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美国呼吸机缺口有所缓解,但专业医护人员依旧紧缺

美国呼吸机缺口有所缓解,但专业医护人员依旧紧缺

Maria Aspan,Naomi Xu Elegant 2020-04-05
医院缺乏受过培训的呼吸治疗师,这些医师知道该如何将管道插入气管,而避免患者受伤甚至死亡。

可用于治疗新冠肺炎重症患者的呼吸机严重紧缺,而有能力操作它们的专业人员也面临短缺。

随着美国因新冠病毒而死亡的人数不断攀升,各个行业的制造商都在加紧生产这种可以辅助肺部衰竭的病人呼吸的医用设备。据估算,美国大约会有100万新冠患者可能需要使用呼吸机,而全美目前只有不到17.5万台。

尽管医疗器械公司、汽车制造商和3D打印单位迅速投入了呼吸机生产,但一些健康问题专家担心,还有一类短缺同样会带来严重的后果:医院缺乏受过培训的呼吸治疗师,这些医师知道该如何将管道插入气管,而避免患者受伤甚至死亡。

芝加哥McGuireWoods律所专攻医疗保健领域的律师朱莉·莱特瓦特提醒说:“这可不是什么傻瓜式机器。要根据每个患者的情况操作设备,不然患者就会死亡。”

一部分医师和护士有能力为患者插管,并调整呼吸机精密的参数,但由于新冠患者数量激增,他们中大多数人都要忙于应对其他事务。ECRI是一家致力于保障患者安全的非盈利机构,其首席执行官马库斯·沙巴克也是一名内科医生。他表示:“美国已经出现了护士和医生短缺的情况。流感季特别严重的时候,人手就已经捉襟见肘了。”

在美国,呼吸机主要由一群经过专业训练、被叫做“呼吸治疗师”的医疗工作者负责操作。但他们的人数并不多。2015年的一项研究发现,进入公共卫生紧急状态后,可调用的呼吸治疗师人数将成为“关键的制约因素”,这意味着全美的医护最多只能应付13.5万名需要使用呼吸机的患者。

因此一些专家警告说,最近加紧制造呼吸机的努力可能忽略了真正的问题。沙巴克指出:“呼吸机告急之前,医院的人手就不够了。”

请求增援

从理论上而言,这些数字并不那么可怕。美国呼吸治疗学会首席商务官蒂莫西·迈尔斯介绍说,全美目前大约有15万名有执照的呼吸治疗师。理想状态下,他们每人可以同时管理6名需要呼吸治疗的患者。但他指出,“如果有危重病人,这个比例可能会下降。这时候你就需要更多的治疗师。”

“呼吸治疗师”是一个美国特有的职业,也是发展最快的职业之一。从业者必须获得副学士学位和专业委员会的认证,而且除了在阿拉斯加,他们还需要考取执照。据美国劳工统计局的数据显示,2018年,这一群体的平均年薪为60280美元。

但即使在新冠危机爆发之前,特别是在一些当前疫情高发地区,这个岗位本就需要招募更多的人才。《今日美国》上周援引一份对2018年美国劳工统计局数据的分析称,在形势最严重的纽约州,“呼吸治疗师的比例在全国排名靠后”。而在美国最早爆发疫情的华盛顿州,情况也是如此。

迈尔斯表示,今年早些时候,在新冠大流行爆发之前,医院呼吸治疗师的职位空缺率一般在9%到12%之间。

他说:“虽然有所短缺,但医师可以灵活调整,通过加班来维持日常管理。但随着新冠病毒不断传播,如果有医护人员与病患密切接触后被隔离,或者自身病毒检测呈阳性,那么原本紧缺的人手就会越来越少。”

如今,医院和医疗中心纷纷开始召回退休的呼吸治疗师,或让医师提前上岗,从而填补这些空缺。迈尔斯介绍说,一些州已经简化了对近期退休人员申领执照的要求,或已免除了执照申请费用。其他州也在为已经完成部分呼吸治疗课程学习的医学生发放临时执照,这样他们就可以协助治疗非ICU患者,减轻医院工作人员的负担。

迈尔斯也让我们看到了一线希望。他说在未来几周内,医疗设备制造商和汽车厂商兑现承诺,生产出数万台呼吸机后,美国将会有一批新的医护人员上岗,负责操作这些机器。

或许新增加的人手依旧跟不上呼吸机投放的速度,但迈尔斯指出,在接下来的两个月里,“美国大约会有6000到7000名(呼吸治疗师)学生即将毕业。所以我们还有一批潜在的劳动力,或者说人员补给。”(财富中文网)

译者:智竑

可用于治疗新冠肺炎重症患者的呼吸机严重紧缺,而有能力操作它们的专业人员也面临短缺。

随着美国因新冠病毒而死亡的人数不断攀升,各个行业的制造商都在加紧生产这种可以辅助肺部衰竭的病人呼吸的医用设备。据估算,美国大约会有100万新冠患者可能需要使用呼吸机,而全美目前只有不到17.5万台。

尽管医疗器械公司、汽车制造商和3D打印单位迅速投入了呼吸机生产,但一些健康问题专家担心,还有一类短缺同样会带来严重的后果:医院缺乏受过培训的呼吸治疗师,这些医师知道该如何将管道插入气管,而避免患者受伤甚至死亡。

芝加哥McGuireWoods律所专攻医疗保健领域的律师朱莉·莱特瓦特提醒说:“这可不是什么傻瓜式机器。要根据每个患者的情况操作设备,不然患者就会死亡。”

一部分医师和护士有能力为患者插管,并调整呼吸机精密的参数,但由于新冠患者数量激增,他们中大多数人都要忙于应对其他事务。ECRI是一家致力于保障患者安全的非盈利机构,其首席执行官马库斯·沙巴克也是一名内科医生。他表示:“美国已经出现了护士和医生短缺的情况。流感季特别严重的时候,人手就已经捉襟见肘了。”

在美国,呼吸机主要由一群经过专业训练、被叫做“呼吸治疗师”的医疗工作者负责操作。但他们的人数并不多。2015年的一项研究发现,进入公共卫生紧急状态后,可调用的呼吸治疗师人数将成为“关键的制约因素”,这意味着全美的医护最多只能应付13.5万名需要使用呼吸机的患者。

因此一些专家警告说,最近加紧制造呼吸机的努力可能忽略了真正的问题。沙巴克指出:“呼吸机告急之前,医院的人手就不够了。”

请求增援

从理论上而言,这些数字并不那么可怕。美国呼吸治疗学会首席商务官蒂莫西·迈尔斯介绍说,全美目前大约有15万名有执照的呼吸治疗师。理想状态下,他们每人可以同时管理6名需要呼吸治疗的患者。但他指出,“如果有危重病人,这个比例可能会下降。这时候你就需要更多的治疗师。”

“呼吸治疗师”是一个美国特有的职业,也是发展最快的职业之一。从业者必须获得副学士学位和专业委员会的认证,而且除了在阿拉斯加,他们还需要考取执照。据美国劳工统计局的数据显示,2018年,这一群体的平均年薪为60280美元。

但即使在新冠危机爆发之前,特别是在一些当前疫情高发地区,这个岗位本就需要招募更多的人才。《今日美国》上周援引一份对2018年美国劳工统计局数据的分析称,在形势最严重的纽约州,“呼吸治疗师的比例在全国排名靠后”。而在美国最早爆发疫情的华盛顿州,情况也是如此。

迈尔斯表示,今年早些时候,在新冠大流行爆发之前,医院呼吸治疗师的职位空缺率一般在9%到12%之间。

他说:“虽然有所短缺,但医师可以灵活调整,通过加班来维持日常管理。但随着新冠病毒不断传播,如果有医护人员与病患密切接触后被隔离,或者自身病毒检测呈阳性,那么原本紧缺的人手就会越来越少。”

如今,医院和医疗中心纷纷开始召回退休的呼吸治疗师,或让医师提前上岗,从而填补这些空缺。迈尔斯介绍说,一些州已经简化了对近期退休人员申领执照的要求,或已免除了执照申请费用。其他州也在为已经完成部分呼吸治疗课程学习的医学生发放临时执照,这样他们就可以协助治疗非ICU患者,减轻医院工作人员的负担。

迈尔斯也让我们看到了一线希望。他说在未来几周内,医疗设备制造商和汽车厂商兑现承诺,生产出数万台呼吸机后,美国将会有一批新的医护人员上岗,负责操作这些机器。

或许新增加的人手依旧跟不上呼吸机投放的速度,但迈尔斯指出,在接下来的两个月里,“美国大约会有6000到7000名(呼吸治疗师)学生即将毕业。所以我们还有一批潜在的劳动力,或者说人员补给。”(财富中文网)

译者:智竑

Ventilators for critically ill coronavirus patients are in desperately short supply. So are the people who can operate them

As U.S. deaths from COVID-19 mount, manufacturers from all industries are scrambling to make more of the complex hospital equipment that can breathe on behalf of lung-compromised patients. About 1 million American coronavirus victims might need a ventilator, according to some estimates—and the country currently has fewer than 175,000 of them.

But while medical-device companies, automakers, and 3D printers all spring into manufacturing action, some health experts are worrying about a related—and potentially equally tragic—shortage: that of trained respiratory therapists, the specialist health care workers who know how to put breathing tubes down patients’ throats without injuring or killing them.

“These are not plug-into-the-wall-and-go machines,” warns Julie Letwat, a health care lawyer with McGuireWoods in Chicago. “These have to be individually calibrated for patients—and if they’re not, the patient dies.”

Intubating patients and adjusting the delicate dial settings on their ventilators can be done by some doctors and nurses, although most are already inundated by other work from the surge of COVID-19 cases. And “we already have a shortage of nurses and physicians in the United States,” says Marcus Schabacker, a physician and the CEO of ECRI, a patient-safety nonprofit organization. “They’re already stretched when we have a bad flu season.”

In the United States, managing ventilators is mostly done by a specially trained group of health care workers called respiratory therapists. But there aren’t enough of them: One 2015 study found that in a crisis-level public health emergency, the number of available respiratory therapists would be the “key constraining component,” meaning the number of patients on ventilators would max out at 135,000.

Which makes some experts warn that all the recent efforts to step up ventilator manufacturing might be missing the real problem.

“You’re going to run out of personnel before you run out of ventilators,” Schabacker says.

Calling in reinforcements

In theory, the numbers should be less dire. There are about 150,000 licensed respiratory therapists in the United States, who could each manage up to six ventilators at once under good circumstances, according to Timothy R. Myers, chief business officer for the American Association for Respiratory Care.

But “if you have critically ill patients, that ratio could go down,” he says. “That means you need more therapists.”

It’s a profession that’s fairly unique to the U.S., and one of its fastest growing. Becoming a respiratory therapist requires an associate’s degree, board certifications, and a license in all states but Alaska. The median annual pay in 2018 was $60,280, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

But it’s also a profession that needed more recruits even before the onset of the coronavirus crisis—especially in some now-crucial locations. New York, which has become the center of the American crisis, “is among the states with the lowest concentration of respiratory therapists compared with the national average,” USA Today reported last week, citing an analysis of BLS data from 2018. “The concentration is similarly low in Washington, the first hotspot in the USA.”

Hospitals in general were seeing vacancy rates for respiratory therapists of between 9% and 12% early this year, before the onset of the pandemic, according to Myers.

“While it was a bit of a shortage, people were able to manage daily operations with some creative staffing and overtime,” Myers says. “But as this virus spreads, if hospital workers are getting exposed and quarantined or testing positive themselves, you’re depleting a workforce” that was already short-staffed.

Now hospitals and medical centers are trying to fill in the gaps by calling respiratory therapists out of retirement—or hustling them into the workforce early. Some states have streamlined their licensing requirements or waived fees for recent retirees, Myers says. He adds that others are also granting temporary licenses to students who have completed some of their respiratory therapy coursework, so that they can relieve hospital staff of some non-ICU duties.

Myers also offers a glimmer of hope: In the coming weeks, as medical-device makers and car companies fulfill their promises to manufacture tens of thousands more ventilators, there will be some fresh recruits to operate them.

They still may not be numerous enough to operate the new machines. But in the next two months, “there are about 6,000 to 7,000 [respiratory-therapist] students in the United States about to graduate,” Myers says. “So there is another potential workforce—a resupply, if you will.”

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