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加密货币“哲学王”再谈区块链的重大意义

加密货币“哲学王”再谈区块链的重大意义

LEO SCHWARTZ 2024-01-29
FTX破产就像是个转折点,加密货币成为了欺诈的代名词。

a16z 加密货币基金的管理合伙人,克里斯·迪克森(Chris Dixon)。图片来源:KIMBERLY WHITE—GETTY IMAGES

2022年10月,就在FTX倒闭前几周,克里斯·迪克森坐下来写了一本关于加密货币的书。这位风险投资家和永久乐观主义者希望分享他所钟爱的技术的全新愿景。迪克森曾在互联网发展初期创办过初创公司,当时谷歌(Google)和脸书(Facebook)等公司还没有成为独占鳌头的科技巨头,他相信区块链的去中心化承诺可以为开放式互联网的早期基石注入新活力。

到2022年底,这一愿景被一个以赌场心态为主导、由山姆·班克曼-弗里德(Sam Bankman-Fried)等自吹自擂的可耻推销员定义的行业所掩盖。对于许多旁观者来说,FTX破产就像是个转折点,加密货币成为了欺诈的代名词。

迪克森上周在吃早餐时告诉我:“我当时想,‘见鬼,这太令人沮丧了,’我为自己感到遗憾。然后我就想,‘我可以把这看作一个令人沮丧的时刻,抑或是机遇。’”

他在科技领域工作了几十年,曾是创办早期人工智能公司的创业者、天使投资人,后来成为风险投资巨头安德里森霍罗威茨(Andreessen Horowitz,又称a16z)的合伙人。公众对他的项目的看法和他自己的理解从未出现过如此大的分歧。他心想:“我可以尝试缩小差距。”

于是,他写下了《可读-可写-可拥有》(Read Write Own),该书是加密货币优点的宣言。对于那些仍然认为区块链技术将引领下一代互联网的人来说,这本书很可能会成为圣经和自助书籍的结合。该书将于1月30日发行,是对这个经常成为外界笑柄的行业的有力辩护。

虽然迪克森年仅52岁,但他在某种程度上是加密货币领域的元老。他认为,区块链不仅仅是“数字不断飙升”的赌博和自诩为堕落者的玩物,它还可以成为一种非政治性软件,将互联网从企业霸主手中拯救出来。

作为a16z加密货币基金公司的负责人,迪克森并不只是纸上谈兵的理论家。他真正参与了这场游戏,投资者投入的资金高达76亿美元。他的书不仅仅是一本关于网络未来的专著,也在号召大家行动起来为该行业的生存而斗争。

图片来源:COURTESY OF A16Z

大教堂与集市

迪克森从网络的角度来看待互联网,它不仅关乎人们如何实现连接,还关乎不同的技术如何相互作用来构建我们所熟知的网络基础设施。

今天,我们所认为的互联网大多由大型公司拥有和控制。从WhatsApp到Gmail,再到为这些平台提供动力的云计算服务,所有这些都由少数几家公司运营,这些公司不仅决定了平台的运营方式,还攫取了几乎所有的利润,打压从报纸到旅行社等各个行业。

事情并非总是如此。互联网的早期开发者设想过更加开放的网络,这种网络以民主的方式管理,将决定权交到人们手中,或者至少是任何足够留意并参与其中的人手中。

这一愿景通过简单邮件传输协议(SMTP,电子邮件传输的标准通信协议)和超文本传输协议(HTTP,计算机之间相互通信)等协议,依然存在于现代互联网的构件中。另一个协议是域名系统(DNS),它允许我们访问具有人类可读名称的网页,比如Fortune.com,而不是一串数字。

这些协议通常是免费的,或是使用价格低廉,要么是开源的,要么是由非营利组织管理的,其任务是维护而不是追求利润。正是因为它们的存在,电子邮件才不受谷歌控制,网址才不受亚马逊(Amazon)控制,网上冲浪才不受微软(Microsoft)控制。

迪克森告诉我:"我一直很讨厌微软。”这句话出自科技界最有权势的人之口,似乎有些怪异,尤其是他所在的风险投资公司,通过向脸书和推特(Twitter)等公司投入数十亿美元,帮助打造了我们今天所熟知的互联网。

尽管迪克森身家丰厚、地位显赫,但他的言谈举止却十分悠闲。他建议我们在一家餐馆见面,但他在翠贝卡最喜欢的那家餐馆已经关门了,所以我在《财富》杂志办公室附近找了一家。享用着一盘盛满鸡蛋、香肠和土豆的菜肴,他看起来更像一位大学教授,而不是风险投资巨头。他的回答段落冗长,但当他对某个想法异常兴奋时,也会提高音调。当我们走出门外,来到等候他的黑色SUV和司机面前时,他的学者形象就荡然无存了。

迪克森说,他的职业生涯源于对开源软件的热爱,比如Unix操作系统。这也是区块链吸引他的原因。他是一位多产的博客作者,大约在2009年,他开始撰写关于互联网中心化的文章。具体来说,他被程序员埃里克·雷蒙德(Eric Raymond)创造的"大教堂与集市"的比喻所吸引。在"大教堂"模式中,软件被严格限制在内部开发人员的范围内,这些开发人员通常受雇于一家公司,他们可以构建精致美观的架构,但不对外界贡献者开放。与此相反,集市则是开源的,熙熙攘攘而且没有明确的秩序,但却通过合作而变得充满活力。

毋庸置疑,像推特和脸书这样的平台仍然试图把自己打造成集市。它们邀请开发者在自己的平台上开发应用程序,推特承诺支持简易信息聚合(RSS),即另一种允许用户关注不同网站和博客的开源协议。尽管如此,迪克森认为,它们的运作模式更像是大教堂模式,他当时写道,自己担心它们会关闭访问。“问题在于推特并不是真正开放的。”他在2009年10月的博客中写道。“在某种程度上,推特需要实现高额营收来证明自己的估值是合理的。”诚然,他的观点是正确的。

与此同时,当年早些时候,化名为中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人发表了白皮书,向全世界介绍比特币。迪克森并没有立即改弦更张。中本聪最初将加密货币设想为一种新的货币形式,即比特币所谓的用例是金融相关,而迪克森则更关心更广泛的基础设施协议。不过,他还是发现了区块链的价值——一种新型网络,可以分散所有权,由参与者管理,并由软件实现运行。

作为天使投资人,迪克森进行了数年小额投资,影响力有限。2012年,他加入了a16z和风险投资大联盟。他告诉我:“我想加入风险投资公司的唯一原因是,我可以更上一层楼,真正尝试探索新计算运动。”

目前尚不清楚区块链是否会成为未来。迪克森最早押注的是新兴的加密货币交易所Coinbase(2013年领投),但他也投资了虚拟现实公司Oculus(后被Meta收购)和无人机初创公司Airware(已于2018年倒闭)。

他预计比特币将以一种允许软件开发人员添加新功能,并扩展区块链用例的方式发展。比特币团队从未这么做过。相反,一个名为以太坊(Ethereum)的新区块链于2015年推出,承诺允许程序员创建任何形式的去中心化应用程序。三年后,在迪克森的领导下,A16z推出了首只专为加密货币领域设立的风险基金。

‘高糖效应’

迪克森对区块链的宣传很简单,这在他的书名中得到了很好的概括。第一代互联网在早期协议和网络浏览器等创新技术的推动下,使得我们能够进行消费和读取信息。第二代互联网在脸书和苹果(Apple)等公司网络的推动下,使得我们可以创作和编写自己的内容。第三代互联网是由区块链驱动的,因此,我们能够掌控从决策到获取收益的全过程。

例如,一个去中心化的社交媒体平台将允许用户对内容审核进行投票,并保持代码开源,从而形成一个充满活力的第三方应用生态系统。如果没有广告收入流向平台,用户实际上可以将自己的内容货币化,而代币系统可以分配收益,并作为治理机制起到双重作用。

能够想象得到这样的美好世界,但在比特币出现超过15年后,这个世界仍未变成现实。这并不是因为缺乏尝试。针对消费者的加密货币项目层出不穷,数十亿美元的资金投入也让这些项目大行其道。然而,加密货币仍未迎来“ChatGPT”时刻,即所谓的杀手级应用程序,助力其突破主流市场。

在加密货币领域,一个常见的说法是,我们还处于起步阶段,毕竟普通人花了几十年的时间才接触到互联网。第一篇关于人工神经网络的论文发表于1943年,比ChatGPT的推出早了75年。迪克森承认,他常常超前布局。他在2009年创立了自己的第一家人工智能公司,但由于技术不达标,最终将公司卖给了eBay。

迪克森坚信“功能等价”,他认为加密应用程序只有在与非区块链竞争对手一样出色时才会流行起来。由于处理时间缓慢、费用通常过高以及长期存在的安全问题,这一天似乎还很遥远。 他问道:“当交易成本为10美元时,你能开发出多少杀手级应用程序?”不过,迪克森表示,有一种"乐观的设想",即区块链的计算能力在未来12个月内达到充足水平。我问他,我们是否会像他的第一次人工智能赌博一样,在十几年后才能实现。 “我希望不会。”他笑着说。

与此同时,加密货币唯一受到追捧的方面就是投机性,从最近对比特币现货交易所交易基金的狂热到FTX这样的数字资产赌场。

a16z投资组合公司Uniswap Labs的首席运营官玛丽-凯瑟琳·拉德(Mary-Catherine Lader)告诉我:“人们总是情不自禁地谈论价格。金钱对人有吸引力。”

迪克森将加密货币投机热潮描述为“高糖效应”。它不仅导致这一领域形象不佳,挤走了用户,还让他投资的公司感到挫败,这些公司正试图建立稳固的基础架构。他告诉我:“街上还有其他人说,‘嘿,投掷一下狗狗币Bonk。’”他指的是Solana区块链上新近被炒得火热的模因币。“这引起了人们的关注。”

作为回应,迪克森扮演了一个不同寻常的风险投资人的角色,他花时间在华盛顿游说政府制定新法律来管理加密货币。和许多业内人士一样,他认为美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)正在扼杀创新,原因是它在打击像Solana这样提供实用代币的区块链和像Coinbase这样的本土公司,却允许所谓的垃圾币和离岸交易所蓬勃发展。

A16z加密货币基金聘请了前监管机构和政府工作人员,而迪克森本人也经常参与捐赠,OpenSecrets的公开数据显示,他向十多位对加密货币友好的国会议员捐款。迪克森的老朋友、风险投资界传奇人物罗恩·康韦(Ron Conway)告诉我:“与议员们会面是一项琐碎而繁重的工作。大多数风险投资公司都对这种活动避而远之。”

a16z的联合创始人本·霍洛维茨(Ben Horowitz)告诉我,在看到Meta等大型科技公司在华盛顿施展影响力后,该公司决定加入游说行列。他告诉我:“这些拥有垄断产品的强大公司在华盛顿非常活跃。如果没有人代表小型科技公司,我们将面临监管俘获,创新速度将大幅放缓。”

风险投资领域视而不见的棘手问题

A16z成为去中心化网络的拥护者,这对迪克森来说不无讽刺意味。凭借对爱彼迎(Airbnb)、脸书和推特等公司的投资,这家风险投资公司帮助引领了企业主导的互联网时代,而迪克森现在正恳求我们继续前行,进入第三代互联网。

迪克森说:"我原以为互联网会更加分散,但我想错了。我们既不知道,也不想创建一个会导致风险投资消亡的体系,原因是这样做会导致只有四家公司控制互联网。"

据霍洛维茨估计,除了照片分享应用程序BeReal外,a16z基本上已经放弃了对Web2的投资,甚至在其加密货币基金之外的投资情况也是如此。(他没有提到该公司还出资4亿美元帮助埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)在2022年收购了推特。)霍洛维茨表示:"这就是做风险投资家的好处,你可以进行很多投资。"

虽然风险投资公司可以分散赌注,但就加密货币而言,一家大型风险投资公司的参与仍会引发人们的担忧,担心它会破坏区块链去中心化的使命。与其他加密货币风险投资公司一样,a16z在投资时经常收到代币,而不是传统股权,这意味着它可能会对项目的治理产生巨大影响。

这种担忧引发了争议,比如a16z支持了一项不受欢迎的提议,即Uniswap使用另一家投资组合公司LayerZero作为底层基础架构,而不是使用竞争对手Wormhole。虽然a16z试图通过辩称它向学生社团和非营利组织分发代币来转移批评,但Crypto Twitter上愤怒的纯粹主义者指责该公司明显“拥有”Uniswap的开放协议。

拉德在Uniswap Labs工作,从技术上讲,该公司与Uniswap协议是分开的,她表示自己不会与迪克森讨论治理问题。不过,她还是认为,去中心化并不能保证所有权的平等分配,而是"公平、开放获取"的指标。

另一个困扰加密货币风险投资的问题是,为了短期收益而抛售代币的趋势。在传统风险投资中,公司持有投资数年,直到通过首次公开募股或收购退出。对于加密货币而言,代币可以在短短一年内归属他人。

哥伦比亚大学商学院兼职教授奥米德·马勒坎(Omid Malekan)说:"如果你是一名加密货币风险投资家,你的义务就是尽快套现。这种设计对大多数加密货币项目的长期可行性非常不利。”

迪克森承认,许多加密风险投资公司的运作方式更像是对冲基金,但他表示,他力主延长锁定期,甚至帮助在拟议的加密货币立法中引入了这方面的条款。他告诉我:"短期激励是一件非常危险的事情。”根据a16z发言人的说法,该加密货币基金仍持有其在私人市场交易中购买的全部代币的94%。

对迪克森来说,更重要的问题是,加密货币项目是否需要风险规模的投资,以及随之而来的期望。他打赌,a16z基金的接受者不仅将为下一代互联网奠定基础,还将收获数十亿美元。

当我问霍洛维茨时,他把这场赌博比作域名系统,即翻译域名协议。他们并不是直接投资于公用事业,而是投资于代币,这有点像风险投资公司在互联网发展初期购买了大量的网址。他说:“我并不认为这之间存在紧张关系。”

学者马勒坎则认为,近期的趋势表明情况并非如此,尤其是当风险投资公司投资于基金会、实验室、代币和协议这些通常支撑加密货币项目的错综复杂的因素时。比特币和以太坊等成功的技术几乎不需要资金。他告诉我:"在加密货币领域,你几乎可以说,取得成功与你筹集到的资金数量之间存在着很强的负相关。这不仅仅是取得一个项目的成功,你还必须像一家价值十亿美元的公司那样行事。"

虽然迪克森说,代币是一种通过健康的投机(如房屋所有权)来推动参与的方式,但它们也可能轻易地重构出以利润为导向有害激励机制,而这种激励机制正是我们当前互联网的基础。由a16z支持的Axie Infinity是一个突破主流市场的消费类加密货币项目,它刺激了扭曲的替代经济,全球南方的劳动者们把积蓄投入到游戏中,并将其作为第二份工作。这款游戏的短暂成功可能是一次失败的实验,但它仍是风险投资支持、区块链主导的未来的一个缩影。

目前,这还只是一个理论问题,我们在后视镜中几乎看不到班克曼-弗里德,而加密货币领域正在寻找一个立足点。众所周知,迪克森不愿在媒体上露面,他避开了通常在美国全国广播公司财经频道(CNBC)和彭博电视之间进行的会议巡回和轮换,而这在他的同行中很常见。凭借《可读-可写-可拥有》,他正走出阴影,准备接过领导者的衣钵,为行业和非信徒开辟一条前进之路。也许,人们对a16z的成见并不能使他成为理想的信使,但他至少是一个令人信服的信使。

迪克森表示:“如果我们能够取得成功,这似乎是一个极其巨大的机遇,其影响力也可见一斑,但往往事与愿违。顺便提一下,这就是你赚钱的方式。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

2022年10月,就在FTX倒闭前几周,克里斯·迪克森坐下来写了一本关于加密货币的书。这位风险投资家和永久乐观主义者希望分享他所钟爱的技术的全新愿景。迪克森曾在互联网发展初期创办过初创公司,当时谷歌(Google)和脸书(Facebook)等公司还没有成为独占鳌头的科技巨头,他相信区块链的去中心化承诺可以为开放式互联网的早期基石注入新活力。

到2022年底,这一愿景被一个以赌场心态为主导、由山姆·班克曼-弗里德(Sam Bankman-Fried)等自吹自擂的可耻推销员定义的行业所掩盖。对于许多旁观者来说,FTX破产就像是个转折点,加密货币成为了欺诈的代名词。

迪克森上周在吃早餐时告诉我:“我当时想,‘见鬼,这太令人沮丧了,’我为自己感到遗憾。然后我就想,‘我可以把这看作一个令人沮丧的时刻,抑或是机遇。’”

他在科技领域工作了几十年,曾是创办早期人工智能公司的创业者、天使投资人,后来成为风险投资巨头安德里森霍罗威茨(Andreessen Horowitz,又称a16z)的合伙人。公众对他的项目的看法和他自己的理解从未出现过如此大的分歧。他心想:“我可以尝试缩小差距。”

于是,他写下了《可读-可写-可拥有》(Read Write Own),该书是加密货币优点的宣言。对于那些仍然认为区块链技术将引领下一代互联网的人来说,这本书很可能会成为圣经和自助书籍的结合。该书将于1月30日发行,是对这个经常成为外界笑柄的行业的有力辩护。

虽然迪克森年仅52岁,但他在某种程度上是加密货币领域的元老。他认为,区块链不仅仅是“数字不断飙升”的赌博和自诩为堕落者的玩物,它还可以成为一种非政治性软件,将互联网从企业霸主手中拯救出来。

作为a16z加密货币基金公司的负责人,迪克森并不只是纸上谈兵的理论家。他真正参与了这场游戏,投资者投入的资金高达76亿美元。他的书不仅仅是一本关于网络未来的专著,也在号召大家行动起来为该行业的生存而斗争。

大教堂与集市

迪克森从网络的角度来看待互联网,它不仅关乎人们如何实现连接,还关乎不同的技术如何相互作用来构建我们所熟知的网络基础设施。

今天,我们所认为的互联网大多由大型公司拥有和控制。从WhatsApp到Gmail,再到为这些平台提供动力的云计算服务,所有这些都由少数几家公司运营,这些公司不仅决定了平台的运营方式,还攫取了几乎所有的利润,打压从报纸到旅行社等各个行业。

事情并非总是如此。互联网的早期开发者设想过更加开放的网络,这种网络以民主的方式管理,将决定权交到人们手中,或者至少是任何足够留意并参与其中的人手中。

这一愿景通过简单邮件传输协议(SMTP,电子邮件传输的标准通信协议)和超文本传输协议(HTTP,计算机之间相互通信)等协议,依然存在于现代互联网的构件中。另一个协议是域名系统(DNS),它允许我们访问具有人类可读名称的网页,比如Fortune.com,而不是一串数字。

这些协议通常是免费的,或是使用价格低廉,要么是开源的,要么是由非营利组织管理的,其任务是维护而不是追求利润。正是因为它们的存在,电子邮件才不受谷歌控制,网址才不受亚马逊(Amazon)控制,网上冲浪才不受微软(Microsoft)控制。

迪克森告诉我:"我一直很讨厌微软。”这句话出自科技界最有权势的人之口,似乎有些怪异,尤其是他所在的风险投资公司,通过向脸书和推特(Twitter)等公司投入数十亿美元,帮助打造了我们今天所熟知的互联网。

尽管迪克森身家丰厚、地位显赫,但他的言谈举止却十分悠闲。他建议我们在一家餐馆见面,但他在翠贝卡最喜欢的那家餐馆已经关门了,所以我在《财富》杂志办公室附近找了一家。享用着一盘盛满鸡蛋、香肠和土豆的菜肴,他看起来更像一位大学教授,而不是风险投资巨头。他的回答段落冗长,但当他对某个想法异常兴奋时,也会提高音调。当我们走出门外,来到等候他的黑色SUV和司机面前时,他的学者形象就荡然无存了。

迪克森说,他的职业生涯源于对开源软件的热爱,比如Unix操作系统。这也是区块链吸引他的原因。他是一位多产的博客作者,大约在2009年,他开始撰写关于互联网中心化的文章。具体来说,他被程序员埃里克·雷蒙德(Eric Raymond)创造的"大教堂与集市"的比喻所吸引。在"大教堂"模式中,软件被严格限制在内部开发人员的范围内,这些开发人员通常受雇于一家公司,他们可以构建精致美观的架构,但不对外界贡献者开放。与此相反,集市则是开源的,熙熙攘攘而且没有明确的秩序,但却通过合作而变得充满活力。

毋庸置疑,像推特和脸书这样的平台仍然试图把自己打造成集市。它们邀请开发者在自己的平台上开发应用程序,推特承诺支持简易信息聚合(RSS),即另一种允许用户关注不同网站和博客的开源协议。尽管如此,迪克森认为,它们的运作模式更像是大教堂模式,他当时写道,自己担心它们会关闭访问。“问题在于推特并不是真正开放的。”他在2009年10月的博客中写道。“在某种程度上,推特需要实现高额营收来证明自己的估值是合理的。”诚然,他的观点是正确的。

与此同时,当年早些时候,化名为中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人发表了白皮书,向全世界介绍比特币。迪克森并没有立即改弦更张。中本聪最初将加密货币设想为一种新的货币形式,即比特币所谓的用例是金融相关,而迪克森则更关心更广泛的基础设施协议。不过,他还是发现了区块链的价值——一种新型网络,可以分散所有权,由参与者管理,并由软件实现运行。

作为天使投资人,迪克森进行了数年小额投资,影响力有限。2012年,他加入了a16z和风险投资大联盟。他告诉我:“我想加入风险投资公司的唯一原因是,我可以更上一层楼,真正尝试探索新计算运动。”

目前尚不清楚区块链是否会成为未来。迪克森最早押注的是新兴的加密货币交易所Coinbase(2013年领投),但他也投资了虚拟现实公司Oculus(后被Meta收购)和无人机初创公司Airware(已于2018年倒闭)。

他预计比特币将以一种允许软件开发人员添加新功能,并扩展区块链用例的方式发展。比特币团队从未这么做过。相反,一个名为以太坊(Ethereum)的新区块链于2015年推出,承诺允许程序员创建任何形式的去中心化应用程序。三年后,在迪克森的领导下,A16z推出了首只专为加密货币领域设立的风险基金。

‘高糖效应’

迪克森对区块链的宣传很简单,这在他的书名中得到了很好的概括。第一代互联网在早期协议和网络浏览器等创新技术的推动下,使得我们能够进行消费和读取信息。第二代互联网在脸书和苹果(Apple)等公司网络的推动下,使得我们可以创作和编写自己的内容。第三代互联网是由区块链驱动的,因此,我们能够掌控从决策到获取收益的全过程。

例如,一个去中心化的社交媒体平台将允许用户对内容审核进行投票,并保持代码开源,从而形成一个充满活力的第三方应用生态系统。如果没有广告收入流向平台,用户实际上可以将自己的内容货币化,而代币系统可以分配收益,并作为治理机制起到双重作用。

能够想象得到这样的美好世界,但在比特币出现超过15年后,这个世界仍未变成现实。这并不是因为缺乏尝试。针对消费者的加密货币项目层出不穷,数十亿美元的资金投入也让这些项目大行其道。然而,加密货币仍未迎来“ChatGPT”时刻,即所谓的杀手级应用程序,助力其突破主流市场。

在加密货币领域,一个常见的说法是,我们还处于起步阶段,毕竟普通人花了几十年的时间才接触到互联网。第一篇关于人工神经网络的论文发表于1943年,比ChatGPT的推出早了75年。迪克森承认,他常常超前布局。他在2009年创立了自己的第一家人工智能公司,但由于技术不达标,最终将公司卖给了eBay。

迪克森坚信“功能等价”,他认为加密应用程序只有在与非区块链竞争对手一样出色时才会流行起来。由于处理时间缓慢、费用通常过高以及长期存在的安全问题,这一天似乎还很遥远。 他问道:“当交易成本为10美元时,你能开发出多少杀手级应用程序?”不过,迪克森表示,有一种"乐观的设想",即区块链的计算能力在未来12个月内达到充足水平。我问他,我们是否会像他的第一次人工智能赌博一样,在十几年后才能实现。 “我希望不会。”他笑着说。

与此同时,加密货币唯一受到追捧的方面就是投机性,从最近对比特币现货交易所交易基金的狂热到FTX这样的数字资产赌场。

a16z投资组合公司Uniswap Labs的首席运营官玛丽-凯瑟琳·拉德(Mary-Catherine Lader)告诉我:“人们总是情不自禁地谈论价格。金钱对人有吸引力。”

迪克森将加密货币投机热潮描述为“高糖效应”。它不仅导致这一领域形象不佳,挤走了用户,还让他投资的公司感到挫败,这些公司正试图建立稳固的基础架构。他告诉我:“街上还有其他人说,‘嘿,投掷一下狗狗币Bonk。’”他指的是Solana区块链上新近被炒得火热的模因币。“这引起了人们的关注。”

作为回应,迪克森扮演了一个不同寻常的风险投资人的角色,他花时间在华盛顿游说政府制定新法律来管理加密货币。和许多业内人士一样,他认为美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)正在扼杀创新,原因是它在打击像Solana这样提供实用代币的区块链和像Coinbase这样的本土公司,却允许所谓的垃圾币和离岸交易所蓬勃发展。

A16z加密货币基金聘请了前监管机构和政府工作人员,而迪克森本人也经常参与捐赠,OpenSecrets的公开数据显示,他向十多位对加密货币友好的国会议员捐款。迪克森的老朋友、风险投资界传奇人物罗恩·康韦(Ron Conway)告诉我:“与议员们会面是一项琐碎而繁重的工作。大多数风险投资公司都对这种活动避而远之。”

a16z的联合创始人本·霍洛维茨(Ben Horowitz)告诉我,在看到Meta等大型科技公司在华盛顿施展影响力后,该公司决定加入游说行列。他告诉我:“这些拥有垄断产品的强大公司在华盛顿非常活跃。如果没有人代表小型科技公司,我们将面临监管俘获,创新速度将大幅放缓。”

风险投资领域视而不见的棘手问题

A16z成为去中心化网络的拥护者,这对迪克森来说不无讽刺意味。凭借对爱彼迎(Airbnb)、脸书和推特等公司的投资,这家风险投资公司帮助引领了企业主导的互联网时代,而迪克森现在正恳求我们继续前行,进入第三代互联网。

迪克森说:"我原以为互联网会更加分散,但我想错了。我们既不知道,也不想创建一个会导致风险投资消亡的体系,原因是这样做会导致只有四家公司控制互联网。"

据霍洛维茨估计,除了照片分享应用程序BeReal外,a16z基本上已经放弃了对Web2的投资,甚至在其加密货币基金之外的投资情况也是如此。(他没有提到该公司还出资4亿美元帮助埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)在2022年收购了推特。)霍洛维茨表示:"这就是做风险投资家的好处,你可以进行很多投资。"

虽然风险投资公司可以分散赌注,但就加密货币而言,一家大型风险投资公司的参与仍会引发人们的担忧,担心它会破坏区块链去中心化的使命。与其他加密货币风险投资公司一样,a16z在投资时经常收到代币,而不是传统股权,这意味着它可能会对项目的治理产生巨大影响。

这种担忧引发了争议,比如a16z支持了一项不受欢迎的提议,即Uniswap使用另一家投资组合公司LayerZero作为底层基础架构,而不是使用竞争对手Wormhole。虽然a16z试图通过辩称它向学生社团和非营利组织分发代币来转移批评,但Crypto Twitter上愤怒的纯粹主义者指责该公司明显“拥有”Uniswap的开放协议。

拉德在Uniswap Labs工作,从技术上讲,该公司与Uniswap协议是分开的,她表示自己不会与迪克森讨论治理问题。不过,她还是认为,去中心化并不能保证所有权的平等分配,而是"公平、开放获取"的指标。

另一个困扰加密货币风险投资的问题是,为了短期收益而抛售代币的趋势。在传统风险投资中,公司持有投资数年,直到通过首次公开募股或收购退出。对于加密货币而言,代币可以在短短一年内归属他人。

哥伦比亚大学商学院兼职教授奥米德·马勒坎(Omid Malekan)说:"如果你是一名加密货币风险投资家,你的义务就是尽快套现。这种设计对大多数加密货币项目的长期可行性非常不利。”

迪克森承认,许多加密风险投资公司的运作方式更像是对冲基金,但他表示,他力主延长锁定期,甚至帮助在拟议的加密货币立法中引入了这方面的条款。他告诉我:"短期激励是一件非常危险的事情。”根据a16z发言人的说法,该加密货币基金仍持有其在私人市场交易中购买的全部代币的94%。

对迪克森来说,更重要的问题是,加密货币项目是否需要风险规模的投资,以及随之而来的期望。他打赌,a16z基金的接受者不仅将为下一代互联网奠定基础,还将收获数十亿美元。

当我问霍洛维茨时,他把这场赌博比作域名系统,即翻译域名协议。他们并不是直接投资于公用事业,而是投资于代币,这有点像风险投资公司在互联网发展初期购买了大量的网址。他说:“我并不认为这之间存在紧张关系。”

学者马勒坎则认为,近期的趋势表明情况并非如此,尤其是当风险投资公司投资于基金会、实验室、代币和协议这些通常支撑加密货币项目的错综复杂的因素时。比特币和以太坊等成功的技术几乎不需要资金。他告诉我:"在加密货币领域,你几乎可以说,取得成功与你筹集到的资金数量之间存在着很强的负相关。这不仅仅是取得一个项目的成功,你还必须像一家价值十亿美元的公司那样行事。"

虽然迪克森说,代币是一种通过健康的投机(如房屋所有权)来推动参与的方式,但它们也可能轻易地重构出以利润为导向有害激励机制,而这种激励机制正是我们当前互联网的基础。由a16z支持的Axie Infinity是一个突破主流市场的消费类加密货币项目,它刺激了扭曲的替代经济,全球南方的劳动者们把积蓄投入到游戏中,并将其作为第二份工作。这款游戏的短暂成功可能是一次失败的实验,但它仍是风险投资支持、区块链主导的未来的一个缩影。

目前,这还只是一个理论问题,我们在后视镜中几乎看不到班克曼-弗里德,而加密货币领域正在寻找一个立足点。众所周知,迪克森不愿在媒体上露面,他避开了通常在美国全国广播公司财经频道(CNBC)和彭博电视之间进行的会议巡回和轮换,而这在他的同行中很常见。凭借《可读-可写-可拥有》,他正走出阴影,准备接过领导者的衣钵,为行业和非信徒开辟一条前进之路。也许,人们对a16z的成见并不能使他成为理想的信使,但他至少是一个令人信服的信使。

迪克森表示:“如果我们能够取得成功,这似乎是一个极其巨大的机遇,其影响力也可见一斑,但往往事与愿违。顺便提一下,这就是你赚钱的方式。”(财富中文网)

译者:中慧言-王芳

In October 2022, just weeks before the collapse of FTX, Chris Dixon sat down to write a book about crypto. The venture capitalist and eternal optimist wanted to share a fresh vision for the technology he had come to love. Having founded startups in an earlier era of the internet, before the likes of Google and Facebook gobbled up every dollar, Dixon believed the decentralized promise of blockchain could reinvigorate the early building blocks of an open internet.

By the end of 2022, that vision was belied by an industry dominated by a casino mentality and defined by criminal hucksters like Sam Bankman-Fried. The failure of FTX felt like a turning point where, for many onlookers, crypto became synonymous with fraud.

“I was like, ‘Fuck, this is depressing,’ and then I felt sorry for myself,” Dixon told me over breakfast last week. “And then I was like, ‘I can look at this as a depressing moment, or I can look at it as an opportunity.’”

He had worked in tech for decades, as an entrepreneur building early AI companies, an angel investor, and then a partner at venture giant Andreessen Horowitz (a16z). He had never experienced as wide a rift in the public perception of his projects and his own understanding. “I could potentially try to close that gap,” he thought to himself.

The result is Read Write Own, a manifesto on the virtues of crypto that will likely become a combination of bible and self-help book for those who still share the view that blockchain technology will usher in the next age of the internet. The book, which will be released Jan. 30, is a lucid defense of an industry that has often become a parody to the outside world.

Though just 52, Dixon serves as a kind of elder statesman for crypto. He argues that blockchain can be more than “number go up” gambling and a plaything for self-described degens—it can be an apolitical software that saves the internet from its corporate overlords.

As the head of a16z’s crypto firm, Dixon is not just an armchair theorist. He has real skin in the game, to the tune of $7.6 billion of his investors’ money. His book is not just a treatise on the future of the web. It’s a call to arms for the survival of the industry.

The cathedral and the bazaar

Dixon thinks of the internet in terms of networks—not only how people connect, but how different technologies interact to build the infrastructure we know as the web.

Most of what we think of the internet today is owned and controlled by massive companies. Everything from WhatsApp to Gmail to the cloud computing services powering them is run by a handful of firms that not only dictate how the platforms operate but siphon nearly all the profits, felling entire industries from newspapers to travel agencies.

It wasn’t always that way. The early developers of the internet imagined more open networks that would be governed democratically, with decisions left in the hands of the people—or at least anyone who cared enough to be involved.

This vision still lives in the building blocks of the modern internet, through protocols like SMTP, which standardizes email communication, and HTTP, which helps computers talk to each other. Another, DNS, allows us to visit web pages with human-readable names, like Fortune.com, rather than a series of numbers.

These protocols are generally free or very cheap to use, and either open-source or managed by nonprofits tasked with maintenance rather than profit-seeking. Their existence is the reason that email isn’t controlled by Google, URLs by Amazon, or web surfing by Microsoft.

“I always detested Microsoft,” Dixon told me. It may seem an odd statement from one of the most powerful men in tech, and especially one who works at a venture firm that helped build the internet as we know it today by plowing billions of dollars into companies like Facebook and Twitter.

Despite his affluence and high profile, Dixon has a laid-back affect. He suggested we meet at a diner—his favorite spot in Tribeca had closed, so I found one near the Fortune office. Eating a plate of eggs, sausage, and potatoes, he seemed more like a college professor than a venture titan, speaking in paragraph-length answers that would rise in tenor as he became worked up over an idea. The academic persona was punctured when we stepped outside to his waiting black SUV and driver.

Dixon said his career has been driven by a love of open-source software, like the operating system Unix. It’s what drew him to blockchain. He is a prolific blogger, and around 2009, he began to write about the centralization of the internet. Specifically, he became transfixed by an analogy created by coder Eric Raymond called the “Cathedral and the Bazaar.” In the cathedral model, software is tightly restricted to an inner circle of developers, generally employed by a corporation, who can build elaborate and beautiful structures that are closed to outside contributors. The bazaar, in contrast, is open-source—hectic and without clear order, but alive through collaboration.

At the time, platforms like Twitter and Facebook still tried to style themselves as bazaars. They invited developers to build apps on their platforms, and Twitter pledged to support RSS, another open-source protocol that allows users to follow diverse websites and blogs. Still, Dixon understood that they functioned more like cathedrals, writing at the time of his fear they would cut off access. “The problem is Twitter isn’t really open,” he blogged in October 2009. “At some point, Twitter will need to make lots of money to justify their valuation.” He was right, of course.

Meanwhile, earlier that year, the pseudonymous figure known as Satoshi Nakamoto published his white paper introducing Bitcoin to the world. Dixon was not an immediate convert. Bitcoin’s purported use case is financial, with Nakamoto envisioning the original cryptocurrency as a new form of money, while Dixon cared more about broader infrastructure protocols. Still, he saw the value of blockchain—a new type of network whose ownership could be dispersed and governed by its participants and run by software.

After several years writing small checks as an angel investor where his influence was limited, Dixon joined a16z and the VC big leagues in 2012. “The only reason I wanted to go join a VC firm was if I could level up and really try to figure out the new computing movement,” he told me.

It wasn’t immediately clear that blockchain would be the future. One of Dixon’s first bets was on the nascent crypto exchange Coinbasein 2013, but he also made investments in the VR company Oculus, later acquired by Meta, and the drone startup Airware, which folded in 2018.

He expected Bitcoin to evolve in a way that would allow software developers to add new features and expand on blockchain’s use cases. The Bitcoin team never did. Instead, a new blockchain called Ethereum launched in 2015, with the promise of allowing coders to create any fashion of decentralized apps. A16z launched its first crypto-dedicated fund, headed up by Dixon, three years later.

‘Sugar high’

Dixon’s pitch for blockchain is simple—it’s summed up elegantly in the title of his book. The first era of the internet, facilitated by early protocols and innovations like the web browser, allowed us to consume—read—information. The second, driven by corporate networks like Facebook and Apple, allowed us to create—write—our own content. The third, driven by blockchain, will put us in charge, from making decisions to reaping the proceeds—own.

A decentralized social media platform, for example, would allow users to vote on content moderation and keep its code open-source to allow for a vibrant ecosystem of third-party apps. Without all of the ad revenue going to the platform, users could actually monetize their own content, and a token system could distribute earnings and serve a double purpose as a governance mechanism.

It’s a nice world to imagine, but one that has not come to pass more than 15 years after Bitcoin’s emergence. That’s not for lack of trying. There have been plenty of crypto projects aimed at consumers, and billions of dollars of capital plowed into making them catch on. And yet, crypto has still not had its “ChatGPT” moment—the so-called killer app that helps it break through to the mainstream.

A common refrain in crypto is that we’re in the early innings—that it took decades for everyday people to come to the internet. The first paper on artificial neural networks came in 1943, more than 75 years before the launch of ChatGPT. Dixon acknowledged that he is often too early on trends. He built his first AI company in 2009 and ended up selling it to eBay because of the subpar technology.

Dixon is a believer in “feature parity,” the idea that crypto apps will only catch on when they’re as good as their non-blockchain competitors. With slow processing times, often exorbitant fees, and perpetual security concerns, that day seems far off. “How many killer apps can you make when it costs $10 for a transaction?” he asked. Still, Dixon said, there’s an “optimistic scenario” where blockchain computing power is sufficient in the next 12 months. I asked if we could be over a decade away, as he was with his first AI gamble. “I hope not,” he said, laughing.

In the meantime, the only aspect of crypto that has caught on is speculation—from the recent fervor over the Bitcoin ETF to digital asset casinos like FTX.

“People can’t help themselves but talk about prices all the time,” Mary-Catherine Lader, COO of the a16z portfolio company Uniswap Labs, told me. “There’s a human draw to money.”

Dixon describes the crypto speculation frenzy as a “sugar high.” It not only creates a bad image for the space, crowding out users, but frustrates his portfolio companies that are trying to build unsexy infrastructure. “There’s other guys down the street saying, ‘Hey, flip Bonk,’” he told me, referring to a newly hyped memecoin on the Solana blockchain. “And that gets the attention.”

In response, Dixon has taken on an unusual role for a venture capitalist, spending time in D.C. to lobby for new laws to govern crypto. Like many in the industry, he believes that the Securities and Exchange Commission is stifling innovation by going after tokens like Solana that offer utility, and homegrown companies like Coinbase, while allowing so-called shitcoins and offshore exchanges to flourish.

A16z crypto has hired former regulators and political staffers, and Dixon himself is a prolific donor, with public data from OpenSecrets showing that he’s contributed to more than a dozen crypto-friendly members of Congress. “This is gritty, tedious work, meeting with lawmakers,” Ron Conway, the venture legend and Dixon’s longtime friend, told me. “Most venture firms shy away from this activity.”

Ben Horowitz, a cofounder of a16z, told me that the firm decided to enter lobbying after seeing big tech firms like Meta flex their influence in D.C. “These very powerful companies with monopoly products are very active in Washington,” he told me. “If nobody represents little tech, we’re going to get regulatory capture and a big slowdown in innovation.”

The venture elephant in the room

The irony that a16z has become a champion of a decentralized web is not lost on Dixon. With its investments in companies like Airbnb, Facebook, and Twitter, the venture firm helped shepherd in the corporate-owned internet era that Dixon is now pleading we move on from.

“I thought it would be much more fragmented, and I was wrong about that,” Dixon said. “We neither knew nor wanted to be creating a system that would also then lead to the demise of venture capital, because you’d have four companies controlling the internet.”

In Horowitz’s estimation, a16z has largely moved on from Web2 bets, even outside its crypto fund, except for the photo-sharing app BeReal. (He didn’t mention that the firm also contributed $400 million to help Elon Musk acquire Twitter in 2022.) “That’s the nice thing about being a venture capitalist,” Horowitz said. “You can place many investments.”

While VCs can spread their bets around, in the case of crypto, the participation of a massive venture firm still stokes fear that it could undermine blockchain’s mission of decentralization. Like other crypto VCs, a16z often receives tokens in lieu of traditional equity for its investments, meaning it could have an outsize influence in the governance of projects.

The concern has sparked controversy, such as when a16z backed an unpopular proposal for Uniswap to use LayerZero, another portfolio company, as underlying infrastructure, rather than a competitor named Wormhole. While a16z tried to deflect criticism by arguing it had distributed tokens to student clubs and nonprofits, outraged purists on Crypto Twitter accused the firm of “owning” Uniswap’s ostensibly open protocol.

Lader, who works for Uniswap Labs, which is technically separate from the Uniswap protocol, said she doesn’t discuss governance with Dixon. Still, she argued that decentralization isn’t a guarantee of equal distribution of ownership, but instead an indicator of “fair, open access.”

Another issue plaguing crypto VCs is the tendency to dump tokens for short-term gains. In traditional venture capital, firms hold on to investments for years until they exit, either through an IPO or acquisition. With crypto, tokens can vest in as little as a year.

“If you’re a crypto VC, your obligation is to cash out as soon as possible,” said Omid Malekan, an adjunct professor at Columbia Business School. “That design is very bad for the long-term viability of most crypto projects.”

Dixon acknowledged that many crypto VC firms operate more as hedge funds, but said that he pushes for longer lock-up periods—he even helped introduce a provision to this effect in proposed crypto legislation. “Short-term incentives are a very dangerous thing,” he told me. According to an a16z spokesperson, the crypto funds still hold 94% of all the tokens it has purchased in private market transactions.

The more existential question for Dixon is whether crypto projects need venture-scale investments and the expectations that come with them. He is betting that the recipients of a16z funds will not only serve as the foundation for the next generation of the internet but reap billions of dollars.

When I asked Horowitz, he compared the gamble to DNS, the protocol that translates domain names. They aren’t investing directly in the utility, but the tokens—sort of like if a venture firm had bought a slew of URLs in the early days of the web. “I don’t actually think there’s a tension there,” he said.

Malekan, the academic, argued that recent trends have demonstrated otherwise, especially as VCs invest in the knotted tangle of foundations, labs, tokens, and protocols that often undergird crypto projects. The ones that have succeeded, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, required little funding. “In crypto, you can almost argue there’s a very strong negative correlation between success and the amount of money that you raise,” he told me. “It’s not just succeeding as a project—you have to act like a billion-dollar company.”

While Dixon says that tokens are a way to drive participation through healthy speculation, like homeownership, they could just as easily re-create the harmful, profit-driven incentives that built our current internet. One consumer crypto project that broke through to the mainstream, the a16z-backed Axie Infinity, spurred a warped, alternate economy where workers in the Global South plowed their savings into the game and played it as a second job. The game’s brief success may have been an experiment gone awry, but it was still a glimpse into what a venture-backed, blockchain-dominated future could entail.

For now, it’s a theoretical question, with Bankman-Fried barely in our rearview mirrors and the crypto sector searching for a foothold. Dixon is notoriously media-shy, skirting the usual conference circuit and rotation between CNBC and Bloomberg TV that’s common among his peers. With Read Write Own, he is emerging from the shadows, ready to take the mantle of leadership and carve a path forward for both his industry and the nonbelievers. The baggage of a16z may not make him the ideal messenger, but he’s at least a compelling one.

“If we can make it work, it just seems like a very powerful and big opportunity, because it’s very contrarian,” Dixon said. “And by the way, that’s how you make money.”

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