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美国年轻人越来越悲观,心理问题严重

美国年轻人越来越悲观,心理问题严重

Clay Routledge, Andrew Abeyta 2024-03-07
美国30岁以下的成年人普遍比更年长的群体更加悲观。信心的下降似乎源于心理健康状况的恶化。

图片来源:GETTY IMAGES

一直以来,美国人都给人一种信心满满的印象。勇于进取的态度和追求美国梦(American Dream),往往被认为是美国的典型特征。美国梦鼓励每个人自由地追求梦想,改善自己和家人的生活。事实上,在全世界期待离开祖国的人们当中,美国一直是最受欢迎的目的地。

然而,最近的调查显示,许多美国人正在对国家的未来失去信心。皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)2023年的一项调查发现,至少有三分之二的美国人认为,到2050年,美国将在经济上变得更加低迷,在全世界的重要性下降,而且政治分歧将变得更加严重。2023年,《华尔街日报》-全国民意研究中心(Wall Street Journal-NORC)的调查发现,近80%的美国人预计其子女的生活不会比他们这一代人的生活更美好。

美国人是否正在失去希望?

为了找到这个问题的答案,阿克布里奇研究所(Archbridge Institute)的人类繁荣实验室(Human Flourishing Lab)联合芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)的全国民意研究中心,调查了2,000名具有全国代表性的美国人对未来的希望。我们特意区分了个人希望和国家或全球层面的希望。调查结果显示,这种区分非常重要。

好消息是,大多数的美国人仍然对个人生活充满希望:82%的受访者对自己的未来抱有希望,85%对家庭的未来抱有希望,74%对本地社区的未来抱有希望。不同人口统计群体之间存在一些差异,但在大多数情况下,不同性别、年龄、种族、民族、收入和政治群体的美国人都有较高的希望水平。

很可惜,在超出本地环境之后,受访者的希望水平普遍下降。只有56%的美国人对美国的未来抱有希望,这在大选年是一个尤其令人沮丧的趋势。此外,只有44%的美国人相信在未来数十年,美国将在应对重大社会和全球挑战方面取得显著进展。

我们还调查了受访者当前的心理健康状况,并发现了美国人之间最惊人的差异。例如,90%表示心理健康状况良好的美国人对自己的未来抱有希望,相比之下,在表示心理健康状况不佳的美国人中,只有49%对自己的未来抱有希望。

失去希望的真正原因

虽然我们通常认为心理健康是个人问题,但实际上它具有更加广泛的社会影响。心理疾病会削弱社会信任,减少促进社会繁荣的行为,比如劳动力参与率和创业等。心理健康还会影响人们对国家未来和人类进步的愿景。例如,我们的调查发现,在表示自己心理健康状况良好的受访者中,有62%对美国的未来抱有希望,而在表示自己心理健康状况不佳的受访者中,只有32%对美国的未来抱有希望。

心理健康与希望之间的关系,也可以解释不同年龄群体之间的差异。我们的调查发现,30岁以下的成年人普遍比更年长的群体更加悲观。但信心的下降似乎源于年轻群体心理健康状况的恶化。如果只看心理健康状况良好的美国人,年轻人与年长群体同样对未来抱有希望。实际上,心理健康的年轻人对美国的未来抱有希望的比例最高,比例为71%,而其他群体只有约60%。

心理健康和孤独等其他心理问题,可能是当今时代人类繁荣和进步最大的障碍之一。虽然我们生活在物质丰富的时代,但如果人们没有充满希望的心态,他们就无法充分利用自己的能力改善生活,解决我们所面临的重大挑战。研究显示,当个人对未来抱有希望时,他们就会变得更加自信、更以目标为驱动、更有韧性、更积极地参与社区、更有创造力和创新能力。因此,抱有希望的人们往往更容易成功实现自己的远大抱负,更有可能认为自己的人生是有意义的。

我们生活在媒体饱和的时代,总是会接触到负面新闻和专注于负面的社会评论,这让我们感觉阻碍人类进步的障碍难以逾越。但如果我们回顾那些被战争、饥荒、疾病、贫穷、歧视和社会动荡主宰的历史时期,我们就会发现,一种充满希望的心态,即相信人们有能力开创更美好的未来的信念,在激励人们克服障碍和创建更美好的世界方面,发挥着关键作用。

当然,我们有许多老问题没有解决,而新的问题又不断出现。但这恰好说明了为什么希望依旧重要,且未来始终重要。(财富中文网)

本文作者克莱·劳特利奇(Clay Routledge)为阿克布里奇研究所(Archbridge Institute)的人类繁荣实验室(Human Flourishing Lab)的研究副总裁兼主任。安德鲁·阿贝塔(Andrew Abeyta)为人类繁荣实验室的研究员和罗格斯大学(Rutgers University)的心理学助理教授。

Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

一直以来,美国人都给人一种信心满满的印象。勇于进取的态度和追求美国梦(American Dream),往往被认为是美国的典型特征。美国梦鼓励每个人自由地追求梦想,改善自己和家人的生活。事实上,在全世界期待离开祖国的人们当中,美国一直是最受欢迎的目的地。

然而,最近的调查显示,许多美国人正在对国家的未来失去信心。皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)2023年的一项调查发现,至少有三分之二的美国人认为,到2050年,美国将在经济上变得更加低迷,在全世界的重要性下降,而且政治分歧将变得更加严重。2023年,《华尔街日报》-全国民意研究中心(Wall Street Journal-NORC)的调查发现,近80%的美国人预计其子女的生活不会比他们这一代人的生活更美好。

美国人是否正在失去希望?

为了找到这个问题的答案,阿克布里奇研究所(Archbridge Institute)的人类繁荣实验室(Human Flourishing Lab)联合芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)的全国民意研究中心,调查了2,000名具有全国代表性的美国人对未来的希望。我们特意区分了个人希望和国家或全球层面的希望。调查结果显示,这种区分非常重要。

好消息是,大多数的美国人仍然对个人生活充满希望:82%的受访者对自己的未来抱有希望,85%对家庭的未来抱有希望,74%对本地社区的未来抱有希望。不同人口统计群体之间存在一些差异,但在大多数情况下,不同性别、年龄、种族、民族、收入和政治群体的美国人都有较高的希望水平。

很可惜,在超出本地环境之后,受访者的希望水平普遍下降。只有56%的美国人对美国的未来抱有希望,这在大选年是一个尤其令人沮丧的趋势。此外,只有44%的美国人相信在未来数十年,美国将在应对重大社会和全球挑战方面取得显著进展。

我们还调查了受访者当前的心理健康状况,并发现了美国人之间最惊人的差异。例如,90%表示心理健康状况良好的美国人对自己的未来抱有希望,相比之下,在表示心理健康状况不佳的美国人中,只有49%对自己的未来抱有希望。

失去希望的真正原因

虽然我们通常认为心理健康是个人问题,但实际上它具有更加广泛的社会影响。心理疾病会削弱社会信任,减少促进社会繁荣的行为,比如劳动力参与率和创业等。心理健康还会影响人们对国家未来和人类进步的愿景。例如,我们的调查发现,在表示自己心理健康状况良好的受访者中,有62%对美国的未来抱有希望,而在表示自己心理健康状况不佳的受访者中,只有32%对美国的未来抱有希望。

心理健康与希望之间的关系,也可以解释不同年龄群体之间的差异。我们的调查发现,30岁以下的成年人普遍比更年长的群体更加悲观。但信心的下降似乎源于年轻群体心理健康状况的恶化。如果只看心理健康状况良好的美国人,年轻人与年长群体同样对未来抱有希望。实际上,心理健康的年轻人对美国的未来抱有希望的比例最高,比例为71%,而其他群体只有约60%。

心理健康和孤独等其他心理问题,可能是当今时代人类繁荣和进步最大的障碍之一。虽然我们生活在物质丰富的时代,但如果人们没有充满希望的心态,他们就无法充分利用自己的能力改善生活,解决我们所面临的重大挑战。研究显示,当个人对未来抱有希望时,他们就会变得更加自信、更以目标为驱动、更有韧性、更积极地参与社区、更有创造力和创新能力。因此,抱有希望的人们往往更容易成功实现自己的远大抱负,更有可能认为自己的人生是有意义的。

我们生活在媒体饱和的时代,总是会接触到负面新闻和专注于负面的社会评论,这让我们感觉阻碍人类进步的障碍难以逾越。但如果我们回顾那些被战争、饥荒、疾病、贫穷、歧视和社会动荡主宰的历史时期,我们就会发现,一种充满希望的心态,即相信人们有能力开创更美好的未来的信念,在激励人们克服障碍和创建更美好的世界方面,发挥着关键作用。

当然,我们有许多老问题没有解决,而新的问题又不断出现。但这恰好说明了为什么希望依旧重要,且未来始终重要。(财富中文网)

本文作者克莱·劳特利奇(Clay Routledge)为阿克布里奇研究所(Archbridge Institute)的人类繁荣实验室(Human Flourishing Lab)的研究副总裁兼主任。安德鲁·阿贝塔(Andrew Abeyta)为人类繁荣实验室的研究员和罗格斯大学(Rutgers University)的心理学助理教授。

Fortune.com上发表的评论文章中表达的观点,仅代表作者本人的观点,不代表《财富》杂志的观点和立场。

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Americans have a long reputation for being hopeful. The United States is often characterized by its can-do attitude and the pursuit of the American Dream–the idea that motivated individuals have the freedom to pursue their dreams and improve life for themselves and their families. Indeed, the United States is consistently the most popular destination for people around the world looking to leave their home country.

However, recent surveys suggest that many Americans are losing faith in the future of the nation. A 2023 survey by the Pew Research Center found at least two-thirds of Americans believe that by 2050, America will become economically weaker, less important in the world, and more politically divided. A 2023 Wall Street Journal-NORC survey found that nearly 80% of Americans do not expect life for their children’s generation to be better than it has been for their own generation.

Are we losing hope?

To find out, our team at the Archbridge Institute’s Human Flourishing Lab, in partnership with NORC at the University of Chicago, surveyed a nationally representative sample of just over 2,000 Americans about their hopefulness for the future. We were particularly interested in distinguishing between personal hope and hope at the broader national or global levels. Our results reveal that this distinction is an important one.

The good news is that most Americans continue to have hope in their personal lives: 82% are hopeful for their own future, 85% are hopeful for the future of their family, and 74% are hopeful for the future of their local community. There is some variation across demographic groups, but for the most part, these high levels of hope characterize Americans across diverse gender, age, racial, ethnic, income, and political groups.

Unfortunately, hope drops considerably when we extend it beyond the local environment. Only 56% of Americans are hopeful for the future of the U.S., a particularly distressing trend during an election year. Moreover, only 44% of Americans believe that humans will make significant progress on major societal and global challenges in the coming decades.

We also asked respondents about their current mental health, and that’s where we observed the most striking differences between Americans. As one example, 90% of Americans who say their mental health is good are hopeful for their own future, compared to 49% of Americans who say their mental health is not good.

The real reason for hopelessness

Though we often think about mental health as a personal issue, it has broader societal implications. Mental illness reduces social trust and behaviors that promote societal flourishing such as labor force participation and entrepreneurship. Mental health may also influence people’s visions of the future of the nation and human progress. For instance, in our survey, the percentage of Americans who are hopeful for the future of the country drops from 62% among those who say their mental health is good to 32% among those who say their mental health is poor.

This relationship between mental health and hope also explains the differences we observed across age groups. According to our survey, adults under the age of 30 are generally less hopeful than older Americans. However, this decline appears to be driven by worse mental health among younger cohorts. When we only look at the responses of Americans who say their mental health is good, young adults are just as hopeful as older generations. In fact, mentally healthy young adults are actually the most hopeful group when it comes to the future of the nation–71% are hopeful for the future of the U.S., compared to around 60% in every other age group.

Mental health and related psychological problems such as loneliness may prove to be one of the most significant barriers to human flourishing and progress in our time. Despite living in an age of material abundance, if people don’t adopt a hopeful mindset, they won’t fully utilize their ability to better their lives and address the major challenges we face today. Research demonstrates that, when individuals are hopeful for the future, they are more self-confident, goal-motivated, resilient, engaged in their communities, creative, and innovative. As a result, hopeful people tend to be more successful at achieving their aspirations and are more likely to perceive their lives as meaningful.

We live in a media-saturated world where we are constantly exposed to negative news and grievance-focused social commentary, which can make us feel like the barriers to human progress are insurmountable. But if we look back at historical periods dominated by war, famine, disease, poverty, discrimination, and social upheaval, we would discover that a hopeful mindset–the belief that people have the power to build a better future–played a crucial role in inspiring people to overcome obstacles and create the better world we live in today.

Of course, we haven’t solved all of our old problems, and new ones continue to appear. But that is exactly why hope still matters and always will.

Clay Routledge is vice president of research and director of the Human Flourishing Lab at the Archbridge Institute. Andrew Abeyta is a fellow at the Human Flourishing Lab and an assistant professor of psychology at Rutgers University.

The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.

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