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拜登能解开美国学生贷款难题吗?

拜登能解开美国学生贷款难题吗?

Nicole Goodkind 2020-12-25
过去十年,美国教育部一直是美国最大的放贷人和消费者的银行。

突如其来的新冠疫情带来了沉重的一击——在美国,已经造成32.9万人死亡,1865万人感染。全美各地的大学生在网课和线下授课之间来回切换,也重塑着人们对高等教育的想象,改变着这一领域的格局。然而,有一项传统却并未因此而改变:高昂的学费以及不断增加的学生贷款。

今年,美国的学生债务打破了纪录,首次超过1.7万亿美元,同比增长4%。根据美联储(Federal Reserve)的数据,在过去十年中,学生贷款债务增加了约102%。

之前的新冠疫情财政刺激法案暂时为联邦学生贷款的借款人减免了利息,但12月21日晚上通过的扩充条款又停止了这种宽限——这意味着从下个月开始,将有超过4300万美国借款人必须开始连本带息地偿还他们的债务。而现在与今年3月疫情爆发前相比,又多了1000万的失业者。在疫情使人们的财务状况陷入困境之前,申领了助学贷款的年轻大学生中就只有三成(32%)表示他们能够过上相对宽裕的生活。相比之下,在没有贷款的同龄大学生中,这一比例为51%。

但民主党议员和一些倡导组织认为,当选总统乔•拜登是一个破局之道。上个月,包括美国教师联合会(American Federation of Teachers)和全国有色人种协会(NAACP)在内的200多个组织签署了一封公开信,要求拜登上任的第一天就采取行动,利用其行政权力来免除所有的学生债务——进步派的议员要求他在上任首日就免掉每位借款人的5万美元债务。

拜登本人则提出了一个更为保守的计划。在竞选期间,他就表示希望立法部门可以采取行动,取消每位借款人1万美元的联邦学生债务。11月时,他说学生借款人正在面临“真正的麻烦”。“他们不得不在支付学生贷款和支付房租之间做出选择。”但是,如果共和党人继续控制参议院,民主党人根本不可能通过任何立法,而只能够将面对高昂贷款不知所措的学生留在原地。

在过去的十年中,美国教育部一直是美国最大的放贷人和消费者的银行。它目前持有近1.5万亿美元的学生贷款债务。民主党立法者认为,如果免除部分债务,将刺激购房和消费,也有助于将资金返还给在疫情的经济冲击下苦苦挣扎的人们。

拜登真的可以通过行政命令减免债务吗?目前还不确定。如果这样做了,他肯定会面临法律挑战。但也有人认为,根据1965年《高等教育法》(Higher Education Act)中关于当前联邦学生贷款计划的规定,他有权这样做。该法律允许拜登委任的教育部部长“减免,放弃或取消”任何贷款。有一些法学专家认为,这意味着总统能够通过签发行政命令来应对这一问题,但另一些人则认为不可以。

在最近的一场Instagram直播访谈中,进步派国会议员亚历山大•奥卡西奥•科尔特斯表示,取消学生债务“根本不是幻想”,“最重要的是……这可以通过行政命令来完成,即拜登不需要通过参议院共和党党魁米奇•麦康奈尔、或由共和党控制的参议院来宽限人们的学生贷款。关键是,需要我们推动他这么做。”

尽管如此,目前看来,拜登不太会在上任的第一天就出台可能存在法律风险的措施,而且很可能在他上任后的前一百天内,任何与减免学生贷款相关的争议都会被交给美国国会决定。(财富中文网)

编译:陈聪聪

突如其来的新冠疫情带来了沉重的一击——在美国,已经造成32.9万人死亡,1865万人感染。全美各地的大学生在网课和线下授课之间来回切换,也重塑着人们对高等教育的想象,改变着这一领域的格局。然而,有一项传统却并未因此而改变:高昂的学费以及不断增加的学生贷款。

今年,美国的学生债务打破了纪录,首次超过1.7万亿美元,同比增长4%。根据美联储(Federal Reserve)的数据,在过去十年中,学生贷款债务增加了约102%。

之前的新冠疫情财政刺激法案暂时为联邦学生贷款的借款人减免了利息,但12月21日晚上通过的扩充条款又停止了这种宽限——这意味着从下个月开始,将有超过4300万美国借款人必须开始连本带息地偿还他们的债务。而现在与今年3月疫情爆发前相比,又多了1000万的失业者。在疫情使人们的财务状况陷入困境之前,申领了助学贷款的年轻大学生中就只有三成(32%)表示他们能够过上相对宽裕的生活。相比之下,在没有贷款的同龄大学生中,这一比例为51%。

但民主党议员和一些倡导组织认为,当选总统乔•拜登是一个破局之道。上个月,包括美国教师联合会(American Federation of Teachers)和全国有色人种协会(NAACP)在内的200多个组织签署了一封公开信,要求拜登上任的第一天就采取行动,利用其行政权力来免除所有的学生债务——进步派的议员要求他在上任首日就免掉每位借款人的5万美元债务。

拜登本人则提出了一个更为保守的计划。在竞选期间,他就表示希望立法部门可以采取行动,取消每位借款人1万美元的联邦学生债务。11月时,他说学生借款人正在面临“真正的麻烦”。“他们不得不在支付学生贷款和支付房租之间做出选择。”但是,如果共和党人继续控制参议院,民主党人根本不可能通过任何立法,而只能够将面对高昂贷款不知所措的学生留在原地。

在过去的十年中,美国教育部一直是美国最大的放贷人和消费者的银行。它目前持有近1.5万亿美元的学生贷款债务。民主党立法者认为,如果免除部分债务,将刺激购房和消费,也有助于将资金返还给在疫情的经济冲击下苦苦挣扎的人们。

拜登真的可以通过行政命令减免债务吗?目前还不确定。如果这样做了,他肯定会面临法律挑战。但也有人认为,根据1965年《高等教育法》(Higher Education Act)中关于当前联邦学生贷款计划的规定,他有权这样做。该法律允许拜登委任的教育部部长“减免,放弃或取消”任何贷款。有一些法学专家认为,这意味着总统能够通过签发行政命令来应对这一问题,但另一些人则认为不可以。

在最近的一场Instagram直播访谈中,进步派国会议员亚历山大•奥卡西奥•科尔特斯表示,取消学生债务“根本不是幻想”,“最重要的是……这可以通过行政命令来完成,即拜登不需要通过参议院共和党党魁米奇•麦康奈尔、或由共和党控制的参议院来宽限人们的学生贷款。关键是,需要我们推动他这么做。”

尽管如此,目前看来,拜登不太会在上任的第一天就出台可能存在法律风险的措施,而且很可能在他上任后的前一百天内,任何与减免学生贷款相关的争议都会被交给美国国会决定。(财富中文网)

编译:陈聪聪

As college students across the country pivot between online and in-person classrooms, reimagining and navigating what the higher education landscape looks like under the weight of a pandemic that has killed over 329,000 Americans and infected 18.65 million more, one tradition remains: hefty tuition rates and ever-increasing student loan debt.

This year, the United States broke records, surpassing $1.7 trillion in student debt for the first time, a 4% increase year over year. In the past decade, student loan debt has increased by about 102%, according to data from the Federal Reserve.

The previous COVID-19 stimulus bill temporarily instated an interest-free payment pause for federal student loan borrowers, but the extension package passed on December 21 night offers no such relief, meaning that starting next month more than 43 million American borrowers will have to begin paying their loans, this time with 10 million fewer jobs than before the pandemic began in earnest this March. Before the financial constraints brought on by COVID-19, just three in 10 young college graduates with student loans (32%) say they are living comfortably. That’s compared with 51% of college graduates of a similar age without outstanding loans.

But Democratic lawmakers and advocacy organizations see a way out through President-elect Joe Biden. More than 200 organizations including the American Federation of Teachers and the NAACP signed an open letter to Biden last month asking him to take action on his first day in office to use his executive authority to cancel all student debt. Progressive lawmakers have asked him to relieve $50,000 in debt per borrower on his first day.

Biden himself has floated a more conservative plan; during his campaign he said he’d like to see $10,000 in federal student debt per borrower canceled through action by the legislative branch. Student borrowers are in “real trouble,” Biden said to press in November. “They’re having to make choices between paying their student loans and paying their rent, those kinds of decisions.” But if Republicans continue to hold the Senate, it’s unlikely that Democrats would be able to pass any legislation at all, leaving students where they were.

The Education Department has been the nation’s largest lender and consumer bank for the past 10 years; it currently owns nearly $1.5 trillion in student loan debt. Democratic lawmakers argue that if some of that debt were forgiven, it would stimulate homebuying and spending and could also help put cash back into the pockets of those dealing with the repercussions of the COVID-19 economy.

There’s also uncertainty over whether Biden could actually pass any debt relief through an executive order (EO). If he did he would certainly face legal challenges. Some argue that he has the authority to do so under the 1965 Higher Education Act, which created the current federal student loan program. The law allows Biden’s education secretary to “compromise, waive, or release” any loans. Some legal scholars say this means the President can issue an EO, while others argue that it doesn’t.

During a recent Instagram Live chat, progressive congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez said that canceling student debt was “not a pipe dream at all” and that “most importantly…it can be done by executive order, which means that Biden would not need Mitch McConnell or the Republican Senate to forgive people’s student loans. The key is that we need to push him.”

Still, it appears that Biden is not likely to wade into legally challenging legislation during his first day in office, and will probably leave it up to Congress to battle out any student loan debt forgiveness during his first 100 days.

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