铁”在货运上的潜力。在大流行期间,布兰森公司里的很多航线都无法用作客运,他便将其中的许多改作货运用途。他希望维珍超级高铁能够以更节能的方式实现同样的用途。“只需将卡车停在路边,将货物放入吊舱,然后直接运送到港口,这将是其中很重要的一部分用途。对现任政府,以及这项两党协议来说——希望它能通过,这样的基础设施正是他们需要的,”他说。

法国最近投票禁止了短途国内航班——为的是减少碳排放,这是一项前所未有的举措。气候活动家在美国也提出了这个想法,但迄今为止,这主要还只是福克斯新闻专家们散布恐惧的素材。然而,布兰森和吉格尔觉得,美国公众接受该法案的时间并没有想象中那么遥远。

“我们选择投资新技术,”吉格尔说。“但旧技术并不会消失。仍然会有火车,仍然会有飞机。我们想要不断完善它们,并且正在谋求发展新功能,使之更可持续并速度更快。”他说。

目前,全球航空业占碳排放量的2.5%。自 1980 年代中期以来,飞机的碳排放量翻了一番。

一批新的亿万富翁,包括布兰森、埃隆•马斯克和杰夫•贝索斯,一直竞相在地球上乃至太空中进行创新,建造新的大型运输和基础设施项目。布兰森说,眼下是一个大变革的时期,但如果没有政府的帮助,就很难有持续性的创新。

“这些项目历来都是由政府运营的,要花费数十亿美元才能实现,而且耗时长达二三十年,”他说。“我们这都是些私人公司,拿不出数十亿美元[在无法保证利润的情况下投资],所以,我们必须在非常紧张的预算下建设这些,还要有创新。这确实很考验耐心。”

他说,美国人还要等上很长一段时间才能看到超级高铁成为现实,这会让人们很难对该项目保持兴趣并一直给予支持。“它们都是长期的项目,”布兰森说,“但非常值得等待。”

上周,参议院多数党领袖查克•舒默表示,他希望两党对这项基础设施法案的投票能在7 月底、8 月休会之前完成。现在,至少有 11 名共和党参议员和 21 名民主党参议员支持这项1 万亿美元的两党提案。该提案不会提高公司税,但也面临着一些挑战:拜登政府表示他们尚未看过该计划,一些激进派的参议员表示,他们认为该提案不足以解决气候变化和收入不平等问题,暗示他们可能不会签署通过。(财富中文网)

编译:陈聪聪

在过去的这一周,美国两党参议员为了达成一项历史性的、规模达 1 万亿美元的基础设施协议忙得不可开交——这项事务的棘手程度不亚于穿渡冥河。但即使没有“摆渡人”的引导,民主共和两党似乎也基本达成了一致。

在距离议员们数千英里之外的内华达州,坐落着维珍超级高铁的测试设施。维珍集团的理查德•布兰森爵士希望,这项基础设施协议中能包括一些对超级高铁的激励措施,该公司表示,“超级高铁”的速度将是传统火车的 10 倍,而且乘坐时能减少高达95%的碳排放量。

“超级高铁”本质上还是一列火车,乘客将坐在最多可容纳 28 人的吊舱中,理论上可以通过低压管高速运行。吊舱以近似飞机的速度滑翔,同时利用磁悬浮技术漂浮在地面上。

“这项基础设施将对社会大有裨益,”布兰森告诉《财富》杂志。“它能在紧急情况下挽救生命,以及加快机场、城市之间的人员流动。它还是环保的——这种交通方式与该法案的理念最合拍。”

上个月,维珍超级高铁的首席执行官兼联合创始人乔什•吉格尔(Josh Giegel)在华盛顿参加了众议院交通和基础设施下属委员会的听证会。他说,这项基础设施法案和正在华盛顿开展的工作将为未来 100 年里的交通运输格局定下基调——而要图绘出这片完整的蓝图,高铁和超级高铁将成为不可或缺的一部分。

“我们正处于超级高铁十年计划的起点,”他说。“十年计划”始于2020年12月,吉格尔和他的同事成为第一批亲身体验超级高铁的试乘客。试运行的时速仅为107英里,比亚洲和欧洲的一些高铁还慢。吉格尔表示,这项工作是渐进式的,他相信超级高铁最终能达到更快的速度,超过每小时700英里。“我们希望到本世纪末,将有数亿人通过这种方式出行。”

吉格尔说,自疫情大流行以来,人们在这一年半的时间里都处于相对隔离的状态,但也从中吸取了教训,为开发超级高铁等交通替代方案增添了动力。人们希望能够建立面对面、物理上的联系,并希望以一种污染更少、也没那么拥堵的方式来实现。

吉格尔和布兰森也看到了“超级高铁”在货运上的潜力。在大流行期间,布兰森公司里的很多航线都无法用作客运,他便将其中的许多改作货运用途。他希望维珍超级高铁能够以更节能的方式实现同样的用途。“只需将卡车停在路边,将货物放入吊舱,然后直接运送到港口,这将是其中很重要的一部分用途。对现任政府,以及这项两党协议来说——希望它能通过,这样的基础设施正是他们需要的,”他说。

法国最近投票禁止了短途国内航班——为的是减少碳排放,这是一项前所未有的举措。气候活动家在美国也提出了这个想法,但迄今为止,这主要还只是福克斯新闻专家们散布恐惧的素材。然而,布兰森和吉格尔觉得,美国公众接受该法案的时间并没有想象中那么遥远。

“我们选择投资新技术,”吉格尔说。“但旧技术并不会消失。仍然会有火车,仍然会有飞机。我们想要不断完善它们,并且正在谋求发展新功能,使之更可持续并速度更快。”他说。

目前,全球航空业占碳排放量的2.5%。自 1980 年代中期以来,飞机的碳排放量翻了一番。

一批新的亿万富翁,包括布兰森、埃隆•马斯克和杰夫•贝索斯,一直竞相在地球上乃至太空中进行创新,建造新的大型运输和基础设施项目。布兰森说,眼下是一个大变革的时期,但如果没有政府的帮助,就很难有持续性的创新。

“这些项目历来都是由政府运营的,要花费数十亿美元才能实现,而且耗时长达二三十年,”他说。“我们这都是些私人公司,拿不出数十亿美元[在无法保证利润的情况下投资],所以,我们必须在非常紧张的预算下建设这些,还要有创新。这确实很考验耐心。”

他说,美国人还要等上很长一段时间才能看到超级高铁成为现实,这会让人们很难对该项目保持兴趣并一直给予支持。“它们都是长期的项目,”布兰森说,“但非常值得等待。”

上周,参议院多数党领袖查克•舒默表示,他希望两党对这项基础设施法案的投票能在7 月底、8 月休会之前完成。现在,至少有 11 名共和党参议员和 21 名民主党参议员支持这项1 万亿美元的两党提案。该提案不会提高公司税,但也面临着一些挑战:拜登政府表示他们尚未看过该计划,一些激进派的参议员表示,他们认为该提案不足以解决气候变化和收入不平等问题,暗示他们可能不会签署通过。(财富中文网)

编译:陈聪聪

In the past week, U.S. senators have busied themselves by attempting to cross an aisle as treacherous as the River Styx and come to a bipartisan agreement on a historic $1 trillion infrastructure deal. And even without a psychopomp to see them through, it appears that Democrats and Republicans are nearing a deal.

Thousands of miles away at the Virgin Hyperloop testing facilities in Nevada, Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin Group is hoping that the infrastructure deal includes some incentives for the hyperloop, a high-speed transportation project which the company said will move 10 times as fast as traditional rail and could cut passengers’ carbon emissions by as much as 95%.

A hyperloop is essentially a train in which passengers would sit in pods holding up to 28 people and hypothetically speed through a low-pressure tube. The pods glide at speeds similar to those of airplanes while floating above the ground using magnetic levitation.

“The infrastructure benefit is massive,” Branson told Fortune. “It will save lives, it will speed people between airports, between cities. It’s environmentally friendly. There is no form of transport that fits better into the bill.”

Josh Giegel, CEO and cofounder of Virgin Hyperloop, sat in D.C. last month as a participant in a House Transportation and Infrastructure subcommittee hearing. This infrastructure bill and the work being done in Washington, he said, will set the tone for the next 100 years of transportation— and high-speed rail and hyperloops will be an integral part of that equation.

“We’re at the beginning of the decade of the hyperloop,” he said. The decade began with Giegel and his colleagues becoming the first passengers to actually experience a test ride in a hyperloop in December of 2020. They hit only 107 miles per hour in the test run, slower than some high-speed rail in Asia and Europe. Giegel said that the work is incremental and that he believes the hyperloop will eventually be able to achieve much faster speeds of more than 700 miles per hour. “We’re hoping by the end of this decade that we’re going to have hundreds of millions of people riding.”

The pandemic, said Giegel, and lessons learned from a year and a half of relative isolation have also increased the incentive for developing transportation alternatives like the hyperloop. People want to be able to connect with one another physically, and they want to do it in a way that creates less pollution and less congestion.

Giegel and Branson also see opportunities for moving cargo. During the pandemic, when Branson was unable to use his multiple airlines to move people, he converted many of them into cargo carriers. He’s hoping Virgin Hyperloop can do the same, in a more carbon-efficient manner. “Just taking lorries [British for trucks] off the road and putting the product into pods and whisking it straight to ports, that would be a big, big part of it. With the current administration, and hopefully this bipartisan agreement, infrastructure like this is exactly what they’re looking for,” he said.

France recently voted to ban short-haul domestic flights, an unprecedented move meant to reduce carbon emissions. The idea has been floated in the U.S. by climate activists but has so far mostly served as fearmongering fodder for Fox News pundits. Branson and Giegel, however, don’t think the U.S. is as far off from taking action as public reception of the proposal might indicate.

“We’re choosing to invest in new technologies,” said Giegel. “The old technologies aren’t going to go away. There’s still gonna be trains, there’s still going to be planes. We’re looking to complement those. We’re looking to add a new capability that’s sustainable and high speed,” he said.

Global aviation currently accounts for 2.5% of CO₂ emissions. Emissions from planes have doubled since the mid-1980s.

A new crop of billionaires, including Branson, Elon Musk, and Jeff Bezos, have been racing to innovate and create new, large transport and infrastructure projects here on Earth and up in space. This is a particularly transformative time, said Branson, but it’s difficult to keep innovating without government help.

“These kinds of projects historically have been run by governments, they’ve cost billions to bring to fruition, and they’ve taken 20 or 30 years,” he said. “These are private companies, and we haven’t got the billions [to invest without a guarantee of profit], so we have to create these things on a very tight budget and be very inventive. It does take patience.”

Americans will have to wait some time for hyperloops to happen, he said, and that makes it difficult to sustain interest in and support for the project. “They’re long-term projects,” said Branson, “but well worth waiting for.”

Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer said last week that he hoped there would be a vote on a bipartisan infrastructure bill by July, ahead of the August recess. At least 11 Republican and 21 Democratic senators now support a $1 trillion bipartisan proposal which would not raise corporate taxes. But the agreement faces some challenges: The Biden administration says that it has not seen the plan yet, and some progressive senators have indicated that they don’t think the proposal does enough to address climate change and income inequality, signaling that they may not sign off.

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