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美国原住民的预期寿命因新冠疫情下降6.5岁

美国原住民的预期寿命因新冠疫情下降6.5岁

ALLISON KELLIHER 2023-02-08
几个世纪以来,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民社区饱受疾病、战争、拘禁和饥饿之苦。

一对纳瓦霍族夫妻因为亚利桑那州部落委员会采取的宵禁措施而相互鼓励。图片来源:GRANDRIVER—GETTY IMAGES

6.5年。

根据美国国家卫生统计中心2022年8月的一份报告,这就是新冠肺炎疫情对美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民造成的预期寿命下降的年数。

这一惊人的数字意味着,到2021年底,美国原住民平均寿命将从2019年的71.8岁下降到65.2岁。

虽然新冠肺炎疫情是原住民预期寿命下降的主要原因,但这并不是全部真相。甚至在新冠肺炎疫情出现之前,原住民男性的预期寿命已经比非西班牙裔白人男性低了5年。

严峻的现实

作为一名美国原住民医生和通过资格验证的医学博士,我非常熟悉美国原住民面临的健康挑战。

作为尤康族阿萨巴斯卡部落的一员,我在阿拉斯加偏远的农村长大,听说过流感、天花和结核病等传染病如何威胁部落人的生存的故事。我们的文化群体起源于三个在1918年流感大流行中幸存下来的家庭。

这段历史激励我成为一名传统疗法医师。在接受西医培训的同时,我还学习了植物医学和地球科学,这些都是长辈们传授给我的——他们把数千年沉淀下来的知识传授给我。

通过我的医疗和传统实践,我了解到有很多因素导致原住民预期寿命的下降以及原住民和非原住民健康结果之间的差距。但如果政府和医疗系统采取行动,这一差距是可以缩小的。

贫穷、失业和缺乏医疗保健

美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民死于糖尿病的比例是非原住民人口的两倍以上。美国疾病控制与预防中心的一份报告显示,美国原住民的肥胖症、高血压、癌症和总体健康状况不佳的比例明显高于其他美国人。原住民社区的自杀率比非原住民社区高43%左右。美国原住民女性遭受性暴力的频率远高于非西班牙裔白人女性。

有很多因素造成这些差异。首先,在所有少数族裔中,美国原住民的贫困率最高,可能高达25%。

2022年11月,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的失业率为6.2%,而普通人群的失业率为3.7%。许多原住民的工作是季节性的,也出现严重就业不足。

美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民生活地区医疗服务设施不完善。为美国原住民提供医疗服务的联邦机构印第安人卫生局每年获得约60亿美元的资金。这相当于2021年人均资金仅为4078美元。

其结果是,为原住民患者看病的医生、护士和治疗师越来越少,特别是那些生活在农村地区的原住民患者。提供医疗服务的医师缺乏相关设备的支持,如核磁共振成像和超声波机,无法在早期诊断和治疗疾病。缺乏医师和相关设备支持意味着原住民获得初级或紧急护理的机会减少,从而导致原住民预期寿命降低。

历史创伤

医疗体系不完善只是一部分问题。悲惨的童年经历、社会边缘化和恶性而残酷的压力也会导致原住民寿命缩短。

还有未解决的历史创伤带来的影响——一个特定群体中持续数代的情感和心理创伤。

这种集体创伤怎么强调都不为过。越来越多的证据记录了它对原住民的影响。历史创伤会产生生理上的压力,不仅会影响个人,还会影响整个家庭。最近有证据表明,身体的应激反应已经引起了美国原住民的表观遗传变化——即由环境引起的基因表达变化——甚至在出生前就能影响个体的健康状况。

直到今天,美国政府制定的政策都允许不平等现象的发生——这些行为可能导致了如今的历史创伤和健康差异。几个世纪以来,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民社区饱受疾病、战争、拘禁和饥饿之苦。

原住民不仅被赶出了曾经的家园,美国政府甚至不允许他们践行传统。在20世纪的大部分时间里,美国政府将原住民儿童送入寄宿学校,使他们与家人分离。

打破死循环

显而易见的是,原住民社区需要新建医院和诊所或是升级现有的医院和诊所,也需要诊断技术的普及和提升,还需要更多的牙科护理、产科、儿科和肿瘤科的专业服务,以及更多的酒精和药物滥用治疗项目。

有一些好消息:拜登政府的《基础设施投资和就业法案(2022年)》提供了130亿美元,用于解决美国原住民部落的部分需求。政府另拨款200亿美元用于新冠救济,这也将有助于应对最紧迫的挑战。

但即使有了这些援助,仍然存在资金缺口。美国全国印第安人健康委员会是代表联邦承认的部落的非营利性倡导组织,建议政府在2024财年承诺提供480亿美元,以满足原住民的健康需求。目前的预算是93亿美元,还不到这个数字的五分之一。

近期,政府提供的资金增加,这无疑是朝着正确方向迈出一步。但是,导致美国原住民寿命缩短的因素早在几代人之前就有了,直到今天,这些因素仍然影响着部落里的年轻人。

无论是从专业的角度来看,还是从我和我的祖先的个人角度来看,许多目标的达成还需时日。

艾莉森·凯利赫(Allison Kelliher)是北达科他大学家庭和社区医学系的助理教授。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

6.5年。

根据美国国家卫生统计中心2022年8月的一份报告,这就是新冠肺炎疫情对美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民造成的预期寿命下降的年数。

这一惊人的数字意味着,到2021年底,美国原住民平均寿命将从2019年的71.8岁下降到65.2岁。

虽然新冠肺炎疫情是原住民预期寿命下降的主要原因,但这并不是全部真相。甚至在新冠肺炎疫情出现之前,原住民男性的预期寿命已经比非西班牙裔白人男性低了5年。

严峻的现实

作为一名美国原住民医生和通过资格验证的医学博士,我非常熟悉美国原住民面临的健康挑战。

作为尤康族阿萨巴斯卡部落的一员,我在阿拉斯加偏远的农村长大,听说过流感、天花和结核病等传染病如何威胁部落人的生存的故事。我们的文化群体起源于三个在1918年流感大流行中幸存下来的家庭。

这段历史激励我成为一名传统疗法医师。在接受西医培训的同时,我还学习了植物医学和地球科学,这些都是长辈们传授给我的——他们把数千年沉淀下来的知识传授给我。

通过我的医疗和传统实践,我了解到有很多因素导致原住民预期寿命的下降以及原住民和非原住民健康结果之间的差距。但如果政府和医疗系统采取行动,这一差距是可以缩小的。

贫穷、失业和缺乏医疗保健

美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民死于糖尿病的比例是非原住民人口的两倍以上。美国疾病控制与预防中心的一份报告显示,美国原住民的肥胖症、高血压、癌症和总体健康状况不佳的比例明显高于其他美国人。原住民社区的自杀率比非原住民社区高43%左右。美国原住民女性遭受性暴力的频率远高于非西班牙裔白人女性。

有很多因素造成这些差异。首先,在所有少数族裔中,美国原住民的贫困率最高,可能高达25%。

2022年11月,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的失业率为6.2%,而普通人群的失业率为3.7%。许多原住民的工作是季节性的,也出现严重就业不足。

美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民生活地区医疗服务设施不完善。为美国原住民提供医疗服务的联邦机构印第安人卫生局每年获得约60亿美元的资金。这相当于2021年人均资金仅为4078美元。

其结果是,为原住民患者看病的医生、护士和治疗师越来越少,特别是那些生活在农村地区的原住民患者。提供医疗服务的医师缺乏相关设备的支持,如核磁共振成像和超声波机,无法在早期诊断和治疗疾病。缺乏医师和相关设备支持意味着原住民获得初级或紧急护理的机会减少,从而导致原住民预期寿命降低。

历史创伤

医疗体系不完善只是一部分问题。悲惨的童年经历、社会边缘化和恶性而残酷的压力也会导致原住民寿命缩短。

还有未解决的历史创伤带来的影响——一个特定群体中持续数代的情感和心理创伤。

这种集体创伤怎么强调都不为过。越来越多的证据记录了它对原住民的影响。历史创伤会产生生理上的压力,不仅会影响个人,还会影响整个家庭。最近有证据表明,身体的应激反应已经引起了美国原住民的表观遗传变化——即由环境引起的基因表达变化——甚至在出生前就能影响个体的健康状况。

直到今天,美国政府制定的政策都允许不平等现象的发生——这些行为可能导致了如今的历史创伤和健康差异。几个世纪以来,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民社区饱受疾病、战争、拘禁和饥饿之苦。

原住民不仅被赶出了曾经的家园,美国政府甚至不允许他们践行传统。在20世纪的大部分时间里,美国政府将原住民儿童送入寄宿学校,使他们与家人分离。

打破死循环

显而易见的是,原住民社区需要新建医院和诊所或是升级现有的医院和诊所,也需要诊断技术的普及和提升,还需要更多的牙科护理、产科、儿科和肿瘤科的专业服务,以及更多的酒精和药物滥用治疗项目。

有一些好消息:拜登政府的《基础设施投资和就业法案(2022年)》提供了130亿美元,用于解决美国原住民部落的部分需求。政府另拨款200亿美元用于新冠救济,这也将有助于应对最紧迫的挑战。

但即使有了这些援助,仍然存在资金缺口。美国全国印第安人健康委员会是代表联邦承认的部落的非营利性倡导组织,建议政府在2024财年承诺提供480亿美元,以满足原住民的健康需求。目前的预算是93亿美元,还不到这个数字的五分之一。

近期,政府提供的资金增加,这无疑是朝着正确方向迈出一步。但是,导致美国原住民寿命缩短的因素早在几代人之前就有了,直到今天,这些因素仍然影响着部落里的年轻人。

无论是从专业的角度来看,还是从我和我的祖先的个人角度来看,许多目标的达成还需时日。

艾莉森·凯利赫(Allison Kelliher)是北达科他大学家庭和社区医学系的助理教授。(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

A Navajo husband and wife encourage one another because of the Coronavirus curfew by the Tribal Council in Arizona

GRANDRIVER—GETTY IMAGES

Six and one-half years.

That’s the decline in life expectancy that the COVID-19 pandemic wrought upon American Indians and Alaska Natives, based on an August 2022 report from the National Center for Health Statistics.

This astounding figure translates to an overall drop in average living years from 71.8 years in 2019 to 65.2 by the end of 2021.

Although the pandemic is a major reason for this decline, it’s not the whole story. Even before COVID-19 emerged, life expectancy for Indigenous men was already five years lower than for non-Hispanic white men in the United States.

The grim reality

As a Native American physician and board-certified M.D., I am all too familiar with the health challenges that Indigenous Americans face.

Growing up in remote rural Alaska as a member of the Koyukon Athabascan tribe, I heard stories of how infectious diseases like flu, smallpox and tuberculosis threatened our survival. My cultural group descends from three families that survived the 1918 flu pandemic.

This history inspired me to become a traditional healer. Along with my training in Western medicine, I have also studied plant-based medicine and earth-based science, which was taught to me by my elders – practitioners who passed down thousands of years of accumulated knowledge to me.

Through both my medical and traditional practices, I have learned there are many reasons for the decline in life expectancy and the divide between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health outcomes. But this gap – if the government and the medical system will act – can be narrowed.

Poverty, unemployment and lack of health care

American Indians and Alaska Natives die from diabetes at more than twice the rate of non-Indigenous populations. A report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows Native Americans have significantly higher rates of obesity, high blood pressure, cancers and general poor health status than other Americans. The suicide rate in Indigenous communities is about 43% higher than that of non-Indigenous communities. And Native American women experience sexual violence far more often than non-Hispanic white women.

There are many reasons for these disparities. For starters: Native Americans have the highest poverty rate among all minority groups, perhaps as high as 25%.

Unemployment among American Indians and Alaska Natives in November 2022 was 6.2%, compared to 3.7% in the general population. Many Indigenous people, working only seasonally, are also woefully underemployed.

American Indians and Alaska Natives are also underserved in the U.S. health care system. The Indian Health Service – the federal agency that provides medical care to Indigenous Americans – is funded at about US$6 billion per year. That translated to only $4,078 per person in 2021.

The result is that there are fewer physicians, nurses and therapists seeing Indigenous patients, particularly those who live in rural areas. Those providing care have fewer technologies available to them, such as MRI and ultrasound machines, to help diagnose and treat disease earlier. Such shortages mean less access to either primary or emergency care, which contributes to lower life expectancy.

Historical trauma

A shaky health care system is only part of the problem. Adverse childhood experiences, social marginalization  and toxic, relentless stress also contribute to shorter lives.

Then there are the effects of unresolved historical trauma – the cumulative emotional and psychological trauma within a specific group that spans generations.

This kind of collective trauma cannot be overstated. A growing body of evidence is documenting its effects on Indigenous people. Historical trauma can produce physiological stress, striking not just individual people, but entire families. There is recent evidence to suggest that the body’s stress response has caused epigenetic changes – meaning changes in gene expression caused by the environment – in Native Americans that can affect one’s health even before birth.

To this day, the U.S. government has consistently created policies that sanctioned inequality – actions that have likely contributed to the historical trauma and health disparities present today. American Indian and Alaska Native communities have suffered from disease, war, internment and starvation for centuries.

Not only were Indigenous people displaced from the lands that were once our home, the U.S. government even made it illegal for us to practice their traditions. Throughout most of the 20th century, the U.S. government placed Indigenous children into boarding schools that separated them from their families.

Breaking the cycle

It’s clear that Indigenous communities need new or upgraded hospitals and clinics, more and better diagnostic technology, more specialty services in dental care, obstetrics, pediatrics and oncology, and more alcohol and substance abuse treatment programs.

There is some good news: The Biden administration’s 2022 infrastructure bill makes $13 billion available to address some of these needs for Native American tribes. And an additional $20 billion appropriation for COVID-19 relief will also provide help for some of the most immediate challenges.

But even with this aid, there is still a funding gap. The National Indian Health Board, a nonprofit advocacy group representing federally recognized tribes, recommends a commitment of $48 billion for the 2024 fiscal year to fully fund the health needs of Indigenous people. The current budget, $9.3 billion, is less than one-fifth of that.

The recent increases in funding are certainly a step in the right direction. But the factors contributing to the shorter lives of Native Americans started generations ago, and they are still reverberating among the youngest of us today.

Both from a professional standpoint – as well as one that is very personal to me and my ancestors – more work in this area cannot come soon enough.

Allison Kelliher is a assistant professor with the Department of Family & Community Medicine at the University of North Dakota

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