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从这些角度看,比特币已经失败了

从这些角度看,比特币已经失败了

Shawn Tully 2021-04-26
要购买比特币,就必须持有一种坚定的信念:将来会有其他的狂热信徒付出比当初自己购买时更多的钱来接盘。

对比特币(Bitcoin)的狂热者而言,他们很难解释加密货币到底有什么好处。比特币的一些粉丝声称,比特币马上就将成为一种被广泛接受的货币,与美元展开竞争。还有人说,比特币的稀缺性为应对日益严重的通货膨胀和经济危机提供了一个巨大的对冲。此外,它还被誉为“价值储存”。由于供应的稳定性和持续飙升的受欢迎度,比特币这一新的数字黄金,价格注定还会继续上涨。

而在现实中,作为一种购物工具,比特币已经失败了。在去年美国股市崩盘期间,比特币作为安全港的第一次考验也失败了。极大的波动性(比特币在过去三年的暴跌次数相当于近20年来原油遭受的暴跌次数)意味着比特币绝不是可靠的价值储存手段。比特币最近的走势也十分跌宕起伏:其价格在4月14日达到64800美元的历史高点后,4月23日中午下跌超23%,至49700美元,市值下跌超2000亿美元。追踪比特币能源消耗的网站Digiconomist的运营者、荷兰经济学家亚历克斯·德弗里斯说:“比特币唯一的‘用处’就是期望它的价值上升,然后有人付给你的钱比你买入时付出的多。”

基本不适合购物

作为全球金融基础设施的一部分,比特币网络因为容量严重受限而步履蹒跚。据德弗里斯估计,全球矿工网络每秒最多只能够处理7笔交易,而如今,这一速度大约在5笔左右。相比之下,Visa每秒最多可以处理65000笔付款。因此,支付或转账数量的任何激增都会导致积压。客户必须向矿商付款,才能够在区块链上注册交易。随着系统变得越来越拥挤,矿工们会优先考虑提供最高费用的交易。支付最多的买家就会走在最前面,首先完成交易。

利用比特币购物,成本往往很高,而且随着交易的膨胀或计算运力的紧缺,成本还会继续攀升。“今年大部分时间,比特币每笔交易的成本在16美元至20美元之间。”德弗里斯指出,“由于交易量增大,今年2月的交易价格曾经达到30美元,4月23日更是升至59美元。紧接着,由于交易量持续增大,网络又变得更加拥挤。”

德弗里斯补充说,比特币在购物方面的表现不佳。如果使用比特币购买价值100美元的杂货,可能需要等待一个小时才可以收到最终交易确认。在此期间,商店将面临任何价格变动的风险。“比特币的价格可能在这一小时内下跌10%,给商店造成损失。”德弗里斯表示,“顾客还要支付至少20美元的手续费。”因此,他的结论是:除非用比特币来购买一些奢侈品,比如数字NFT艺术品或特斯拉(Tesla)的SUV汽车,否则,用比特币支付将“非常昂贵,而且用户体验非常不友好”。

不稳定,无法提供保护

黄金这一世界上最有价值的“保值方式”,在过去的近半个世纪中已经被证明是糟糕的投资产品。1974年至今,金价恰好翻了一番,至每盎司1800美元——与之相比,衡量消费者通胀的主要指标CPI,上涨了整整6倍。所以,黄金绝不是对冲通胀的良好工具。在动荡时期,比如1974年和1978年的石油危机以及经济大萧条(Great Recession)时期,黄金确实表现良好。但如果你在经济开始复苏时不立刻卖出持有的黄金,收益就会清零。

黄金的缺点,是其巨幅的、难以预测的波动性。有时投机者会认为黄金是一块宝石,而在其他时期,它又变成了一团垃圾。总的来说,黄金的波动性与美元和其他主要货币,以及标准普尔500指数(S&P 500)的波动大致相同。从长期来看,美股投资者会从坎坷震荡中获得丰厚的回报;而至于黄金,未必。

那么,比特币呢?它的波动性是黄金的四倍。从2017年12月到2018年2月,其价格从1.9万美元暴跌至6300美元;从2018年4月到2019年1月,又下跌了65%;紧接着在6月实现回升,但到12月又下跌了60%。

自比特币诞生以来,美国没有经历过任何通货膨胀事件,所以我们不知道,如果生活成本突然飙升,比特币会如何表现。但是,比特币在去年年初美国股市关闭期间的表现已经记录在案:从2020年2月19日标准普尔500指数收盘时的历史新高,到3月23日的探底,该指数下跌了33%,而比特币也正好下跌了三分之一——从9633美元跌至6416美元。“这是一个至关重要的‘测试’。”德弗里斯称,“比特币与股市的大幅下跌完全相关。”也就是说,比特币并没有提供任何支持者所预测的对冲和保护。“比特币与市场崩溃和经济衰退完全相关,这很重要。”德弗里斯说。

对于比特币的走势,他表示,唯一比较明朗的,恰恰是一条相反的路径:随着当前经济复苏,比特币似乎会在经济上行时蓬勃发展。但是,即便是这种相关性也是可疑的。从2020年年中至今,比特币的价值一路飙升了五倍,但在此过程中,它也经历过暴跌:去年8、9月跌了20%,今年1月跌了30%、2月跌了24%,更不用说刚刚过去的4月,价格跳水四分之一。

无形无实,违背市场规律

尽管把黄金作为长期投资的选择很不明智,但它的价值仍然深受市场基本原理的影响。每年开采的黄金总量中,有70%用于制造珠宝,另外5%用于制造电子产品。因此对黄金的需求相当稳定。当金价下跌时,矿山就会关闭或减产,从而推高价格;而当其价格飞涨时,矿山会重新开放或者开始新的挖矿活动,增加黄金的供应量,并抑制金价继续飙升。当然,黄金的价格之所以会违背这种基本供求规律,是因为大量的投机活动经常会导致其价格远高于生产成本。然后,当人们开始大量开采新矿后,金价可能又会降到远低于成本的水平,而且这种情况有时甚至会持续数年。

简而言之,即便在黄金市场最糟糕的时候,当产量超过需求、价格下跌时,黄金也具有内在的价值。它能够用来生产珠宝和电子产品,这方面的价值就为它的价格提供了保障。

但与黄金不同,比特币不是由私人企业生产的。它的供应由固有的协议确定。不仅可发行的比特币总量被限定在2100万枚,而且后续即将发行的230万枚也将以恒定的速率流出,该速率也不会受到货币供应量、GDP或任何其他因素的影响而变化。眼下,德弗里斯称,“矿工正赚得盆满钵满。如果价格下跌80%,许多矿山将关闭,但获得新比特币的算法将更容易,所需的计算能力也随之更新、变得更低。比特币的发行速率保持不变。”如果价格上涨且挖矿计算机的数量翻倍,将不再有新比特币出现。这与导致金价变动的因素完全不同。

比特币与美联储(Federal Reserve)的政策、国民收入或任何私企的决策都无关,这可能是一种优势。明年开采的数量和永久存量都将受到严格限制。但是,和比特币类似的各种新币也如雨后春笋般涌现,动摇着比特币的统治地位。自2020年年初以来,比特币在加密货币总资产中的份额已经从三分之二降至一半。以太币(Ether)的份额则翻了一番,占到14%以上。

尽管以太币的供应量不像比特币那样受到限制,但它的系统发行新币的速度极其缓慢。因此,它可以在储值价值方面与比特币抗衡。而比特币价格的上涨也吸引了一众竞争者,它们都在激烈地角逐着“数字黄金”的头衔。

比特币是一种“无形”资产。没有人知道它真正的价值在哪里,因为它在现实生活中没有任何能够赚到钱的用途。如果要评估比特币粉丝埃隆·马斯克的特斯拉公司的价值,则可以对电动汽车的未来市场规模、特斯拉可能占有的份额,以及企业的毛利率进行预测。而对比特币来说,没有这类指标能够适用。德弗里斯说:“未来,比特币里也不会有现金流或内在价值,因此它的实际价值始终为零。难怪比特币迷们为自己摇旗助威的口号是‘为了保命,抓紧上车’。”

要购买比特币,就必须持有一种坚定的信念:将来会有其他的狂热信徒付出比当初自己购买时更多的钱来接盘。商界有一句说得在理的老话:“希望”不能被当作一种策略。“信念”也可能只是一个不大靠谱的策略。(财富中文网)

编译:杨二一、陈聪聪

对比特币(Bitcoin)的狂热者而言,他们很难解释加密货币到底有什么好处。比特币的一些粉丝声称,比特币马上就将成为一种被广泛接受的货币,与美元展开竞争。还有人说,比特币的稀缺性为应对日益严重的通货膨胀和经济危机提供了一个巨大的对冲。此外,它还被誉为“价值储存”。由于供应的稳定性和持续飙升的受欢迎度,比特币这一新的数字黄金,价格注定还会继续上涨。

而在现实中,作为一种购物工具,比特币已经失败了。在去年美国股市崩盘期间,比特币作为安全港的第一次考验也失败了。极大的波动性(比特币在过去三年的暴跌次数相当于近20年来原油遭受的暴跌次数)意味着比特币绝不是可靠的价值储存手段。比特币最近的走势也十分跌宕起伏:其价格在4月14日达到64800美元的历史高点后,4月23日中午下跌超23%,至49700美元,市值下跌超2000亿美元。追踪比特币能源消耗的网站Digiconomist的运营者、荷兰经济学家亚历克斯·德弗里斯说:“比特币唯一的‘用处’就是期望它的价值上升,然后有人付给你的钱比你买入时付出的多。”

基本不适合购物

作为全球金融基础设施的一部分,比特币网络因为容量严重受限而步履蹒跚。据德弗里斯估计,全球矿工网络每秒最多只能够处理7笔交易,而如今,这一速度大约在5笔左右。相比之下,Visa每秒最多可以处理65000笔付款。因此,支付或转账数量的任何激增都会导致积压。客户必须向矿商付款,才能够在区块链上注册交易。随着系统变得越来越拥挤,矿工们会优先考虑提供最高费用的交易。支付最多的买家就会走在最前面,首先完成交易。

利用比特币购物,成本往往很高,而且随着交易的膨胀或计算运力的紧缺,成本还会继续攀升。“今年大部分时间,比特币每笔交易的成本在16美元至20美元之间。”德弗里斯指出,“由于交易量增大,今年2月的交易价格曾经达到30美元,4月23日更是升至59美元。紧接着,由于交易量持续增大,网络又变得更加拥挤。”

德弗里斯补充说,比特币在购物方面的表现不佳。如果使用比特币购买价值100美元的杂货,可能需要等待一个小时才可以收到最终交易确认。在此期间,商店将面临任何价格变动的风险。“比特币的价格可能在这一小时内下跌10%,给商店造成损失。”德弗里斯表示,“顾客还要支付至少20美元的手续费。”因此,他的结论是:除非用比特币来购买一些奢侈品,比如数字NFT艺术品或特斯拉(Tesla)的SUV汽车,否则,用比特币支付将“非常昂贵,而且用户体验非常不友好”。

不稳定,无法提供保护

黄金这一世界上最有价值的“保值方式”,在过去的近半个世纪中已经被证明是糟糕的投资产品。1974年至今,金价恰好翻了一番,至每盎司1800美元——与之相比,衡量消费者通胀的主要指标CPI,上涨了整整6倍。所以,黄金绝不是对冲通胀的良好工具。在动荡时期,比如1974年和1978年的石油危机以及经济大萧条(Great Recession)时期,黄金确实表现良好。但如果你在经济开始复苏时不立刻卖出持有的黄金,收益就会清零。

黄金的缺点,是其巨幅的、难以预测的波动性。有时投机者会认为黄金是一块宝石,而在其他时期,它又变成了一团垃圾。总的来说,黄金的波动性与美元和其他主要货币,以及标准普尔500指数(S&P 500)的波动大致相同。从长期来看,美股投资者会从坎坷震荡中获得丰厚的回报;而至于黄金,未必。

那么,比特币呢?它的波动性是黄金的四倍。从2017年12月到2018年2月,其价格从1.9万美元暴跌至6300美元;从2018年4月到2019年1月,又下跌了65%;紧接着在6月实现回升,但到12月又下跌了60%。

自比特币诞生以来,美国没有经历过任何通货膨胀事件,所以我们不知道,如果生活成本突然飙升,比特币会如何表现。但是,比特币在去年年初美国股市关闭期间的表现已经记录在案:从2020年2月19日标准普尔500指数收盘时的历史新高,到3月23日的探底,该指数下跌了33%,而比特币也正好下跌了三分之一——从9633美元跌至6416美元。“这是一个至关重要的‘测试’。”德弗里斯称,“比特币与股市的大幅下跌完全相关。”也就是说,比特币并没有提供任何支持者所预测的对冲和保护。“比特币与市场崩溃和经济衰退完全相关,这很重要。”德弗里斯说。

对于比特币的走势,他表示,唯一比较明朗的,恰恰是一条相反的路径:随着当前经济复苏,比特币似乎会在经济上行时蓬勃发展。但是,即便是这种相关性也是可疑的。从2020年年中至今,比特币的价值一路飙升了五倍,但在此过程中,它也经历过暴跌:去年8、9月跌了20%,今年1月跌了30%、2月跌了24%,更不用说刚刚过去的4月,价格跳水四分之一。

无形无实,违背市场规律

尽管把黄金作为长期投资的选择很不明智,但它的价值仍然深受市场基本原理的影响。每年开采的黄金总量中,有70%用于制造珠宝,另外5%用于制造电子产品。因此对黄金的需求相当稳定。当金价下跌时,矿山就会关闭或减产,从而推高价格;而当其价格飞涨时,矿山会重新开放或者开始新的挖矿活动,增加黄金的供应量,并抑制金价继续飙升。当然,黄金的价格之所以会违背这种基本供求规律,是因为大量的投机活动经常会导致其价格远高于生产成本。然后,当人们开始大量开采新矿后,金价可能又会降到远低于成本的水平,而且这种情况有时甚至会持续数年。

简而言之,即便在黄金市场最糟糕的时候,当产量超过需求、价格下跌时,黄金也具有内在的价值。它能够用来生产珠宝和电子产品,这方面的价值就为它的价格提供了保障。

但与黄金不同,比特币不是由私人企业生产的。它的供应由固有的协议确定。不仅可发行的比特币总量被限定在2100万枚,而且后续即将发行的230万枚也将以恒定的速率流出,该速率也不会受到货币供应量、GDP或任何其他因素的影响而变化。眼下,德弗里斯称,“矿工正赚得盆满钵满。如果价格下跌80%,许多矿山将关闭,但获得新比特币的算法将更容易,所需的计算能力也随之更新、变得更低。比特币的发行速率保持不变。”如果价格上涨且挖矿计算机的数量翻倍,将不再有新比特币出现。这与导致金价变动的因素完全不同。

比特币与美联储(Federal Reserve)的政策、国民收入或任何私企的决策都无关,这可能是一种优势。明年开采的数量和永久存量都将受到严格限制。但是,和比特币类似的各种新币也如雨后春笋般涌现,动摇着比特币的统治地位。自2020年年初以来,比特币在加密货币总资产中的份额已经从三分之二降至一半。以太币(Ether)的份额则翻了一番,占到14%以上。

尽管以太币的供应量不像比特币那样受到限制,但它的系统发行新币的速度极其缓慢。因此,它可以在储值价值方面与比特币抗衡。而比特币价格的上涨也吸引了一众竞争者,它们都在激烈地角逐着“数字黄金”的头衔。

比特币是一种“无形”资产。没有人知道它真正的价值在哪里,因为它在现实生活中没有任何能够赚到钱的用途。如果要评估比特币粉丝埃隆·马斯克的特斯拉公司的价值,则可以对电动汽车的未来市场规模、特斯拉可能占有的份额,以及企业的毛利率进行预测。而对比特币来说,没有这类指标能够适用。德弗里斯说:“未来,比特币里也不会有现金流或内在价值,因此它的实际价值始终为零。难怪比特币迷们为自己摇旗助威的口号是‘为了保命,抓紧上车’。”

要购买比特币,就必须持有一种坚定的信念:将来会有其他的狂热信徒付出比当初自己购买时更多的钱来接盘。商界有一句说得在理的老话:“希望”不能被当作一种策略。“信念”也可能只是一个不大靠谱的策略。(财富中文网)

编译:杨二一、陈聪聪

Bitcoin zealots struggle to explain what the signature cryptocurrency is good for. Some of its fans claim that Bitcoin will soon compete with the dollar as a widely accepted currency; others say that its scarcity provides a great hedge against raging inflation and economic crises. It's also lauded as a "store of value," as the new digital gold whose price is destined to keep rising because its supply is fixed in stone and its popularity will only continue to soar.

In reality, Bitcoin has flopped as a vehicle for buying things, and it failed in its first big test as a safe harbor during the past year's stock market crash. Its extreme volatility––featuring as many collapses over the past three years as crude oil has suffered in two decades––means that it's anything but a reliable store of value. Its lurching trajectory of late is true to form: After hitting an all-time peak of $64,800 on April 14, Bitcoin skidded over 23% to $49,700 at midday on April 23, shedding over $200 billion in market cap. "The only 'use case' Bitcoin has left is hoping the value goes up and someone pays you more than you paid," says Alex de Vries, a Dutch economist who runs the website Digiconomist, which tracks Bitcoin's energy consumption.

Mostly a no-go for shopping

As a piece of global financial infrastructure, the Bitcoin network is hobbled by severely limited capacity. The worldwide network of miners can only process a maximum of seven transactions a second and today, the rate is running at around five, according to de Vries's estimates. In comparison, Visa can process up to 65,000 payments per second. Hence, any spike in the volume of payments or transfers causes a backlog. Customers must pay miners to register their transactions on the blockchain. As the system gets more and more congested, the miners grant priority to the transactions that offer the highest fees. The purchasers that pay the most go to the head of the line, and get their transactions finished first.

The process is always costly, and gets much more so as transactions swell or computing power goes offline. "For most of this year, the cost per transaction has been between $16 and $20," says de Vries. "But it hit $30 in February because of high volumes, and was $59 on April 23, because the flood at a coal mine in China caused a big loss of computing power. Then, the network got even more congested with lots of selling."

De Vries adds that Bitcoin performs poorly at the checkout counter. If you were to buy $100 in groceries using Bitcoin, it may take an hour to receive adequate confirmation. During that period, the store is at risk for any change in the price. "The price of Bitcoin could drop 10% in that hour, causing a loss for the retailer," says de Vries. "And the customer is paying the processing fee of $20 or even more." His conclusion: Unless you're using it to buy something with a luxury price tag, like a digital NFT artwork or a Tesla SUV, paying with Bitcoin is "hellishly expensive, and an extremely unfriendly user experience."

Too volatile to provide protection

Gold, the world's most prized "store of value," has proven a poor investment over the past nearly half-century. Since 1974, it has precisely doubled in price to $1800 an ounce, while the CPI, the main measure of consumer inflation, rose six-fold. It's anything but an inflation hedge. Gold does romp in periods of turmoil, as in the oil crises of 1974 and 1978, and the Great Recession. But if you didn't sell the precious metal when the economy started to recover, you'd give back the gains.

Gold's drawback is its big, unpredictable fluctuations. At times, speculators think its a jewel; in other periods, it's viewed as a dog. Overall, gold displays about the same volatility as the dollar and other major currencies, and as the S&P 500. The difference with U.S. stocks is that, over the long haul, you get well rewarded for the bumpy ride. With gold, you don't.

Yet Bitcoin is four times as volatile as gold. From December 2017 to February 2018, its price collapsed from $19,000 to $6,300. It experienced another 65% drop from April 2018 to January 2019, then recovered by June of that year, only to plummet another 60% by December.

The U.S. hasn't suffered any inflationary episodes in Bitcoin's lifetime, so we don't know how it would behave if the cost-of-living suddenly jumped. But we did see how Bitcoin fared during the shutdown-driven slide in U.S. stocks early last year. From the S&P 500's record close on February 19 to the bottom on March 23, the index shed 33%. Bitcoin dropped by exactly one third as well, from $9,633 to $6,416. "That was a crucial test," says de Vries. "Bitcoin was 100% correlated with the big drop in stocks." It didn't provide any of the protection its enthusiasts predicted. "When it mattered, Bitcoin was completely correlated with both the market crash and the recession's onset," observes de Vries.

The only apparent pattern, he says, is the opposite: Bitcoin seems to prosper when the economy is thriving, as in the current reopening recovery. But even that correlation is questionable. On the road to quintupling from mid-2020 to today, it weathered declines of 20% from August to September of last year, a 30% fall in January, and a 24% hit in February, not to mention the new almost one-quarter drop in mid-to-late April.

No tangible, fundamental value

Although gold has been a lousy long-term investment, its value is still strongly influenced by fundamentals. Seventy percent of all gold that's mined each year is used to manufacture jewelry, and another 5% is deployed in electronics. So demand is fairly steady. When prices drop, mines shut down or curtail production, pushing prices back up, and when its value leaps, mines reopen or new digging starts, raising the supply of bullion and curbing prices. Of course, the reason gold strays so far from the basics is that heavy speculation frequently sends its price far above production cost. Then, after lots of new mining starts, its price can fall way below what it costs to unearth, sometimes for years.

Put simply, gold has intrinsic value even in the worst of times, when output exceeds demand, and prices drop. Its value in jewelry and electronics provides a floor.

Unlike gold, Bitcoin isn't produced by a private enterprise. Its supply is determined by a protocol. It's not only that the total of all Bitcoin that can ever be issued is limited to 21 million coins. The coming 2.3 million will be released at a constant rate that doesn't vary with the money supply, GDP or any other factor. Right now, "miners are making tons of money," says de Vries. "If the price falls 80%, a lot of mines will shut down, but the algorithm for gaining new Bitcoin will get easier and match the new, lower computing power. The rate at which Bitcoin is released will stay exactly the same." If the price rises and the number of computers doubles, no more Bitcoin will be forthcoming. That's a totally different dynamic than the one governing gold.

That Bitcoin isn't linked to Federal Reserve policy, national income or the decisions of private companies might appear an advantage. The amount that's minted next year, and what can ever exist, is strictly limited. But new coins that can make similar claims are appearing all the time, and they're eroding Bitcoin's dominance. Since the start of 2020, Bitcoin's share of total capitalization of cryptocurrencies has fallen from two-thirds to one-half. Ether's share has doubled to over 14%.

Although Ether's supply isn't capped like Bitcoin's, its system releases new tokens at an extremely slow rate. So it can advance a comparable case as a store of value. The runup in Bitcoin's price is breeding lots of competitors vying for the title of digital gold.

Bitcoin is an "intangible" asset. No one knows what it's really worth because it has no practical, money-making uses. If you're looking to assess the value of Bitcoin fan Elon Musk's Tesla, you can run forecasts on the size of the future EV market and Tesla's probable share, and estimates of gross margins. For Bitcoin, no such metrics apply. "There's no future cash flow or intrinsic value in Bitcoin, so technically, its value is always zero," says de Vries. "No wonder Bitcoin fans' infamous war cry is Hodl, for 'hold on for dear life.'"

To buy Bitcoin, you have to believe that in the future, other true believers will be paying a lot more than you paid. A reigning cliche in the business world posits that hope isn't a strategy. Believing may not be a viable strategy either.

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