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美国疫情严重,为何一些公司还是希望员工回办公室?

美国疫情严重,为何一些公司还是希望员工回办公室?

葛继甫(Geoff Colvin) 2020-08-18
居家办公最严重的后果可能是员工失去创造力和创新力。

图片来源:PHOTO-ILLUSTRATION BY SELMAN DESIGN; ORIGINAL PHOTOS: FORTUNE MAGAZINE; ALISTAIR BERG—GETTY IMAGES; WSFURLAN—GETTY IMAGES

在社交隔离和远程办公时期,高盛(Goldman Sachs)CEO苏德巍在最近召开的与华尔街分析师的财报电话会议上提出了一个令人意外的话题:团结精神。他解释说:“高盛一直有以团队为导向的帮带文化,团队一起团结协作让我们受益匪浅。”虽然有许多CEO似乎并不着急让员工回来办公,甚至有些公司告诉员工永远不必重回办公室,但苏德巍明确表示他希望同事在保证安全的前提下尽快回办公室上班。他即使在疫情期间也坚持去办公室。

虽然新冠疫情依旧在全球蔓延,美国的疫情尤其严重,但苏德巍仍然希望员工能重回办公室聚在一起,这并不是出于简单的效率计算。Facebook、富士通(Fujitsu)、全美互惠保险公司(Nationwide)、奥的斯(Otis)、西门子(Siemens)、推特(Twitter)等大公司都宣布,从现在开始,大批员工可以或者必须远程办公。公司的管理者声称远程办公可以节约支出,提高工作效率。许多员工也更喜欢这种办公方式。光辉国际(Korn Ferry)最近的一项调查发现,64%的员工感觉在家办公的效率更高。

但有一些超级成功的公司却反对这种方式,比如苹果(Apple)、亚马逊(Amazon)、高盛、谷歌(Google)等已经明确表示不会提供无限期居家办公方案。他们希望员工重回办公室。有大量证据支持他们的立场。而且,事实还证明雇主提供无限期居家办公时,他们所造成的混乱的严重性可能远超过他们的想象。

在疫情爆发之初,允许或要求员工离开工作场所显然是正确的选择,而且许多公司为了保护员工健康,在未来一段时间内允许居家办公依旧是合理的做法。考虑到疫苗开发和接种可能需要的时间,谷歌最近将自愿居家办公政策延长到了2021年7月。为了公共健康,有些场所关闭势在必行。但有些雇主还有另外一种选择,他们应该记住,居家办公的成本高昂,而且可能并不明显。

最严重的后果可能是员工失去创造力和创新力。在这种环境下,每家公司都渴望有好的创意,而最糟糕的政策是在没有必要的情况下要求或者鼓励员工分开办公。

面对面交流至关重要

来自麻省理工学院(MIT)、美国东北大学(Northeastern University)、科隆大学(University of Cologne)、班贝格大学(University of Bamberg)和阿尔托大学(Aalto University)的研究人员研究了从事计算机科学、经济学、心理学等领域的不同项目的团队,这是到目前为止关于工作场所的创造力最有启发性的研究之一;研究结果于2012年发表于《国际组织设计与工程期刊》(International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering)。研究对象配戴一种名为社交记录仪的小型装置,可以记录团队内部的互动情况,并按照从1到5的分数由同行对团队的创造力和质量进行评分。研究结果非常清楚地表明在团队中发挥创意是一种深层次的人类体验。团队成员面对面交流的次数越多,就能取得更有创意的成果。他们注视着对方的眼睛交流的机会越多,就越能发挥创意。他们越愿意向对方吐露心声,就越有创意。

彼此面对面,注视着对方的眼睛,并且能推心置腹地交流,这些行为都是相互信任的体现,有助于在员工之间建立信任关系。研究人员测量了团队内部的信任程度,结果发现信任对于整个流程至关重要。他们的结论是:“面对面交流在建立信任方面是无可替代的。”

反对无限期居家办公的优秀雇主,显然多年来对此已经有深刻的理解。例如,谷歌的免费优质自助餐不止是一项福利。这些自助餐能够把平时可能难得一见的员工们聚在一起,让他们在排队的时候可以聊天。又长又窄的餐桌提高了员工与陌生同事挨着坐或面对面坐的概率,让员工之间可以进行交流。这种偶然发生的交流往往能够诞生成功的创意。Gmail、Google News和Street View等创意都来自工程师们午餐时的闲聊。

苹果公司的史蒂夫·乔布斯也喜欢召开面对面会议。他曾经告诉乔布斯畅销自传的作者沃尔特·艾萨克森:“在网络时代,人们倾向于认为可以通过电子邮件和iChat产生创意。这是疯狂的想法。创意来源于自发的会议,来自随机讨论。”《财富》杂志曾经邀请乔布斯回顾iPhone手机的诞生过程。他说最初的创意来自私下的闲聊:“我们都有手机。我们都很讨厌它们。它们的使用体验极其糟糕。”作家布莱恩·麦切特在《一台设备》(The One Device)一书中写道,“饮水机旁的聊天”是“iPhone神话的一部分,所有人都认同这一点。”

错过灵感迸发的瞬间

但通过今天的科技,只有面对面才是最佳交流方式吗?Zoom视频会议能否达到相同的效果?答案是否定的。在人类发展的过程中,我们天生重视与其他人的面对面交流。这在我们的观念中是根深蒂固的。

以握手这件我们现在不会做的事情为例。在其他条件相同的情况下,与面试官握手的求职者获得的评价更高。我们判断与我们握手的人比其他人更值得信任,能力更强。握手其实是一种令人激动的体验:脑成像显示,我们在握手或看到其他人握手时,大脑中与奖赏敏感性有关的区域会变得活跃,也就是说我们感觉得到了奖励。

我们与别人面对面交流时,也会有类似的身体反应。我们的瞳孔会随着对方的眼睛变化收缩和扩张。我们都没有意识到这种反应,但它能够建立信任。当我们待在一起的时候,会无意识地模仿彼此的姿势、手势和语气,从而建立信任和同理心。

视频在这方面望尘莫及。姿势和手势是部分或者完全无形的。人们不会注视着彼此的眼睛;他们无法同时直接盯着屏幕和摄像头。在视频会议中,你无法朝着不同的人转头;所有人都要看着摄像头。自然的对话应答、转头和插话等行为变得极其尴尬。

隐藏成本

团结精神深深植根于人类的本性当中。认知神经科学专业首席研究员迈克尔·S·加扎尼加曾经写过:“物竞天择让人类必须在集体当中才能生存。”加扎尼加在加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校(University of California at Santa Barbara)的办公室已经关闭。他最近在家接受采访时说,他感受到了与人面对面交流的缺失。他说:“在学术界,我感觉从知识性问题中得到的那种激动和热情,越来越难以维持。影响理性思维的是人性,但它在Zoom上却消失不见了。”

过去十年,给人最大启发的团队绩效研究来自麻省理工学院的亚历克斯·彭特兰,他也是前文所述的社交记录仪的开发者。在被问到上百万人居家办公有哪些损失时,他说:“我们会失去联系感和作为团队成员的归属感,让大家达成共识和保持一致的所有偶然的对话和非语言线索,以及诞生多数创意的各种机缘巧合等。”

他对于组织及其人员的预期是:“完全标准化的任务是有效的。你可以依靠现有的社会联系在一段时间内团结所有成员。但这种做法在夏季结束时将难以为继。”

公司执行大规模无限期居家办公政策,在一段时间内或许会进展顺利,而且肯定能节约资金,这也是目前公司的主要考虑因素之一。但是这样做的坏处会逐渐显现,并且越来越难全面解决。这些公司的收益比损失更容易量化。这些损失或许需要更久才能在损益表上表现出来,其严重程度可能远超想象。

在员工居家办公期间保持团队创造力的三种途径

到目前为止,现场办公是发挥团队创造力和创意的最好方法。但在无法现场办公的情况下,团队依旧可以努力改善绩效。

1. 扩展数字对话

最高效的创新团队成员会与其所在学科、行业或地点以外的人持续保持联系,获得全新的视角和创意。然后他们会与其他团队成员交流自己了解到的信息。

2. 注意所有人说话的时间

最高效团队的会议,无论是面对面会议还是视频会议,都不会被某个人支配。这样做可以增加互动,诞生大量创意。

3. 至少面对面交流一次

通过面对面交流可以建立相互信任的关系和集体社交规范。研究显示,数字交互可以增强面对面交流的效果。(财富中文网)

本文另一版本刊载于《财富》杂志2020年8/9月刊,标题为《失去联系》。

译者:Biz

在社交隔离和远程办公时期,高盛(Goldman Sachs)CEO苏德巍在最近召开的与华尔街分析师的财报电话会议上提出了一个令人意外的话题:团结精神。他解释说:“高盛一直有以团队为导向的帮带文化,团队一起团结协作让我们受益匪浅。”虽然有许多CEO似乎并不着急让员工回来办公,甚至有些公司告诉员工永远不必重回办公室,但苏德巍明确表示他希望同事在保证安全的前提下尽快回办公室上班。他即使在疫情期间也坚持去办公室。

虽然新冠疫情依旧在全球蔓延,美国的疫情尤其严重,但苏德巍仍然希望员工能重回办公室聚在一起,这并不是出于简单的效率计算。Facebook、富士通(Fujitsu)、全美互惠保险公司(Nationwide)、奥的斯(Otis)、西门子(Siemens)、推特(Twitter)等大公司都宣布,从现在开始,大批员工可以或者必须远程办公。公司的管理者声称远程办公可以节约支出,提高工作效率。许多员工也更喜欢这种办公方式。光辉国际(Korn Ferry)最近的一项调查发现,64%的员工感觉在家办公的效率更高。

但有一些超级成功的公司却反对这种方式,比如苹果(Apple)、亚马逊(Amazon)、高盛、谷歌(Google)等已经明确表示不会提供无限期居家办公方案。他们希望员工重回办公室。有大量证据支持他们的立场。而且,事实还证明雇主提供无限期居家办公时,他们所造成的混乱的严重性可能远超过他们的想象。

在疫情爆发之初,允许或要求员工离开工作场所显然是正确的选择,而且许多公司为了保护员工健康,在未来一段时间内允许居家办公依旧是合理的做法。考虑到疫苗开发和接种可能需要的时间,谷歌最近将自愿居家办公政策延长到了2021年7月。为了公共健康,有些场所关闭势在必行。但有些雇主还有另外一种选择,他们应该记住,居家办公的成本高昂,而且可能并不明显。

最严重的后果可能是员工失去创造力和创新力。在这种环境下,每家公司都渴望有好的创意,而最糟糕的政策是在没有必要的情况下要求或者鼓励员工分开办公。

面对面交流至关重要

来自麻省理工学院(MIT)、美国西北大学(Northeastern University)、科隆大学(University of Cologne)、班贝格大学(University of Bamberg)和阿尔托大学(Aalto University)的研究人员研究了从事计算机科学、经济学、心理学等领域的不同项目的团队,这是到目前为止关于工作场所的创造力最有启发性的研究之一;研究结果于2012年发表于《国际组织设计与工程期刊》(International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering)。研究对象配戴一种名为社交记录仪的小型装置,可以记录团队内部的互动情况,并按照从1到5的分数由同行对团队的创造力和质量进行评分。研究结果非常清楚地表明在团队中发挥创意是一种深层次的人类体验。团队成员面对面交流的次数越多,就能取得更有创意的成果。他们注视着对方的眼睛交流的机会越多,就越能发挥创意。他们越愿意向对方吐露心声,就越有创意。

彼此面对面,注视着对方的眼睛,并且能推心置腹地交流,这些行为都是相互信任的体现,有助于在员工之间建立信任关系。研究人员测量了团队内部的信任程度,结果发现信任对于整个流程至关重要。他们的结论是:“面对面交流在建立信任方面是无可替代的。”

反对无限期居家办公的优秀雇主,显然多年来对此已经有深刻的理解。例如,谷歌的免费优质自助餐不止是一项福利。这些自助餐能够把平时可能难得一见的员工们聚在一起,让他们在排队的时候可以聊天。又长又窄的餐桌提高了员工与陌生同事挨着坐或面对面坐的概率,让员工之间可以进行交流。这种偶然发生的交流往往能够诞生成功的创意。Gmail、Google News和Street View等创意都来自工程师们午餐时的闲聊。

苹果公司的史蒂夫·乔布斯也喜欢召开面对面会议。他曾经告诉乔布斯畅销自传的作者沃尔特·艾萨克森:“在网络时代,人们倾向于认为可以通过电子邮件和iChat产生创意。这是疯狂的想法。创意来源于自发的会议,来自随机讨论。”《财富》杂志曾经邀请乔布斯回顾iPhone手机的诞生过程。他说最初的创意来自私下的闲聊:“我们都有手机。我们都很讨厌它们。它们的使用体验极其糟糕。”作家布莱恩·麦切特在《一台设备》(The One Device)一书中写道,“饮水机旁的聊天”是“iPhone神话的一部分,所有人都认同这一点。”

错过灵感迸发的瞬间

但通过今天的科技,只有面对面才是最佳交流方式吗?Zoom视频会议能否达到相同的效果?答案是否定的。在人类发展的过程中,我们天生重视与其他人的面对面交流。这在我们的观念中是根深蒂固的。

以握手这件我们现在不会做的事情为例。在其他条件相同的情况下,与面试官握手的求职者获得的评价更高。我们判断与我们握手的人比其他人更值得信任,能力更强。握手其实是一种令人激动的体验:脑成像显示,我们在握手或看到其他人握手时,大脑中与奖赏敏感性有关的区域会变得活跃,也就是说我们感觉得到了奖励。

我们与别人面对面交流时,也会有类似的身体反应。我们的瞳孔会随着对方的眼睛变化收缩和扩张。我们都没有意识到这种反应,但它能够建立信任。当我们待在一起的时候,会无意识地模仿彼此的姿势、手势和语气,从而建立信任和同理心。

视频在这方面望尘莫及。姿势和手势是部分或者完全无形的。人们不会注视着彼此的眼睛;他们无法同时直接盯着屏幕和摄像头。在视频会议中,你无法朝着不同的人转头;所有人都要看着摄像头。自然的对话应答、转头和插话等行为变得极其尴尬。

隐藏成本

团结精神深深植根于人类的本性当中。认知神经科学专业首席研究员迈克尔·S·加扎尼加曾经写过:“物竞天择让人类必须在集体当中才能生存。”加扎尼加在加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校(University of California at Santa Barbara)的办公室已经关闭。他最近在家接受采访时说,他感受到了与人面对面交流的缺失。他说:“在学术界,我感觉从知识性问题中得到的那种激动和热情,越来越难以维持。影响理性思维的是人性,但它在Zoom上却消失不见了。”

过去十年,给人最大启发的团队绩效研究来自麻省理工学院的亚历克斯·彭特兰,他也是前文所述的社交记录仪的开发者。在被问到上百万人居家办公有哪些损失时,他说:“我们会失去联系感和作为团队成员的归属感,让大家达成共识和保持一致的所有偶然的对话和非语言线索,以及诞生多数创意的各种机缘巧合等。”

他对于组织及其人员的预期是:“完全标准化的任务是有效的。你可以依靠现有的社会联系在一段时间内团结所有成员。但这种做法在夏季结束时将难以为继。”

公司执行大规模无限期居家办公政策,在一段时间内或许会进展顺利,而且肯定能节约资金,这也是目前公司的主要考虑因素之一。但是这样做的坏处会逐渐显现,并且越来越难全面解决。这些公司的收益比损失更容易量化。这些损失或许需要更久才能在损益表上表现出来,其严重程度可能远超想象。

在员工居家办公期间保持团队创造力的三种途径

到目前为止,现场办公是发挥团队创造力和创意的最好方法。但在无法现场办公的情况下,团队依旧可以努力改善绩效。

1. 扩展数字对话

最高效的创新团队成员会与其所在学科、行业或地点以外的人持续保持联系,获得全新的视角和创意。然后他们会与其他团队成员交流自己了解到的信息。

2. 注意所有人说话的时间

最高效团队的会议,无论是面对面会议还是视频会议,都不会被某个人支配。这样做可以增加互动,诞生大量创意。

3. 至少面对面交流一次

通过面对面交流可以建立相互信任的关系和集体社交规范。研究显示,数字交互可以增强面对面交流的效果。(财富中文网)

本文另一版本刊载于《财富》杂志2020年8/9月刊,标题为《失去联系》。

译者:Biz

In a time of social distancing and remote work, Goldman Sachs CEO David Solomon raised a surprising topic during his latest earnings call with Wall Street analysts: togetherness. “Our firm has always had a team-oriented apprenticeship culture, and we benefit from being and working together,” he explained. While many CEOs seem in no hurry to refill their office buildings, and several have told employees they need never return to the office, Solomon made it clear that he wants his colleagues back in the office as soon as is safely possible. He himself has never stopped going to the office through the pandemic.

Solomon’s desire to bring his employees back together physically even as the coronavirus continues to rage around the globe, particularly in the U.S., isn’t rooted in any simple calculation of efficiency. Facebook, Fujitsu, Nationwide, Otis, Siemens, Twitter, and other major companies have announced that large portions of their workforces may or must work remotely from now on. It saves money and may increase productivity, managers say. Many employees prefer it. A recent survey by Korn Ferry found that 64% of workers feel that they’re more productive at home.

But a group of hyper-successful contrarians—Apple, Amazon, Goldman, Google, and others—have pointedly not offered the indefinite-WFH option. They want employees back physically together. Considerable evidence supports their stance. It also shows that when employers offer indefinite WFH, they’re messing with something more powerful than they may realize.

Allowing or requiring employees to leave the workplace was clearly the right thing to do when the pandemic arrived, and for many companies it will remain the right thing for some time to protect the health of their people. Google, acknowledging the likely timing of vaccine development and distribution, recently extended its voluntary WFH policy until July 2021. Some closings are imperative for public health. But employers who have a choice should keep in mind that the costs of WFH are high and may not be obvious.

The stiffest penalty may be lost creativity and innovation. Every company is desperate for good ideas in this environment, and it would be hard to design a worse policy for finding them than unnecessarily requiring or encouraging employees to stay apart.

Face-to-face matters

In one of the most revealing studies of creativity in the workplace to date, researchers from MIT, Northeastern University, University of Cologne, University of Bamberg, and Aalto University studied several teams working on projects involving computer science, economics, psychology, and other fields; their findings were published in the International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering in 2012. The subjects wore small badges called sociometers to record interactions within the teams, and the creativity and quality of the teams’ ideas were rated by peers on a scale of one to five. The results show strikingly what a deeply human experience it is to be creative in a group. The more that group members faced each other, the more creative was their output. The more they looked into each other’s eyes, the more creative they were. The more willing they were to confide in one another, the more creative they were.

Facing each other, looking into the eyes, confiding—all those behaviors reflect and build trust. The researchers measured trust within the groups and found that it was crucial to the whole process. Their conclusion: “There is no substitute for face-to-face interaction to build up this trust.”

Those high-achieving contrarian employers have understood all this for years. For example, Google’s free top-quality cafeteria meals aren’t merely a perk. They’re a way to bring together employees who might otherwise never see each other, and to make them wait in lines, where they’ll talk. Long, narrow cafeteria tables increase the odds of sitting next to or across from—and thus talking with—strangers. Such chance interactions are where successful innovations often originate. Gmail, Google News, and Street View came from engineers chatting at lunch.

Apple’s Steve Jobs obsessed over face-to-face meetings. “There’s a temptation in our networked age to think that ideas can be developed by email and iChat,” he told Walter Isaacson, author of a bestselling Jobs biography. “That’s crazy. Creativity comes from spontaneous meetings, from random discussions.” When asked by Fortune to recount the birth of the iPhone, Jobs said the earliest ideas arose from informal gabbing: “We all had cell phones. We just hated them, they were so awful to use.” That “watercooler talk” is the “one part of the iPhone mythology that everyone tends to agree on,” author Brian Merchant reports in his book The One Device.

Missing sparks

But with today’s technology, does optimal interaction really have to be in person? Won’t a Zoom meeting work almost as well? No, it won’t. We are hardwired from our development as humans to value the physical presence of others. It’s deeper than most of us think.

Consider something we’re not supposed to do now: shaking hands. Job applicants who shake hands get rated more highly by evaluators than those who don’t, even when everything else about them is the same. We judge people who shake hands to be more trustworthy and more competent than those who don’t. Shaking hands is literally an electric experience: Brain imaging shows that we energize the region associated with reward sensitivity—that is, we feel rewarded—by shaking hands, or merely by seeing other people shake.

There is a similar physical response when we converse with someone face-to-face. The pupils of our eyes constrict and dilate in parallel with the other person’s. Neither of us is aware it’s happening, but it builds trust. When we’re physically together, we unconsciously mimic one another’s posture, gestures, and tone of voice, which builds trust and empathy.

Video is far inferior. Posture and gestures are partly or entirely invisible. People never look each other in the eye; they can’t look directly into the screen and the camera simultaneously. In video meetings, you can’t turn from one person to face another; everyone is facing the camera. Natural conversational responding, turn-taking, and interrupting become maddeningly awkward.

Hidden costs

Togetherness is in our deepest nature. “Natural selection mandated us to be in groups in order to survive,” Michael S. Gazzaniga, a leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience, has written. Reached recently at his home—his office at the University of California at Santa Barbara is closed—he’s feeling the loss of physical presence with others. “In the academic world I get a sense that the excitement and enthusiasm one can gin up on an intellectual question is harder to sustain,” he says. “It’s humanity influencing the rational thing, and it gets lost on Zoom.”

Much of the most revealing work on team performance in the past decade has been conducted by MIT’s Alex Pentland, who developed the sociometer badges mentioned earlier. Asked what’s being lost as millions of workers remain at home, he says: “The feeling of connection and being a member of a team, and all the incidental conversations and nonlinguistic cues that get people on the same page and aligned, as well as the serendipity that is the source of most innovation.”

His outlook for organizations and their people: “Completely standardized tasks work well. You can rely on existing social ties to align people for a while. But that is expiring about end of summer.”

Companies adopting large-scale indefinite work-from-home policies will certainly save some money—an important consideration now—and they may get along just fine for quite a while. The downside will accumulate only slowly and will be harder to appreciate fully. What these companies gain can be quantified much more easily than what they lose. But while they may take time to show up on the P&L, the losses could be much greater. 

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Three ways to stay creative while WFH

Physical presence is by far the best foundation for creativity and innovation. But when it isn’t possible, teams can still up their game.

1. Expand your digital conversations

Members of the most effective and innovative teams continually connect with people outside their discipline, industry, or location, getting truly new perspectives and ideas. Then they and the rest of the team exchange what they’ve heard.

2. Pay attention to how much everybody talks

In meetings of the most effective teams, in person or on video, no one dominates. That practice maximizes interaction and gets lots of ideas on the table.

3. Get physically together at least once if you can

That’s how trusted relationships and group social norms get established. Research shows that digital interactions can then reinforce them.

A version of this article appears in the August/September 2020 issue of Fortune with the headline “Losing connection.”

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