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全球惊现首例新冠“二次感染”,我们应该担心疫苗效果吗?

全球惊现首例新冠“二次感染”,我们应该担心疫苗效果吗?

Naomi Xu Elegant 2020-08-28
这一病例的出现还表明,新冠治愈患者同样需要接种疫苗。

周一,香港大学的研究人员证实,在香港出现了全球首例新冠“二次感染”病例。

被证实二次感染的患者为一名33岁香港男子,曾因感染新冠病毒住院治疗,4月治愈出院。因香港要求所有抵港人士都必须接受新冠病毒检测,本月早些时候,该男子自西班牙乘机返回香港接受检测后再度确诊,但属于无症状感染。

相关研究发现或将对未来的疫苗研发项目产生一些影响。自然情况下,在感染新冠病毒并痊愈后,人体会对新冠病毒产生免疫力,而疫苗则是通过模拟自然免疫的过程来实现同样的目的。二次感染病例的出现不免令人担心:如果患者在自然免疫力下降到一定程度时可能会被二次感染,疫苗免疫是否会出现同样的问题?

普遍需求

二次感染病例的出现至少说明了对新冠疫苗需求的普遍性。也表明,卫生官员希望通过放任病毒自由扩散进而实现“群体免疫”的策略无法取得其想要的效果。此外,这一病例的出现还表明,新冠治愈患者同样需要接种疫苗。

作为二次感染问题的研究负责人之一,香港大微生物学系临床副教授杜启泓表示:“新冠痊愈患者不应对二次感染的可能性放松警惕,等新冠疫苗上市后,他们仍然应该进行接种。”

调整预期

杜教授非常谨慎地对疫苗免疫和自然免疫进行了比较,他表示,前者的免疫力应该更强一些。

杜教授说:“根据疫苗研究报告的相关数据,疫苗免疫在效力和免疫时间方面的表现似乎都比自然免疫要好。”

同为香港大学临床微生物学系临床副教授的希德哈斯·斯里德哈表示,二次感染病例的出现也“改变了我们对疫苗效力的预期”,因为这一案例表明,任何对新冠病毒的免疫都是有局限性的。斯里德哈教授虽未参与对二次感染的研究,但其一直在从事与新冠病毒相关的研究工作。

“二次感染者的出现可能是一种信号,说明新冠肺炎和新冠病毒将会长期存在下去。由于其具有造成二次感染的能力,所以没有什么东西能对其产生100%的免疫力。”斯里德哈说。

但即便疫苗不能诱发人体对新冠病毒产生100%的免疫力,也能在感染新冠病毒时“有效激发免疫反应”。

这位33岁的患者在第二次感染新冠肺炎时有一个明显特征,那就是具有无症状的特点,这可能是因为免疫系统已经学会了如何抑制这种病毒的结果。斯里德哈表示,这是个“好消息”,因为这表明,即使疫苗免疫不能防止出现二次感染,也能防止再次出现相关症状。

斯里德哈说:“即便二次感染时出现了相关症状,此前感染过新冠病毒或接种过疫苗的人可能也会实现更好的免疫效果,进而防止出现危重症状。只要现在研发中的疫苗能够达到这一目的,说实话,就算大功告成了。”

有针对性的疫苗接种

“二次感染者”的出现为我们解答了一些问题,但也提出了一些新的问题。比如:二次感染患者是否具有传染性就是一个很大的未知数。

另一个问题则是第一次感染后获得的免疫力维持了多少时间。该患病男子的两次感染之间间隔了四个半月,但尚无足够数据表明该个案在更广泛的人群中是否具有代表性。

杜教授表示,目前尚不了解新冠疫苗的免疫效力能维持多久,而二次感染个案的出现表明,(研究者)在试验中应注意搜集这方面的数据。

更重要的是,本次出现二次感染情况的男子相对年轻,而且身体也比较好,所以他的情况不能代表那些体质偏弱的群体,比如老年人或免疫力低下的人群。

杜教授表示:“理论上说,免疫力低下人群二次感染的几率会更高,但目前我们还没有这方面的证据。”

如果新冠病毒会像普通感冒或季节性流感那样呈现出周期性传播的特点,那么,未来的疫苗接种方案可能需要鼓励体质较弱的人群定期接种疫苗。斯里德哈表示,无论如何,疫苗上市之后都应当让尽可能多的人接种疫苗。

“这名患者可能只是个例……否则二次感染的现象以后可能会经常出现。”斯里德哈说。(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

周一,香港大学的研究人员证实,在香港出现了全球首例新冠“二次感染”病例。

被证实二次感染的患者为一名33岁香港男子,曾因感染新冠病毒住院治疗,4月治愈出院。因香港要求所有抵港人士都必须接受新冠病毒检测,本月早些时候,该男子自西班牙乘机返回香港接受检测后再度确诊,但属于无症状感染。

相关研究发现或将对未来的疫苗研发项目产生一些影响。自然情况下,在感染新冠病毒并痊愈后,人体会对新冠病毒产生免疫力,而疫苗则是通过模拟自然免疫的过程来实现同样的目的。二次感染病例的出现不免令人担心:如果患者在自然免疫力下降到一定程度时可能会被二次感染,疫苗免疫是否会出现同样的问题?

普遍需求

二次感染病例的出现至少说明了对新冠疫苗需求的普遍性。也表明,卫生官员希望通过放任病毒自由扩散进而实现“群体免疫”的策略无法取得其想要的效果。此外,这一病例的出现还表明,新冠治愈患者同样需要接种疫苗。

作为二次感染问题的研究负责人之一,香港大微生物学系临床副教授杜启泓表示:“新冠痊愈患者不应对二次感染的可能性放松警惕,等新冠疫苗上市后,他们仍然应该进行接种。”

调整预期

杜教授非常谨慎地对疫苗免疫和自然免疫进行了比较,他表示,前者的免疫力应该更强一些。

杜教授说:“根据疫苗研究报告的相关数据,疫苗免疫在效力和免疫时间方面的表现似乎都比自然免疫要好。”

同为香港大学临床微生物学系临床副教授的希德哈斯·斯里德哈表示,二次感染病例的出现也“改变了我们对疫苗效力的预期”,因为这一案例表明,任何对新冠病毒的免疫都是有局限性的。斯里德哈教授虽未参与对二次感染的研究,但其一直在从事与新冠病毒相关的研究工作。

“二次感染者的出现可能是一种信号,说明新冠肺炎和新冠病毒将会长期存在下去。由于其具有造成二次感染的能力,所以没有什么东西能对其产生100%的免疫力。”斯里德哈说。

但即便疫苗不能诱发人体对新冠病毒产生100%的免疫力,也能在感染新冠病毒时“有效激发免疫反应”。

这位33岁的患者在第二次感染新冠肺炎时有一个明显特征,那就是具有无症状的特点,这可能是因为免疫系统已经学会了如何抑制这种病毒的结果。斯里德哈表示,这是个“好消息”,因为这表明,即使疫苗免疫不能防止出现二次感染,也能防止再次出现相关症状。

斯里德哈说:“即便二次感染时出现了相关症状,此前感染过新冠病毒或接种过疫苗的人可能也会实现更好的免疫效果,进而防止出现危重症状。只要现在研发中的疫苗能够达到这一目的,说实话,就算大功告成了。”

有针对性的疫苗接种

“二次感染者”的出现为我们解答了一些问题,但也提出了一些新的问题。比如:二次感染患者是否具有传染性就是一个很大的未知数。

另一个问题则是第一次感染后获得的免疫力维持了多少时间。该患病男子的两次感染之间间隔了四个半月,但尚无足够数据表明该个案在更广泛的人群中是否具有代表性。

杜教授表示,目前尚不了解新冠疫苗的免疫效力能维持多久,而二次感染个案的出现表明,(研究者)在试验中应注意搜集这方面的数据。

更重要的是,本次出现二次感染情况的男子相对年轻,而且身体也比较好,所以他的情况不能代表那些体质偏弱的群体,比如老年人或免疫力低下的人群。

杜教授表示:“理论上说,免疫力低下人群二次感染的几率会更高,但目前我们还没有这方面的证据。”

如果新冠病毒会像普通感冒或季节性流感那样呈现出周期性传播的特点,那么,未来的疫苗接种方案可能需要鼓励体质较弱的人群定期接种疫苗。斯里德哈表示,无论如何,疫苗上市之后都应当让尽可能多的人接种疫苗。

“这名患者可能只是个例……否则二次感染的现象以后可能会经常出现。”斯里德哈说。(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

Researchers at the University of Hong Kong confirmed the world's first known case of coronavirus reinfection on Monday.

The reinfected person is a 33-year-old man from Hong Kong who was hospitalized with COVID-19 and discharged in April. The man tested positive for the virus again earlier this month after flying back to Hong Kong from Spain. He was asymptomatic the second time he was infected. His reinfection was detected by coronavirus testing that Hong Kong requires of all arriving travelers.

The researchers' findings have several implications for any future coronavirus vaccination program. A vaccine aims to mimic the natural immunity to the coronavirus a human develops after contracting and recovering from COVID-19. The reinfection case is worrisome because it raises the question: if natural immunity wears off to the point that a patient can be reinfected, will immunity from a vaccine diminish too?

Universal need

At the very least, the reinfection finding underscores the universal need for a coronavirus vaccine. It suggests that coronavirus management tactics like the controversial herd immunity approach—in which health officials allow the disease to spread unchecked in hopes that a population will become naturally immune—won't be sufficient. It also suggests that those who contract and recover from COVID-19 shouldn't be exempt from a vaccine.

"Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 should not assume that they will not be infected again," said Kelvin Kai-Wang To, a clinical associate professor in microbiology at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) and one of the researchers who headed the reinfection study. "They should still receive COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available."

Adjusting expectations

To is careful to draw a likely distinction between the immunity from a vaccine versus the natural immunity gained from an infection: the former is expected to be stronger, To said.

"Based on the data reported from vaccine studies, it's likely that vaccination can induce a more potent and prolonged immunity than natural infection," To said.

At the same time, though, the reinfection case should "adjust our expectations" for a vaccine since it suggests that any immunity to the coronavirus is finite, says Siddharth Sridhar, also a clinical assistant professor in microbiology at HKU. He wasn't involved with the reinfection study but has been conducting research on the coronavirus.

"[The confirmed reinfection] might in fact be a signal that COVID-19 and the virus SARS-CoV-2 is actually here for good, because it is able to establish reinfection, and there will be no such thing as 100% immunity against the virus," Sridhar said.

But even if it can't elicit 100% immunity, a vaccine can be effective in "[priming] our immune response" to a coronavirus infection, Sridhar said.

That "priming" appears to have happened in the instance of the reinfection. The 33-year-old man displayed symptoms the first time he contracted COVID-19, but not the second time, perhaps because his immune system had learned how to suppress the virus. That's "good news," Sridhar said, since it suggests that even if the immunity from a vaccine can't prevent reinfection, it might stop symptoms from flaring up a second time around.

"Even if the reinfection is symptomatic, it is hopeful that an earlier encounter with the virus—or an earlier encounter with a vaccine—will prime our immune responses somewhat and help to prevent a very severe reinfection," Sridhar said. "As long as any of the vaccines currently in development can achieve this, really, mission accomplished."

Targeted vaccination

The reinfection case raises new questions as it answers others. One big unknown is whether the reinfected patient was contagious the second time around.

Another is how long the immunity from his first infection lasted. Four and a half months elapsed between his two coronavirus infections, but there isn't enough data yet to know whether his case is representative of the broader population.

The case suggests that vaccine trials should be monitoring for the duration of protection against the coronavirus, which is still unknown, To said.

What's more, the reinfected man is healthy and relatively young; his experience with reinfection may not translate to more vulnerable population groups like elderly people and immunocompromised people.

"Theoretically, those with poor immune systems may have a higher chance of reinfection, but we don't have the proof yet," To said.

If the coronavirus starts to regularly circulate like viruses that cause the common cold and seasonal influenza currently do, future vaccination programs might encourage more vulnerable populations to receive periodic vaccinations. Regardless, as many people as possible should be vaccinated when a vaccine becomes available, Sridhar said.

"This patient could be an outlier ... or [reinfection] might actually be quite a common occurrence," Sridhar said.

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