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大规模枪击案不断,美国为何无计可施?

大规模枪击案不断,美国为何无计可施?

Thomas Gabor 2021-05-13
了解大规模枪击犯为何犯下暴行很重要,只有这样才能够防止未来的悲剧。

上周末又出现一波持枪暴力事件,包括科罗拉多州斯普林斯生日派对的一起大规模枪击事件。

母亲节周末,美国又出现10起大规模枪击事件,其中一起发生在科罗拉多州斯普林斯市的生日聚会上。在美国,不断有人问起,到底怎样才能够扭转该国大规模暴力事件在全球摇摇领先的形象。

2020年,美国创纪录地爆发了610起大规模枪击事件(4人或超过4人被枪杀),是2014年枪击案的两倍多,而且自20世纪80年代以来,大规模枪击事件的案件数和死亡率都在不断增加。尽管在急救和枪击存活率方面出现长期改善,但问题的严重性仍然在增加,也就是说,如果没有医学领域的进步,美国的枪支暴力问题就只会更加严重。

多起致命枪击案中出现了像AR-15和AK-47之类的枪支,说明军事级武器扩散无疑是大规模枪击事件增多的主要因素。目前的联邦背景调查制度存在严重缺陷,多起大规模枪击案凶手均可以合法购买武器。此外,美国更多的州应该通过“红旗”法案(Red-flag law),允许收缴明显对公众或自身存在危险的人手中武器。

美国的枪支法管制宽松是主要原因,日益严重的经济不平等以及其他令人担忧的趋势也是枪支暴力和大规模枪击事件的根源。在公共场所滥杀无辜或意识形态动机相关的枪击案总能够吸引全国媒体的注意,但迄今为止最常见的大规模枪击案主要发生在经济萧条的有色人种社区,而且都是由争吵导致,部分有针对性,有些则有很大偶发性。

我写《大屠杀》(CARNAGE)一书时分析发现,如果城市里很高比例人口生活在贫困社区,也就是说贫困率高、失业率高、就业增长率低,有很多空置的住宅且商业凋敝,发生杀人案和大规模枪击案比起多数人口生活在富裕社区的城市往往要高。在底特律、克利夫兰和新泽西州纽瓦克等10个最贫困的城市,每10万人凶杀率是旧金山、西雅图和奥斯汀等10个最富裕城市的9倍。

在铁锈地带(Rust Belt)城市,比如芝加哥,从2019年到2020年就发生了84起大规模枪击案,制造业工作岗位减少,依赖工人的商业减少,人口流失,留下来的人感到前景渺茫。黑人居多的南部和西部地区向来受到多暴力事件困扰,数十年来人们一直面临贫困和歧视性住房政策,如今一些地区的经济状况变得愈发严峻。

在社会现实的压迫下,一些男性加入帮派,从事非法行为,以满足经济和情感需求。在他们的生活环境里,持枪、非法活动和面对挑衅以暴力回应往往被视为自我保护以及维护自我价值和尊严的必要手段。

在日益严重的大规模枪击问题背后,另一重要因素是青年社区和机构联系的削弱。例如,参与政治活动或教堂活动的公民参与活动都在减少,年轻人纷纷抱怨朋友越来越少,家人相处时间越来越少,独处时间越来越多,每天花在数字媒体上的时间也越来越多。因此,相关趋势的实际体现为年轻人抑郁和自杀率激增。

虽然多数抑郁的人从不会想到制造大规模枪击事件,但美国特勤局(U.S. Secret Service)和教育部(Education Department)的一项研究发现,多数校园枪击犯都曾经有自杀企图或想法,还有感觉极度抑郁或绝望的记录。

大规模枪击事件在美国已经常态化。枪手经常崇拜并模仿之前的犯案者。枪击案的传染性也给报道大规模枪击案的媒体造成负担,要避免描述有关枪手及动机的具体内容,否则可能导致某些敏感的人认同枪手。

不过,了解大规模枪击犯为何犯下暴行还是很重要,只有这样才能够防止未来的悲剧。在贫困的城市地区,枪击事件可能源于对另一个群体简单的挑衅、侮辱,甚至可能是因为抢地盘。因此,相关领域都要尽可能采取措施解决冲突并制止暴力。此外也要推进改革,通过加强经济活动和增加教育机会创造希望,让人们可以通过社会活动而不是暴力来维护自己的尊严。(财富中文网)

托马斯•加博是犯罪学家,常驻佛罗里达州。他也是《大屠杀:在美国防止大规模枪击》(CARNAGE: Preventing Mass Shootings in America)一书的作者,于2021年3月出版,此外,他还出版了其他几本关于枪支暴力的书籍。

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

母亲节周末,美国又出现10起大规模枪击事件,其中一起发生在科罗拉多州斯普林斯市的生日聚会上。在美国,不断有人问起,到底怎样才能够扭转该国大规模暴力事件在全球摇摇领先的形象。

2020年,美国创纪录地爆发了610起大规模枪击事件(4人或超过4人被枪杀),是2014年枪击案的两倍多,而且自20世纪80年代以来,大规模枪击事件的案件数和死亡率都在不断增加。尽管在急救和枪击存活率方面出现长期改善,但问题的严重性仍然在增加,也就是说,如果没有医学领域的进步,美国的枪支暴力问题就只会更加严重。

多起致命枪击案中出现了像AR-15和AK-47之类的枪支,说明军事级武器扩散无疑是大规模枪击事件增多的主要因素。目前的联邦背景调查制度存在严重缺陷,多起大规模枪击案凶手均可以合法购买武器。此外,美国更多的州应该通过“红旗”法案(Red-flag law),允许收缴明显对公众或自身存在危险的人手中武器。

美国的枪支法管制宽松是主要原因,日益严重的经济不平等以及其他令人担忧的趋势也是枪支暴力和大规模枪击事件的根源。在公共场所滥杀无辜或意识形态动机相关的枪击案总能够吸引全国媒体的注意,但迄今为止最常见的大规模枪击案主要发生在经济萧条的有色人种社区,而且都是由争吵导致,部分有针对性,有些则有很大偶发性。

我写《大屠杀》(CARNAGE)一书时分析发现,如果城市里很高比例人口生活在贫困社区,也就是说贫困率高、失业率高、就业增长率低,有很多空置的住宅且商业凋敝,发生杀人案和大规模枪击案比起多数人口生活在富裕社区的城市往往要高。在底特律、克利夫兰和新泽西州纽瓦克等10个最贫困的城市,每10万人凶杀率是旧金山、西雅图和奥斯汀等10个最富裕城市的9倍。

在铁锈地带(Rust Belt)城市,比如芝加哥,从2019年到2020年就发生了84起大规模枪击案,制造业工作岗位减少,依赖工人的商业减少,人口流失,留下来的人感到前景渺茫。黑人居多的南部和西部地区向来受到多暴力事件困扰,数十年来人们一直面临贫困和歧视性住房政策,如今一些地区的经济状况变得愈发严峻。

在社会现实的压迫下,一些男性加入帮派,从事非法行为,以满足经济和情感需求。在他们的生活环境里,持枪、非法活动和面对挑衅以暴力回应往往被视为自我保护以及维护自我价值和尊严的必要手段。

在日益严重的大规模枪击问题背后,另一重要因素是青年社区和机构联系的削弱。例如,参与政治活动或教堂活动的公民参与活动都在减少,年轻人纷纷抱怨朋友越来越少,家人相处时间越来越少,独处时间越来越多,每天花在数字媒体上的时间也越来越多。因此,相关趋势的实际体现为年轻人抑郁和自杀率激增。

虽然多数抑郁的人从不会想到制造大规模枪击事件,但美国特勤局(U.S. Secret Service)和教育部(Education Department)的一项研究发现,多数校园枪击犯都曾经有自杀企图或想法,还有感觉极度抑郁或绝望的记录。

大规模枪击事件在美国已经常态化。枪手经常崇拜并模仿之前的犯案者。枪击案的传染性也给报道大规模枪击案的媒体造成负担,要避免描述有关枪手及动机的具体内容,否则可能导致某些敏感的人认同枪手。

不过,了解大规模枪击犯为何犯下暴行还是很重要,只有这样才能够防止未来的悲剧。在贫困的城市地区,枪击事件可能源于对另一个群体简单的挑衅、侮辱,甚至可能是因为抢地盘。因此,相关领域都要尽可能采取措施解决冲突并制止暴力。此外也要推进改革,通过加强经济活动和增加教育机会创造希望,让人们可以通过社会活动而不是暴力来维护自己的尊严。(财富中文网)

托马斯•加博是犯罪学家,常驻佛罗里达州。他也是《大屠杀:在美国防止大规模枪击》(CARNAGE: Preventing Mass Shootings in America)一书的作者,于2021年3月出版,此外,他还出版了其他几本关于枪支暴力的书籍。

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

Following 10 more mass shootings over Mother’s Day weekend, including one at a birthday party in Colorado Springs, Americans continue to ask what it will take to reverse our status as a global outlier in levels of mass violence.

In 2020, the U.S. set a record of 610 mass shootings (defined as four or more people shot), more than double the total for 2014, and there has been a steady rise in the number and lethality of mass shootings since the 1980s. The problem has increased in gravity despite long-term improvements in emergency care and survival rates from bullet wounds, suggesting that without these advances the U.S. would be contending with even a more dire gun violence problem.

The proliferation of military-grade weaponry is undoubtedly a major factor in the rise of mass shootings, as weapons like the AR-15 and AK-47 have been used in many of the deadliest shootings. The current federal background check system has severe flaws, allowing many perpetrators of mass shootings to buy their weapons legally. In addition, more states need to adopt red flag laws that allow the seizure of weapons from those who have shown they pose a danger to the public or themselves.

While the U.S. stands out in its permissive gun laws, gun violence and mass shootings are also rooted in growing economic inequality and other concerning trends. While indiscriminate shootings in public or ideologically motivated shootings dominate the national media’s attention, by far the most common mass shootings occur in economically depressed communities of color as part of a dispute, whether targeted or spontaneous.

An analysis for my book CARNAGE found that cities in which a high percentage of the population lives in distressed zip codes—areas with high poverty, high unemployment, little job growth, and many vacant residential units and business closings—tend to have higher homicide and mass shooting rates than cities in which most of the population lives in affluent neighborhoods. The 10 most distressed cities, such as Detroit, Cleveland, and Newark, N.J., had nine times the homicide rate per 100,000 people as the 10 most prosperous cities, such as San Francisco, Seattle, and Austin.

Rust Belt cities like Chicago—84 mass shootings in 2019–2020—have seen the cratering of manufacturing jobs and the decline of businesses depending on factory workers, as well as a loss of population, leaving decaying neighborhoods with few prospects for those left behind. While the predominantly Black south and west sides have been plagued by high rates of violence and residents have faced poverty and discriminatory housing practices for decades, some of these areas must contend with even more dire economic conditions today.

Such conditions lead some men to join gangs and engage in illegal pursuits to meet financial and emotional needs. In these environments, gun carrying, illegal activity, and violent responses to provocation are often viewed as necessary for self-preservation and maintaining self-worth and dignity.

Another important factor in the growing mass shooting problem is the weakening community and institutional ties of youth. Civic engagement of youth, through political activities or church attendance, for example, is declining and young people report having fewer friends, enjoying less family time, spending more time alone, and spending hours a day on digital media. These trends are reflected in surging depression and suicide rates among youth.

While most depressed individuals never contemplate a mass shooting, a U.S. Secret Service and Education Department study found that most school shooters had a history of suicide attempts or thoughts and a documented record of feeling extremely depressed or desperate.

Mass shootings have become normalized in this country. Shooters often lionize and emulate those coming before them. The contagious quality of shootings places a burden on media outlets covering a mass shooting to avoid specific content about the shooter and their motives that may lead impressionable individuals to identify with the shooter.

But it remains important to know why mass shooters commit these atrocities in order to prevent future ones. In distressed urban areas, shootings may stem from a simple provocation, insult, or even encroachment on the turf of another group. In such areas, measures are needed that emphasize conflict resolution and violence interruption. In addition, they need reforms that create hope through economic activity and educational opportunities, which allow people to preserve their dignity through prosocial activities rather than violence.

Thomas Gabor is a criminologist based in Florida. He is author of CARNAGE: Preventing Mass Shootings in America, which was published in March 2021, as well as several other books on gun violence.

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