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美国各州预算不足,或促成大麻和体育博彩合法化

美国各州预算不足,或促成大麻和体育博彩合法化

REY MASHAYEKHI 2020-11-03
新冠疫情可能进一步刺激更多州采取措施,将大麻和体育博彩合法化。

在美国选举日当天,有5个州将决定娱乐用大麻(亚利桑那、蒙大拿、新泽西和南达科他)或医用大麻(南达科他和密西西比)合法化的投票提案。与此同时,路易斯安纳、马里兰和南达科他还将就体育博彩不同程度上的合法化的提案进行表决。

全民公投这种做法在一定程度上体现出公众对于大麻和博彩业的态度正在发生改变。目前,经营这两个行业在美国大部分地区依旧属于犯罪行为。但它们正在美国许多地区逐渐被接受。尽管美国联邦政府对大麻依旧采取禁止的态度,现在有11个州以及哥伦比亚特区都承认娱乐用大麻合法化。2018年,美国最高法院决定推翻联邦政府对体育博彩的禁令,目前有22个州以及哥伦比亚特区均允许开展体育博彩。

或许未来几年这两个行业的扩张本在意料当中,但新冠疫情可能进一步刺激更多州采取措施,将大麻和体育博彩合法化。由于新冠疫情的影响,美国各州正在经历史无前例的预算不足。疫情破坏了美国的经济,还导致各地政府维持运营所依赖的税收枯竭。各州有机会通过将这两个新兴的自由化行业合法化,将其纳入监管并进行课税,来弥补财政预算的不足。

博彩网站Pennbets.com的体育博彩行业分析师克里斯•阿尔特鲁达表示,新冠疫情过后,“体育博彩行业必定会迎来发展的良机。”他将该行业描述为各州增加税收的一个“低维护”解决方案。

同样,大麻科技公司Weedmaps的政府关系副总裁布里奇特•亨尼西认为,大麻行业为急需资金的各地政府提供了“一个经济机遇和刺激经济增长的途径。” “你看美国所有地区都在一定程度上想要发展大麻行业。”

纽约州州长安德鲁•科莫最近重申了他有意在本州将大麻合法化。由于新冠疫情造成的经济冲击,预计未来两年,纽约州的预算赤字将达到近600亿美元。新泽西州有可能在11月通过本州的娱乐用大麻管理措施,将成为大西洋中部地区第一个将大麻合法化的州,这可能会迫使纽约州等周边各州跟进,否则它们将失去客户到哈德逊河对岸购买大麻产品所带来的收入。

新泽西律师事务所Cole Schotz的大麻法律业务联席董事长罗伯特•迪皮萨表示:“随着新泽西州将大麻合法化,周边各州将面临压力。周边各州将错过一次增加税收的机会。我认为这会产生多米诺骨牌效应。”

同样,各州的议员也在增加对体育博彩合法化的关注,尽管这个行业带来的税收无法与大部分娱乐用大麻市场相提并论。由政府监管的体育博彩市场每年能给州政府增加数百万美元财政收入,这对于急需资金的部门和项目来说意义重大。

在线体育博彩公司FanDuel的政府事务副总裁科里•福克斯表示:“我经常与各州的议员交流,确实有多地政府都在寻找[税收]收入来源。他们对于[体育博彩]合法化的问题已经斟酌了许多年。他们既有公众的支持,也可以借鉴其他州的监管框架。”

例如,马里兰州在11月大选中的一项公投将允许在该州境内经营体育博彩,该行业带来的税收将用于发展公共教育。同样,科罗拉多州在去年通过了体育博彩立法,允许将从该行业所得的收入用于管理该州的供水。阿尔特鲁达表示:“如果政府对公众说:‘我们要将这笔[税收]资金投入到某些项目当中’,而不是仅将其作为公共资金的一部分,公众就能更容易接受”这个行业的合法化。

当然,即使是这两个行业最乐观的倡议者也不认为,仅靠将大麻或体育博彩合法化就能缓解各州的预算紧张,以及许多州在疫情过后面临的数十亿美元的亏空。美国国家大麻产业协会(National Cannabis Industry Association,NCIA)发言人摩根•福克斯表示:“大麻带来的税收拯救不了任何一个州的预算。但一切都会有所帮助。这些州推出受管制的[大麻]市场之后,能够带来数亿美元[税收]。”

娱乐用大麻市场最为成熟的州每年能从该行业获得数亿美元税收。在美国最大的娱乐用大麻市场加利福尼亚州,大麻自2018年年初以来已经给该州带来了超过10亿美元税收。相比之下,据美国博彩协会(American Gaming Association,AGA)统计,自2018年以来,美国规模高达258亿美元的合法体育博彩市场,仅为各州和地方政府创造了2.31亿美元税收。

事实上,这两个行业内的一些从业者担心,税收可能给经营者和消费者造成沉重的负担。国家大麻产业协会的福克斯表示,大麻销售税“设定的水平必须足够低,才能与继续运营的非法地下市场相竞争”。美国博彩协会的发言人凯西•克拉克表示,体育博彩是“一个低利润市场”,它“并不是解决所有人的预算问题的万能药。”

但这两个行业目前的状况让大部分人都欢欣鼓舞:如今美国各州为了发展地方经济,会利用各种手段,在这种形势下,这两个行业正在逐渐被数十个州接受,而且数量还在增多。

福克斯表示:“各州的改革速度刚刚开始加速。除了税收以外,受监管的大麻市场能够为我们创造迫切需要的数万个就业岗位。”他表示,美国合法大麻行业目前的雇佣人数约为25万人。

体育博彩行业中也存在类似的观点。美国博彩协会的克拉克表示:“在各州预算紧张的情况下,会有一些将体育博彩行业合法化的动力和机会。我们希望把这件事做好。这并不是一次加速上市的机会。我们必须确保各州执行正确的政策和框架。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

在美国选举日当天,有5个州将决定娱乐用大麻(亚利桑那、蒙大拿、新泽西和南达科他)或医用大麻(南达科他和密西西比)合法化的投票提案。与此同时,路易斯安纳、马里兰和南达科他还将就体育博彩不同程度上的合法化的提案进行表决。

全民公投这种做法在一定程度上体现出公众对于大麻和博彩业的态度正在发生改变。目前,经营这两个行业在美国大部分地区依旧属于犯罪行为。但它们正在美国许多地区逐渐被接受。尽管美国联邦政府对大麻依旧采取禁止的态度,现在有11个州以及哥伦比亚特区都承认娱乐用大麻合法化。2018年,美国最高法院决定推翻联邦政府对体育博彩的禁令,目前有22个州以及哥伦比亚特区均允许开展体育博彩。

或许未来几年这两个行业的扩张本在意料当中,但新冠疫情可能进一步刺激更多州采取措施,将大麻和体育博彩合法化。由于新冠疫情的影响,美国各州正在经历史无前例的预算不足。疫情破坏了美国的经济,还导致各地政府维持运营所依赖的税收枯竭。各州有机会通过将这两个新兴的自由化行业合法化,将其纳入监管并进行课税,来弥补财政预算的不足。

博彩网站Pennbets.com的体育博彩行业分析师克里斯•阿尔特鲁达表示,新冠疫情过后,“体育博彩行业必定会迎来发展的良机。”他将该行业描述为各州增加税收的一个“低维护”解决方案。

同样,大麻科技公司Weedmaps的政府关系副总裁布里奇特•亨尼西认为,大麻行业为急需资金的各地政府提供了“一个经济机遇和刺激经济增长的途径。” “你看美国所有地区都在一定程度上想要发展大麻行业。”

纽约州州长安德鲁•科莫最近重申了他有意在本州将大麻合法化。由于新冠疫情造成的经济冲击,预计未来两年,纽约州的预算赤字将达到近600亿美元。新泽西州有可能在11月通过本州的娱乐用大麻管理措施,将成为大西洋中部地区第一个将大麻合法化的州,这可能会迫使纽约州等周边各州跟进,否则它们将失去客户到哈德逊河对岸购买大麻产品所带来的收入。

新泽西律师事务所Cole Schotz的大麻法律业务联席董事长罗伯特•迪皮萨表示:“随着新泽西州将大麻合法化,周边各州将面临压力。周边各州将错过一次增加税收的机会。我认为这会产生多米诺骨牌效应。”

同样,各州的议员也在增加对体育博彩合法化的关注,尽管这个行业带来的税收无法与大部分娱乐用大麻市场相提并论。由政府监管的体育博彩市场每年能给州政府增加数百万美元财政收入,这对于急需资金的部门和项目来说意义重大。

在线体育博彩公司FanDuel的政府事务副总裁科里•福克斯表示:“我经常与各州的议员交流,确实有多地政府都在寻找[税收]收入来源。他们对于[体育博彩]合法化的问题已经斟酌了许多年。他们既有公众的支持,也可以借鉴其他州的监管框架。”

例如,马里兰州在11月大选中的一项公投将允许在该州境内经营体育博彩,该行业带来的税收将用于发展公共教育。同样,科罗拉多州在去年通过了体育博彩立法,允许将从该行业所得的收入用于管理该州的供水。阿尔特鲁达表示:“如果政府对公众说:‘我们要将这笔[税收]资金投入到某些项目当中’,而不是仅将其作为公共资金的一部分,公众就能更容易接受”这个行业的合法化。

当然,即使是这两个行业最乐观的倡议者也不认为,仅靠将大麻或体育博彩合法化就能缓解各州的预算紧张,以及许多州在疫情过后面临的数十亿美元的亏空。美国国家大麻产业协会(National Cannabis Industry Association,NCIA)发言人摩根•福克斯表示:“大麻带来的税收拯救不了任何一个州的预算。但一切都会有所帮助。这些州推出受管制的[大麻]市场之后,能够带来数亿美元[税收]。”

娱乐用大麻市场最为成熟的州每年能从该行业获得数亿美元税收。在美国最大的娱乐用大麻市场加利福尼亚州,大麻自2018年年初以来已经给该州带来了超过10亿美元税收。相比之下,据美国博彩协会(American Gaming Association,AGA)统计,自2018年以来,美国规模高达258亿美元的合法体育博彩市场,仅为各州和地方政府创造了2.31亿美元税收。

事实上,这两个行业内的一些从业者担心,税收可能给经营者和消费者造成沉重的负担。国家大麻产业协会的福克斯表示,大麻销售税“设定的水平必须足够低,才能与继续运营的非法地下市场相竞争”。美国博彩协会的发言人凯西•克拉克表示,体育博彩是“一个低利润市场”,它“并不是解决所有人的预算问题的万能药。”

但这两个行业目前的状况让大部分人都欢欣鼓舞:如今美国各州为了发展地方经济,会利用各种手段,在这种形势下,这两个行业正在逐渐被数十个州接受,而且数量还在增多。

福克斯表示:“各州的改革速度刚刚开始加速。除了税收以外,受监管的大麻市场能够为我们创造迫切需要的数万个就业岗位。”他表示,美国合法大麻行业目前的雇佣人数约为25万人。

体育博彩行业中也存在类似的观点。美国博彩协会的克拉克表示:“在各州预算紧张的情况下,会有一些将体育博彩行业合法化的动力和机会。我们希望把这件事做好。这并不是一次加速上市的机会。我们必须确保各州执行正确的政策和框架。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

On Election Day, voters in five states will decide ballot initiatives that would legalize cannabis use either recreationally (Arizona, Montana, New Jersey, and South Dakota) or medicinally (South Dakota and Mississippi). Meanwhile, those in Louisiana, Maryland, and South Dakota will vote on initiatives that would legalize sports betting, to varying degrees, in their own states.

The ballot measures speak partly to changing public attitudes toward both marijuana use and gambling, activities that remain criminalized in large swaths of the country. Yet, both have been gradually accepted in jurisdictions across the U.S. Despite the continued federal prohibition of cannabis, recreational adult use of marijuana is now legal in 11 states plus the District of Columbia, while the Supreme Court’s decision to reverse a federal ban on sports betting in 2018 has seen the practice now allowed in 22 states plus D.C.

If those numbers were already expected to swell in the coming years, the coronavirus pandemic could further motivate more states to adopt measures legalizing cannabis and sports betting. Across the country, states are experiencing historic budget shortfalls as a result of the pandemic, which has devastated the American economy and drained government coffers of the tax revenue they rely on. In the two nascent, newly liberalized industries, there is an opportunity for states to begin making up some of those deficits by legalizing, regulating, and taxing them.

“There’s definitely a growth opportunity for sports betting” in the wake of COVID-19, according to Chris Altruda, a sports betting industry analyst at Pennbets.com, who described the industry as a “low-maintenance” solution for states looking for additional tax revenue.

Likewise, the cannabis industry provides “an economic opportunity, and a way to build some stimulus” for jurisdictions now in need of funding, according to Bridget Hennessey, vice president of government relations at Weedmaps. “You’re seeing across the country that there’s some appetite for this.”

New York governor Andrew Cuomo recently reiterated his interest in legalizing marijuana in his state, which expects to run a budget deficit of nearly $60 billion over the next two years due to the pandemic’s economic impact. As New Jersey appears likely to pass its own recreational measure this November—becoming the first mid-Atlantic state to legalize cannabis in the process—the onus will fall on neighbors like New York to follow suit, or else risk losing revenue from customers willing to cross the Hudson River to purchase products.

“With New Jersey coming online, it will put pressure on neighboring states. That is tax revenue that neighboring states are missing out on,” says Robert DiPisa, co-chair of the cannabis law group at New Jersey-based law firm Cole Schotz. “I do think it’s going to create a domino effect.”

Likewise, state lawmakers are increasingly considering legal sports betting, even though tax revenues from that industry are limited compared to most recreational cannabis markets. But a regulated sports gambling market can still generate millions of dollars annually for state coffers—meaningful funding for departments and programs in need of every dollar they can get.

“I talk to legislators fairly regularly, and it’s definitely the case that many are looking for sources of [tax] revenue,” says Cory Fox, vice president of government affairs at online sports gaming company FanDuel. “They’ve been thinking about [sports betting] for a number of years. There’s general public support for it, and there’s a regulatory framework that they can take from other states.”

In Maryland, for instance, a ballot measure in November’s election that would permit sports betting in the state would earmark the generated tax revenue for public education. Similarly, Colorado passed its own sports betting law last year by promising that proceeds would fund the state’s management of its water supply. Legalization “seems to be an easier sell to the public if you say, ‘We’re going to take this [tax] money and put it toward something specific,’ rather than just putting it toward a general fund,” Altruda notes.

Of course, not even the most bullish advocate for either industry believes legalizing cannabis or sports betting alone will alleviate states’ budget strains, such are the multibillion-dollar shortfalls facing many post-pandemic. “Cannabis taxes aren’t going to save any state budgets,” says National Cannabis Industry Association (NCIA) spokesperson Morgan Fox. “But everything helps. We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars [of tax revenue] in these states with regulated [marijuana] markets.”

The states with the most mature recreational cannabis markets see hundreds of millions of dollars a year in tax revenue from the industry—with California, the largest recreational market in the nation, generating more than $1 billion since the start of 2018. By contrast, the $25.8 billion wagered legally on sports in the U.S. since 2018 has generated only $231 million in tax revenue for state and local governments, according to the American Gaming Association (AGA).

Indeed, there are those in both industries who are wary of taxes that may prove too burdensome for operators and consumers alike. NCIA’s Fox notes that cannabis sales taxes “have to be set at a rate where they’re low enough to compete with the unregulated, underground market” that continues to operate. And AGA spokesperson Casey Clark described sports betting as “a low-margin business” that “is not the panacea that is going to solve everyone’s budget issues.”

But for the most part, both industries are thrilled to be in the position they are now: gradually embraced by dozens of state jurisdictions and counting, at a time when the local economies across the country can use any jolt they can get.

“The pace at which these reforms are happening at the state level are only increasing,” Fox says, noting that roughly 250,000 people are employed by the legal cannabis industry in the U.S. “Aside from tax revenue, regulated cannabis markets create tens of thousands of new jobs, and we certainly need that.”

A similar sentiment exists on the sports gambling side. “There’s some momentum and opportunity to be had with the budget shortfalls,” says AGA’s Clark. “This is something that we want to get right. It’s not a speed-to-market opportunity. We have to make sure the right policies and frameworks are in place.”

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