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美国加息,这三个方面将受到影响

美国加息,这三个方面将受到影响

Shawn Tully 2021-03-23
最近长期国债收益率上涨可能意味着,基本面再次成为市场主导。

有人认为美国房价暴涨会持续下去,有人认为股市尽管估值过高但将保持繁荣,还有人认为美国人能够负担得起数万亿美元的新借款,这些观点都有或者曾经有一个相同的假设:至少在未来几年,美元利率将继续维持在超低水平。现在,十年期基准国债(长期债券)的收益率突然大幅上升,令支撑这些有利趋势的情景遭到了严重质疑。利率上行已经让过热的房价降温,缩小了乐观投资者一直喜欢强调的股票对债券的优势,并且动摇了美国可以在利息支出下降的同时大规模发行新债的观念。

债券收益率突然上升

10年期国债的收益率自2020年年初达到1.88%之后,受到经济形势的影响持续低迷。从2020年4月中旬到10月中旬,10年期国债的收益率始终在0.5%至0.75%之间徘徊,进入2021年只有0.93%。2月1日,10年期国债收益率大幅上涨。到3月18日,在短短七周内,长期债券收益率从略高于1.0%上涨到1.73%,创下自去年1月以来的新高。30年期国债收益率也随之上涨,在2021年从1.66%上涨到2.5%。

导致收益率曲线上行的原因包括高于预期的通货膨胀和“实际”(通胀调整)利率上行。实际利率上行的影响尤其严重。从长远来看,通胀调整后收益率往往会与GDP增长保持相同趋势。现在,它们的快速上涨可能体现了经济复苏的前景,以及从去年春天开始的大举借债所带来的压力。从2020年年初以来,美国增加了5万亿美元负债,此外1.9万亿美元“美国救助计划”(American Rescue Plan)、基础设施建设方案和大规模结构性赤字还会带来巨额借款,这很可能是实际利率上行的主要因素,而实际利率对房地产市场、股市和联邦预算都至关重要。

通胀调整后的收益率即便恢复到历史水平,也会令这三个市场面临危机。超低利率让房地产和股票市场有理由持续上涨,而联邦利息支出依旧是可控的,尽管支出在大幅增加。利率恢复到正常水平将使房价和股价也恢复正常,这意味着它们会双双下跌,并让美国的债务前景从“我们以后再处理”变成“洪水就在眼前”。

住房抵押贷款成本升高

对于房价而言,没有什么比30年住房抵押贷款的月供更加重要。从2018年10月至2020年12月,这种美国常见抵押贷款的利率从4.86%下降到2.67%。这种历史性的利率下行带来了持续至今的房地产市场繁荣,但危险即将来临。

30年住房抵押贷款利率的变化趋势与长期债券保持一致。最近,10年期国债收益率上涨使抵押贷款利率截至3月18日上涨到3.45%,恢复到去年3月的水平。抵押贷款利率上行对于美国中产阶级家庭的预算意义重大。自今年年初以来,固定月供从820美元增加到884美元。额外增加的60美元听起来不多,而且也没有太大的影响。但这次利率上行已经令房价大幅上涨的趋势放缓。利率下行会让房价上涨,因此同样的房子价格更高,而30年贷款利率恢复“正常”将导致史上涨幅最大的房价开始下跌。

美国企业研究所住房中心(American Enterprise Institute Housing Center)的主任埃德·平托预测,根据一两个月前签署的合同,今年三四月的房价将上涨约13%。这比2020年1月的发展速度加快了一倍,并且从去年夏天到3月底,房价一直在屡创新高。房价上涨的原因包括房源紧张,去年美国房屋库存减少了约50%。另外一个原因是低利率在房价飞涨的同时限制了月供增加,因此吸引了购房人。

但平托认为,到5月,房价同比涨幅将恢复到11%左右。他说:“如果30年住房抵押贷款利率达到4%,购房市场应该依旧强劲。虽然房价增长率不会始终维持在11%,但依旧可能会达到8%。这仍然远高于可持续的房价水平。如果利率达到4.75%,房价可能以2%的幅度上涨。但利率达到5%将使房价停止上涨。然后你会看到房价下跌。”

之所以出现房价特别容易受到利率上行影响这种不同寻常的情况,是因为房价过高。现在购买一座农场的价格比两年前上涨了35%,而且购房人还需要额外支付几个百分点的住房抵押贷款,这导致月供增加,只有房价大幅下跌才能够恢复住房的可负担性。平托举了一个例子。一对夫妇两年前购买了一套价值25万美元的房子,首付5万美元,住房抵押贷款20万美元,贷款利率为3.0%,每月月供约为820美元。街对面一栋类似的房子今天的房价可能高达34万美元。如果贷款利率达到2018年11月的5%,他们要支付的月供将达到1,557美元,接近翻了一番。

现在,我们距离这个临界点只有不足1.5个百分点,比去年晚些时候的水平上涨了1个百分点。虽然贷款利率达到5%似乎需要很长时间,但已经近在眼前的高通胀、持续数年的大举借债和强劲的经济,很容易使住房抵押贷款利率达到这个临界点,进而引发房价暴跌。

股市也可能大幅下跌

从2021年年初以来,美国长期国债收益率增长一倍,这对于股市的影响有多严重?与房地产市场一样,关键不在于已经发生了什么,而是未来会发生什么。美国国债利率由两部分组成:通胀率部分使投资者可以跟上通胀速度,而“实际”收益率则能够带来高于CPI的收益。对股市而言,问题并不在于利率会在什么时候上行,因为投资者预计未来通胀率将会提高。公司销售额和利润随着整体物价的上涨而上涨;这些制造商正在推高SUV和智能手机的价格。对股市的真正威胁是“实际利率”的大幅上行正在酝酿当中。

原因是:实际利率越低,股票的收益率看起来就会远高于其主要竞争对手固定收益证券,包括基准10年期国债。今年年初,长期债券的收益率为0.93%。未来10年的预期通胀率约为2%,因此债券的通胀调整后收益率为负1.07%。这个可怕的数字令股票看起来比债券更适合投资。华尔街投资者认为,即使股票定价过高,与过于昂贵的债券相比依旧价格便宜。

乐观主义者喜欢引用标普500指数收益率和10年期国债实际收益率之差,用于证明投资股票对投资债券的优势。在此假设标普指数的正常化每股收益为140美元;这是2019年第四季度的历史最高水平。根据这个数字,今年年初的标普指数收益率为3.7%(其价格3756除以每股收益140美元)。

在大部分情况下,这个收益率可能毫无吸引力。但与债券相比,却显得非常诱人。1月4日,标普指数收益率与美国国债的负收益率之差达到4.77%。股市持续坚挺在很大程度上并不是因为股价较低,而是因为投资股票的溢价远高于过于昂贵的债券。

截至3月18日收盘时,标普指数上涨11%至3974点,收益率下降到3.5%。与此同时,基于未来十年2.3%的平均预测通胀率,长期债券的“实际收益率”从负1.07%提高到负0.5%。股票对债券的优势从4.77%缩小到4%。这听起来并不严重,但如果这种趋势持续下去,可能会造成灾难性的后果。事实上,实际收益率极有可能会持续上行进入小幅上涨区间,因为与预测通胀率相反,目前的通胀率接近1.6%。未来10年2.3%的预估通胀率是一个高度不确定的数字。

更高实际利率对昂贵的科技股影响最大。实际收益率是未来收益贴现率的关键部分。亚马逊(Amazon)、特斯拉(Tesla)、Netflix等科技巨头在标普指数的估值中占有很大权重,这些股票的市盈率倍数较高,这意味着投资者预计未来5年、10年和15年这些公司的利润很大程度上会保持增长。相反,能源股和银行股等价值股在未来几年的总利润中将占据更大比重。

实际利率上行之所以对昂贵的科技股影响最大,是因为科技公司有更多收益将按照更高的新利率进行折现,进而会大幅降低这些股票的“现值”。这些实力雄厚的公司或许已经开始估值回调。自2月中旬达到峰值以来,纳斯达克指数(Nasdaq)的估值下跌了7%,其中在3月18日下跌了3%。

总体经济状况

2月初,美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)发布了10年预算预测报告。报告中提出了一个令人震惊的预测:虽然其“基线”情景显示,公众持有的美国国家债务从2019财年的16.8万亿美元增加到2025年的26.6万亿美元,增加约60%,但利息支出只会增加8%至3,610亿美元。国会预算办公室预测,虽然美国正在以二战以来前所未见的规模举债,但从2000年至2025年利息支出将大幅减少。

债务增加和利息支出减少同时出现的原因非常简单。国会预算办公室预测未来将维持超低利率,尤其是实际收益率将深陷负区间。在2月发布的另外一份报告中,该部门预测2021年的10年期平均利率为1.1%,2022年为1.3%并维持到2024年。六周后,这些预测早已过时。目前,长期债券利率比国会预算办公室今年的预估收益率高约0.65%,并且远高于其预测的2022年至2024年的利率1.3%。

自2020年年初以来,为了控制利息成本,美国财政部的5.2万亿美元新增借款中,超过60%的期限不超过一年。美国财政部的策略是尽可能将短期债务进行更长期限的再融资。美国财政部的10年期国债交易已经非常糟糕,需要支付的价格比年初时增加了80个基准点。截至2月,美国有4.9万亿美元借款的期限不超过12个月,现在只能延期偿还,并付出更高的成本。美国今年还需要举债约4万亿美元。除非美国财政部重新发行短期债券,否则利息成本将远高于国会预算办公室美好的预测。

美国政府和支持增加支出的经济学家预测未来几年实际利率将维持在负区间,这种结论过于草率。事实上,他们也不知道利率会如何变化。2020年1月,国会预算办公室预测,2021年10年期国债平均收益率为2.2%,2022年为2.6%,比2月的预测高出一倍。

更简单、更合理的预测是:实际利率更接近GDP增长率,因此10年期国债的收益率将恢复到更高、更正常的水平。美国政府和呼吁大幅增加刺激支持的专家认为,世界已经发生了改变。有一段时间确实如此。但最近长期国债收益率上涨可能意味着,基本面再次成为市场主导。而这对于美国的房地产市场、股市和未来财政来说,并非是好消息。(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

有人认为美国房价暴涨会持续下去,有人认为股市尽管估值过高但将保持繁荣,还有人认为美国人能够负担得起数万亿美元的新借款,这些观点都有或者曾经有一个相同的假设:至少在未来几年,美元利率将继续维持在超低水平。现在,十年期基准国债(长期债券)的收益率突然大幅上升,令支撑这些有利趋势的情景遭到了严重质疑。利率上行已经让过热的房价降温,缩小了乐观投资者一直喜欢强调的股票对债券的优势,并且动摇了美国可以在利息支出下降的同时大规模发行新债的观念。

债券收益率突然上升

10年期国债的收益率自2020年年初达到1.88%之后,受到经济形势的影响持续低迷。从2020年4月中旬到10月中旬,10年期国债的收益率始终在0.5%至0.75%之间徘徊,进入2021年只有0.93%。2月1日,10年期国债收益率大幅上涨。到3月18日,在短短七周内,长期债券收益率从略高于1.0%上涨到1.73%,创下自去年1月以来的新高。30年期国债收益率也随之上涨,在2021年从1.66%上涨到2.5%。

导致收益率曲线上行的原因包括高于预期的通货膨胀和“实际”(通胀调整)利率上行。实际利率上行的影响尤其严重。从长远来看,通胀调整后收益率往往会与GDP增长保持相同趋势。现在,它们的快速上涨可能体现了经济复苏的前景,以及从去年春天开始的大举借债所带来的压力。从2020年年初以来,美国增加了5万亿美元负债,此外1.9万亿美元“美国救助计划”(American Rescue Plan)、基础设施建设方案和大规模结构性赤字还会带来巨额借款,这很可能是实际利率上行的主要因素,而实际利率对房地产市场、股市和联邦预算都至关重要。

通胀调整后的收益率即便恢复到历史水平,也会令这三个市场面临危机。超低利率让房地产和股票市场有理由持续上涨,而联邦利息支出依旧是可控的,尽管支出在大幅增加。利率恢复到正常水平将使房价和股价也恢复正常,这意味着它们会双双下跌,并让美国的债务前景从“我们以后再处理”变成“洪水就在眼前”。

住房抵押贷款成本升高

对于房价而言,没有什么比30年住房抵押贷款的月供更加重要。从2018年10月至2020年12月,这种美国常见抵押贷款的利率从4.86%下降到2.67%。这种历史性的利率下行带来了持续至今的房地产市场繁荣,但危险即将来临。

30年住房抵押贷款利率的变化趋势与长期债券保持一致。最近,10年期国债收益率上涨使抵押贷款利率截至3月18日上涨到3.45%,恢复到去年3月的水平。抵押贷款利率上行对于美国中产阶级家庭的预算意义重大。自今年年初以来,固定月供从820美元增加到884美元。额外增加的60美元听起来不多,而且也没有太大的影响。但这次利率上行已经令房价大幅上涨的趋势放缓。利率下行会让房价上涨,因此同样的房子价格更高,而30年贷款利率恢复“正常”将导致史上涨幅最大的房价开始下跌。

美国企业研究所住房中心(American Enterprise Institute Housing Center)的主任埃德·平托预测,根据一两个月前签署的合同,今年三四月的房价将上涨约13%。这比2020年1月的发展速度加快了一倍,并且从去年夏天到3月底,房价一直在屡创新高。房价上涨的原因包括房源紧张,去年美国房屋库存减少了约50%。另外一个原因是低利率在房价飞涨的同时限制了月供增加,因此吸引了购房人。

但平托认为,到5月,房价同比涨幅将恢复到11%左右。他说:“如果30年住房抵押贷款利率达到4%,购房市场应该依旧强劲。虽然房价增长率不会始终维持在11%,但依旧可能会达到8%。这仍然远高于可持续的房价水平。如果利率达到4.75%,房价可能以2%的幅度上涨。但利率达到5%将使房价停止上涨。然后你会看到房价下跌。”

之所以出现房价特别容易受到利率上行影响这种不同寻常的情况,是因为房价过高。现在购买一座农场的价格比两年前上涨了35%,而且购房人还需要额外支付几个百分点的住房抵押贷款,这导致月供增加,只有房价大幅下跌才能够恢复住房的可负担性。平托举了一个例子。一对夫妇两年前购买了一套价值25万美元的房子,首付5万美元,住房抵押贷款20万美元,贷款利率为3.0%,每月月供约为820美元。街对面一栋类似的房子今天的房价可能高达34万美元。如果贷款利率达到2018年11月的5%,他们要支付的月供将达到1,557美元,接近翻了一番。

现在,我们距离这个临界点只有不足1.5个百分点,比去年晚些时候的水平上涨了1个百分点。虽然贷款利率达到5%似乎需要很长时间,但已经近在眼前的高通胀、持续数年的大举借债和强劲的经济,很容易使住房抵押贷款利率达到这个临界点,进而引发房价暴跌。

股市也可能大幅下跌

从2021年年初以来,美国长期国债收益率增长一倍,这对于股市的影响有多严重?与房地产市场一样,关键不在于已经发生了什么,而是未来会发生什么。美国国债利率由两部分组成:通胀率部分使投资者可以跟上通胀速度,而“实际”收益率则能够带来高于CPI的收益。对股市而言,问题并不在于利率会在什么时候上行,因为投资者预计未来通胀率将会提高。公司销售额和利润随着整体物价的上涨而上涨;这些制造商正在推高SUV和智能手机的价格。对股市的真正威胁是“实际利率”的大幅上行正在酝酿当中。

原因是:实际利率越低,股票的收益率看起来就会远高于其主要竞争对手固定收益证券,包括基准10年期国债。今年年初,长期债券的收益率为0.93%。未来10年的预期通胀率约为2%,因此债券的通胀调整后收益率为负1.07%。这个可怕的数字令股票看起来比债券更适合投资。华尔街投资者认为,即使股票定价过高,与过于昂贵的债券相比依旧价格便宜。

乐观主义者喜欢引用标普500指数收益率和10年期国债实际收益率之差,用于证明投资股票对投资债券的优势。在此假设标普指数的正常化每股收益为140美元;这是2019年第四季度的历史最高水平。根据这个数字,今年年初的标普指数收益率为3.7%(其价格3756除以每股收益140美元)。

在大部分情况下,这个收益率可能毫无吸引力。但与债券相比,却显得非常诱人。1月4日,标普指数收益率与美国国债的负收益率之差达到4.77%。股市持续坚挺在很大程度上并不是因为股价较低,而是因为投资股票的溢价远高于过于昂贵的债券。

截至3月18日收盘时,标普指数上涨11%至3974点,收益率下降到3.5%。与此同时,基于未来十年2.3%的平均预测通胀率,长期债券的“实际收益率”从负1.07%提高到负0.5%。股票对债券的优势从4.77%缩小到4%。这听起来并不严重,但如果这种趋势持续下去,可能会造成灾难性的后果。事实上,实际收益率极有可能会持续上行进入小幅上涨区间,因为与预测通胀率相反,目前的通胀率接近1.6%。未来10年2.3%的预估通胀率是一个高度不确定的数字。

更高实际利率对昂贵的科技股影响最大。实际收益率是未来收益贴现率的关键部分。亚马逊(Amazon)、特斯拉(Tesla)、Netflix等科技巨头在标普指数的估值中占有很大权重,这些股票的市盈率倍数较高,这意味着投资者预计未来5年、10年和15年这些公司的利润很大程度上会保持增长。相反,能源股和银行股等价值股在未来几年的总利润中将占据更大比重。

实际利率上行之所以对昂贵的科技股影响最大,是因为科技公司有更多收益将按照更高的新利率进行折现,进而会大幅降低这些股票的“现值”。这些实力雄厚的公司或许已经开始估值回调。自2月中旬达到峰值以来,纳斯达克指数(Nasdaq)的估值下跌了7%,其中在3月18日下跌了3%。

总体经济状况

2月初,美国国会预算办公室(Congressional Budget Office)发布了10年预算预测报告。报告中提出了一个令人震惊的预测:虽然其“基线”情景显示,公众持有的美国国家债务从2019财年的16.8万亿美元增加到2025年的26.6万亿美元,增加约60%,但利息支出只会增加8%至3,610亿美元。国会预算办公室预测,虽然美国正在以二战以来前所未见的规模举债,但从2000年至2025年利息支出将大幅减少。

债务增加和利息支出减少同时出现的原因非常简单。国会预算办公室预测未来将维持超低利率,尤其是实际收益率将深陷负区间。在2月发布的另外一份报告中,该部门预测2021年的10年期平均利率为1.1%,2022年为1.3%并维持到2024年。六周后,这些预测早已过时。目前,长期债券利率比国会预算办公室今年的预估收益率高约0.65%,并且远高于其预测的2022年至2024年的利率1.3%。

自2020年年初以来,为了控制利息成本,美国财政部的5.2万亿美元新增借款中,超过60%的期限不超过一年。美国财政部的策略是尽可能将短期债务进行更长期限的再融资。美国财政部的10年期国债交易已经非常糟糕,需要支付的价格比年初时增加了80个基准点。截至2月,美国有4.9万亿美元借款的期限不超过12个月,现在只能延期偿还,并付出更高的成本。美国今年还需要举债约4万亿美元。除非美国财政部重新发行短期债券,否则利息成本将远高于国会预算办公室美好的预测。

美国政府和支持增加支出的经济学家预测未来几年实际利率将维持在负区间,这种结论过于草率。事实上,他们也不知道利率会如何变化。2020年1月,国会预算办公室预测,2021年10年期国债平均收益率为2.2%,2022年为2.6%,比2月的预测高出一倍。

更简单、更合理的预测是:实际利率更接近GDP增长率,因此10年期国债的收益率将恢复到更高、更正常的水平。美国政府和呼吁大幅增加刺激支持的专家认为,世界已经发生了改变。有一段时间确实如此。但最近长期国债收益率上涨可能意味着,基本面再次成为市场主导。而这对于美国的房地产市场、股市和未来财政来说,并非是好消息。(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

The view that the historic surge in housing prices has legs, that stocks will keep booming despite steep valuations, and that America can afford trillions in new borrowings all share, or used to share, the same assumption: that interest rates will remain super-low for at least a few more years. Now, the sudden, shocking jump in the yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury note (long bond) has brought the scenario that’s underpinning so many favorable trends into serious doubt. Rising rates are already cooling the hot run in home prices, shrinking the edge equities held over bonds that the bulls love to spotlight, and upending the conviction that the U.S. can amass gigantic new debt while its interest outlays fall.

An unexpected spike in yields

After starting 2020 at 1.88%, the 10-year cratered with the economy. From mid-April to mid-October, its yield hovered between 0.5% and 0.75%, and entered 2021 at 0.93%. The big ramp started on Feb. 1. In just seven weeks to March 18, the long bond yield has leapt from just over 1.0% to 1.73%, its highest reading since January of last year. The 30-year yield has followed, rising from 1.66% at the beginning of 2021, to 2.5%.

A combination of higher than anticipated inflation and rising “real” (inflation-adjusted) rates are boosting the long end of curve. The jump in real rates is especially troubling. Over long periods, inflation-adjusted yields tend to track growth in GDP. Now, their quick rise may be reflecting both a resurgent economy, and pressure from the giant borrowing binge that began last spring. The $5 trillion in debt the U.S. has added since the start of 2020, plus the flood of borrowing to come from the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan, the proposed infrastructure initiative, and big structural deficits, could well be a major force in swelling the real rate that’s so important to housing, stocks, and the federal budget.

A return in inflation-adjusted yields even to historic levels would endanger all three. Ultra-favorable real rates are supposed to justify how housing and stocks can keep soaring, and federal interest outlays remain manageable despite the explosion in spending. Getting back to normal would pull home and equity prices back to normal as well––meaning they’d drop—and radically alter the debt outlook from “we’ll deal with it later” to the “deluge is at hand.”

Costlier mortgages

Nothing is more important to housing prices than the monthly payment on the 30-year home loan. From October 2018 to December 2020, the rate on that American classic dropped from 4.86% to 2.67%. That historic drop triggered the boom that continues to this day, but may soon be in danger.

But the 30-year rate follows the trend in the long bond. The recent jump in 10-year yields lifted mortgage rates to 3.45% as of March 18, back to the levels of last March. That rise makes a big difference in the budgets of middle Americans. Since the start of the year, the fixed monthly payment has risen from $820 to $884. The extra $60-plus doesn’t sound like much, and it’s not making a huge difference yet. But the increase has already slowed the historic acceleration in prices. Given that the drop in rates inflated prices, making similar homes a lot more expensive, a return to a more “normal” rate on the 30-year could turn the strongest rise on record into a slide.

Ed Pinto, director of the American Enterprise Institute Housing Center, predicts that prices will rise around 13% in both March and April, based on contracts signed a month or two before. That’s double the pace in January 2020, and from last summer through the closings come in April, prices have been marching to higher and higher peaks. Driving the gains: the confluence of tight supply––inventories dropped almost 50% in the past year––and those bargain rates that lure buyers by restraining monthly payments even as prices sprint.

But by May, Pinto reckons that year-over-year gains will throttle back to around 11%. “The purchase market should be strong up to a 4% rate on 30-year home loans,” he says. “It wouldn’t keep advancing at 11%, but it could run at 8%. That’s still way higher than what’s sustainable. At 4.75%, prices might be rising at 2%. But it would take a 5% rate to put the brakes on. Then you’d see prices decline.”

The reason prices are unusually vulnerable to rising rates is precisely because houses have gotten so much pricier. Paying 35% more than what the same ranch was selling for two years ago, and also paying a couple of extra points on your home loan, would raise monthly costs to the point where only a steep drop in prices would restore affordability. Pinto offers an example. A couple who purchased a $250,000 home with a $50,000 down payment and a $200,000 mortgage at 3.0% a couple of years ago is paying around $820 a month. A similar house across the street could cost $340,000 today. And if rates indeed get to 5%, about where they stood in November 2018, they’d be paying $1,557, or almost double.

We’re now within 1.5 points of the number that’s the tipping point, about a point closer than late last year. Though 5% may seem a long way off, the convergence of higher inflation that is already expected, a borrowing blowout with years to run, and a strong economy could easily push mortgage rates to that threshold, and send prices tumbling.

Stocks could plummet too

How bad is the doubling of yields since the start of 2021 for stocks? As for housing, it’s not so much what’s happened yet, but what may lie ahead. Treasury rates have two components: the inflation portion that keeps investors even with prices, and the “real” number that provides a return over and above, say, the CPI. It isn’t such a problem when rates rise because investors are expecting an increase in future inflation. Companies’ sales and profits rise with overall prices; it’s those producers that are pushing the prices of SUVs and smartphones higher. The threat for stocks is a big rise in “real rates” that may well be underway.

The reason: The lower real rates go, the better stocks look versus their main rivals, fixed-income securities, including the benchmark 10-year Treasury. At the start of the year, the long bond was yielding 0.93%. Since expected inflation over the next decade stood at around 2%, it offered a negative, inflation adjusted return of minus 1.07%. That dreadful number made stocks look good by comparison. The Wall Street manifesto held that even though equities appeared pricey, they were a bargain compared with exorbitantly expensive bonds.

The metrics that illustrated equities’ edge over bonds, and that the optimists loved to cite, is the difference between the S&P 500 earnings yield and real yield on the 10-year Treasury. I’ll put normalized EPS for the S&P at $140; that’s its record level in Q4 of 2019. Using that number, the S&P’s earnings yield at the start of this year was 3.7% (that’s its price of 3756 divided by profits of $140 a share).

In most times, that would be an unattractive number. But compared with bonds it looked pretty good. On January 4, the S&P earnings yield beat the minus number on Treasuries by a big 4.77%. Stocks kept doing great, not because they were cheap––not by a long shot––but because they offered such a fat premium over ultra-expensive bonds.

As of the close on March 18, the S&P had gained 11% to 3974, shrinking the earnings yield to 3.5%. At the same time, the “real yield” on the long bond had risen from a negative 1.07% to minus 0.5%, based on projected average inflation of 2.3% over the next decade. The equities’ advantage went from 4.77% to 4%. That doesn’t sound catastrophic, but if the trend continues, the upshot would be disastrous. It’s indeed possible that the real yield has climbed all the way into slightly positive territory, since the current as opposed to projected rate of inflation is now around 1.6%. The estimated rate over the next 10 years, at 2.3%, is a highly uncertain number.

Higher real rates will inflict their biggest damage on pricey tech stocks. Real yields are a key part of the discount rate applied to future earnings. Titans such as Amazon, Tesla, and Netflix that account for a huge share of the S&P’s value are selling at big multiples, meaning investors expect the lion’s share of their profits to roll in five, 10, and 15 years from now. By contrast, value stocks such as energy and banking have a much bigger slice of total future profits arriving in the next few years.

A rise in real rates hits expensive tech much harder because much more of their profits must be discounted back, at the new, higher rates, making their “present value” a lot lower. A revaluation of those super-rich names may already be underway. Since its mid-February peak, the Nasdaq has shed 7% of its value, including a drop of 3% on March 18.

The overall economic picture

In early February, the Congressional Budget Office released its 10-Year Budget Projections report. It contains an astounding forecast: Although its “baseline” shows U.S. debt held by the public rising from $16.8 trillion in fiscal 2019 to $26.6 trillion in 2025, an increase of almost 60%, interest expense is expected to wax by just 8% to $361 billion. The CBO posits that the category will decline sharply from 2000 to 2025, despite borrowing on a scale not seen since World War II.

The reason for the crisscross between burgeoning debt and falling interest expense is basic. The CBO was forecasting a future of ultralow rates, and especially, deeply negative real yields. In another report, also from February, the agency forecast that the 10-year rate would average 1.1% in 2021, and 1.3% in 2022, and stay there through 2024. Six weeks later, those projections are already way out of date. The long bond is now paying around 0.65% more than the CBO’s estimate for this year, and hovers well above the 1.3% forecast for 2022 to 2024.

Since the start of 2020, the Treasury has financed over 60% of the $5.2 trillion in new borrowing at maturities of under a year to restrain interest costs. Its strategy involves refinancing as much of that short-term debt as possible at longer terms. The Treasury is already getting a much worse deal on the 10-year, by paying 80 basis points more than when the year started. As of February, the U.S. had $4.9 trillion maturing in under 12 months that it must now roll over at at least a much higher cost. And the U.S. will need to borrow another approximately $4 trillion this year. Unless the Treasury reverts to issuing short-term Treasury bills, interest costs will be much higher than the CBO’s rosy projection.

The administration and economists championing new spending were reckless in predicting that real rates would remain negative for years to come. In fact, they have no idea where rates are going. In January 2020, the CBO figured that the 10-year yield would average 2.2% in 2021 and 2.6% in 2022, double the numbers from it was forecasting in February.

The simpler, more reasonable projection: The real rate pulls much closer to GDP growth, so that the 10-year returns to a far higher, and more normal, number. The administration and experts advocating huge stimulus spending bet that the world had changed. It did for a while. But the recent spike could signal that the fundamentals are once again taking charge. And that’s bad news for housing, stocks, and America’s fiscal future.

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