
在2001年12月10日出版的那期《财富》杂志中,沃伦·巴菲特发表了一篇具有里程碑意义的七页长文,文中提出了一项关键市场指标,也就是后来广为人知的“巴菲特指标”。这篇文章改编自他当年7月在爱达荷州太阳谷Allen & Co.年度大会上的一次演讲。这场峰会属于闭门分享,听众主要是各大公司的CEO。正是在《财富》杂志传奇专栏作家卡罗尔·卢米斯的推动下,巴菲特将演讲稿扩充整理,写成了这篇文章。卡罗尔也是我刚入行时的导师——我曾有幸担任她的研究助理(工作中绝不允许敷衍!),而她也十分慷慨,亲自帮我修改过几篇稿件。
在那时,卡罗尔与巴菲特已是莫逆之交。多年来,她一直是伯克希尔-哈撒韦(Berkshire Hathaway)年度致股东信的编辑。可以说,在巴菲特的影响下,她的分析能力愈发精湛。从ITT到惠普(Hewlett-Packard),再到《财富》杂志当时的母公司时代华纳(Time Warner),她能够精准剖析这些大型企业的真实财务状况,其水平甚至超过绝大多数华尔街分析师和基金经理。她在美国在线(AOL)并购案刚宣布时就直言不讳地予以批评(这一交易后来被广泛视为失败案例),当时甚至惹恼了公司高层。2024年5月,在作为CEO的最后一次年度讲话中,巴菲特也特别肯定了卡罗尔的卓越贡献,称赞她在帮助这位“奥马哈先知”成为商界最具影响力人物的过程中发挥了重要作用,并盛赞她是“最优秀的商业记者”。
巴菲特在25年前提出的这些观点经得起时间考验,而且在当下尤其具有现实意义,因为这套他当年用来预警市场风险的衡量标准,如今看起来更加值得警惕。彼时,巴菲特正是在互联网泡沫破裂之际撰写的这篇文章。他在文中解释了为何市场下跌不可避免,而且很可能还会大幅延续。他的核心判断是:从长期来看,美国股市的总市值不可能持续快于实体经济(即GDP所反映的商业活动)的增长。因此,当标普500指数与国民收入之间的比值大幅偏离常态时,必将向相反方向摆动,并回归均值,只是无人能够精准预测这一回调发生的时间。巴菲特在文中还重点展示了一张图表:在2000年3月互联网狂潮的顶峰时期,这一指标(后来被称为“巴菲特指标”)一度飙升至惊人的200%。
他写道:“这张图传递的信息是:如果(股票总市值与GDP之间的)这一比值降至70%或80%,买入股票很可能会带来不错的回报;但如果它像1999年和2000年那样逼近200%,那你就是在‘玩火’。”事实上,在这篇文章发表时,标普指数已经下跌超过20%;到2022年中,又较峰值回落了接近一半,使得“巴菲特指标”跌至80%以下。正如这一指标所预示的那样,科技泡沫破裂后的阶段,恰恰成为极佳的入场时机。
巴菲特指标已高于2001年预警时的水平
当前市场投机情绪空前高涨。自伊朗战争意外爆发引发市场下跌以来,标普500指数已反弹超过13%,截至4月17日午盘,创下7140点的历史新高。更令人震惊的是,如今“巴菲特指标”已升至232%,比他当年划定的“危险区间”还高出约六分之一。如此之高的水平伴随着两个问题。首先,企业利润的增长速度远超GDP增速。多头认为,这一趋势足以支撑当前估值,并且每股收益(EPS)仍可保持两位数增长,而国民收入仅以约5%的名义增速缓慢增长。但这一论点站不住脚:当前企业利润已占GDP的12%,而历史均值仅为7%至8%。在高度竞争的经济环境中,高利润率必然吸引竞争者入场,通过压低价格、扩大规模来争夺市场份额,从而挤压原有高盈利企业的利润空间。这种超常的盈利增长通常难以持续。正如已故诺贝尔经济学奖得主米尔顿·弗里德曼曾对本文作者所说:“企业利润占国民收入的比重,不可能长期高于其历史水平。”
其次,相对于盈利而言,股价也变得更加昂贵。根据第一季度美国通用会计准则下净利润的预测计算,标普500指数的市盈率已超过28倍,这比约17倍的百年均值高出三分之二。更可能出现的情况是:利润和市盈率都会向常态回归,并带动“巴菲特指标”和标普指数同步下行。
那么,从“巴菲特指标”处于极端高位时的历次表现来看,这次跌幅可能会有多大?再次回顾,互联网泡沫时期该指标升至200%,也正是巴菲特撰文警示风险时,下跌幅度约为一半。2021年11月,该指标再次略高于这一危险水平,随后回落了19%。
在那篇《财富》杂志文章中,巴菲特曾警告,如果投资者在该指标处于历史高位时仍期待股市继续大涨,“那这条走势曲线就得直接冲出图表边界”,也就是说,多头实际上是在赌经济规律会失效。眼下,市场仍由多头主导,他们预计这个已经突破历史区间的“巴菲特指标”还会进一步深入“玩火”的区域。我的导师卡罗尔·卢米斯,当年说服她的好友巴菲特将这一后来备受推崇的指标分享给公众,这无疑是一项重要贡献。这个历久弥新的指标已经发出了“过度亢奋”的警告:如果继续沉浸在乐观论调中,最终必将迎来漫长的“宿醉”。(财富中文网)
译者:郝秀
审校:汪皓
在2001年12月10日出版的那期《财富》杂志中,沃伦·巴菲特发表了一篇具有里程碑意义的七页长文,文中提出了一项关键市场指标,也就是后来广为人知的“巴菲特指标”。这篇文章改编自他当年7月在爱达荷州太阳谷Allen & Co.年度大会上的一次演讲。这场峰会属于闭门分享,听众主要是各大公司的CEO。正是在《财富》杂志传奇专栏作家卡罗尔·卢米斯的推动下,巴菲特将演讲稿扩充整理,写成了这篇文章。卡罗尔也是我刚入行时的导师——我曾有幸担任她的研究助理(工作中绝不允许敷衍!),而她也十分慷慨,亲自帮我修改过几篇稿件。
在那时,卡罗尔与巴菲特已是莫逆之交。多年来,她一直是伯克希尔-哈撒韦(Berkshire Hathaway)年度致股东信的编辑。可以说,在巴菲特的影响下,她的分析能力愈发精湛。从ITT到惠普(Hewlett-Packard),再到《财富》杂志当时的母公司时代华纳(Time Warner),她能够精准剖析这些大型企业的真实财务状况,其水平甚至超过绝大多数华尔街分析师和基金经理。她在美国在线(AOL)并购案刚宣布时就直言不讳地予以批评(这一交易后来被广泛视为失败案例),当时甚至惹恼了公司高层。2024年5月,在作为CEO的最后一次年度讲话中,巴菲特也特别肯定了卡罗尔的卓越贡献,称赞她在帮助这位“奥马哈先知”成为商界最具影响力人物的过程中发挥了重要作用,并盛赞她是“最优秀的商业记者”。
巴菲特在25年前提出的这些观点经得起时间考验,而且在当下尤其具有现实意义,因为这套他当年用来预警市场风险的衡量标准,如今看起来更加值得警惕。彼时,巴菲特正是在互联网泡沫破裂之际撰写的这篇文章。他在文中解释了为何市场下跌不可避免,而且很可能还会大幅延续。他的核心判断是:从长期来看,美国股市的总市值不可能持续快于实体经济(即GDP所反映的商业活动)的增长。因此,当标普500指数与国民收入之间的比值大幅偏离常态时,必将向相反方向摆动,并回归均值,只是无人能够精准预测这一回调发生的时间。巴菲特在文中还重点展示了一张图表:在2000年3月互联网狂潮的顶峰时期,这一指标(后来被称为“巴菲特指标”)一度飙升至惊人的200%。
他写道:“这张图传递的信息是:如果(股票总市值与GDP之间的)这一比值降至70%或80%,买入股票很可能会带来不错的回报;但如果它像1999年和2000年那样逼近200%,那你就是在‘玩火’。”事实上,在这篇文章发表时,标普指数已经下跌超过20%;到2022年中,又较峰值回落了接近一半,使得“巴菲特指标”跌至80%以下。正如这一指标所预示的那样,科技泡沫破裂后的阶段,恰恰成为极佳的入场时机。
巴菲特指标已高于2001年预警时的水平
当前市场投机情绪空前高涨。自伊朗战争意外爆发引发市场下跌以来,标普500指数已反弹超过13%,截至4月17日午盘,创下7140点的历史新高。更令人震惊的是,如今“巴菲特指标”已升至232%,比他当年划定的“危险区间”还高出约六分之一。如此之高的水平伴随着两个问题。首先,企业利润的增长速度远超GDP增速。多头认为,这一趋势足以支撑当前估值,并且每股收益(EPS)仍可保持两位数增长,而国民收入仅以约5%的名义增速缓慢增长。但这一论点站不住脚:当前企业利润已占GDP的12%,而历史均值仅为7%至8%。在高度竞争的经济环境中,高利润率必然吸引竞争者入场,通过压低价格、扩大规模来争夺市场份额,从而挤压原有高盈利企业的利润空间。这种超常的盈利增长通常难以持续。正如已故诺贝尔经济学奖得主米尔顿·弗里德曼曾对本文作者所说:“企业利润占国民收入的比重,不可能长期高于其历史水平。”
其次,相对于盈利而言,股价也变得更加昂贵。根据第一季度美国通用会计准则下净利润的预测计算,标普500指数的市盈率已超过28倍,这比约17倍的百年均值高出三分之二。更可能出现的情况是:利润和市盈率都会向常态回归,并带动“巴菲特指标”和标普指数同步下行。
那么,从“巴菲特指标”处于极端高位时的历次表现来看,这次跌幅可能会有多大?再次回顾,互联网泡沫时期该指标升至200%,也正是巴菲特撰文警示风险时,下跌幅度约为一半。2021年11月,该指标再次略高于这一危险水平,随后回落了19%。
在那篇《财富》杂志文章中,巴菲特曾警告,如果投资者在该指标处于历史高位时仍期待股市继续大涨,“那这条走势曲线就得直接冲出图表边界”,也就是说,多头实际上是在赌经济规律会失效。眼下,市场仍由多头主导,他们预计这个已经突破历史区间的“巴菲特指标”还会进一步深入“玩火”的区域。我的导师卡罗尔·卢米斯,当年说服她的好友巴菲特将这一后来备受推崇的指标分享给公众,这无疑是一项重要贡献。这个历久弥新的指标已经发出了“过度亢奋”的警告:如果继续沉浸在乐观论调中,最终必将迎来漫长的“宿醉”。(财富中文网)
译者:郝秀
审校:汪皓
In the December 10, 2001 issue of Fortune, Warren Buffett wrote a landmark 7-page article that introduced a crucial market metric that became renowned as the “Buffett Indicator.” The Great Man adapted the piece from a speech he’d given that July at the annual Allen & Co. bash in Sun Valley, privately delivered to the audience mainly comprising top CEOs. It was the legendary Fortune writer Carol Loomis who persuaded Buffett to adapt and extend his remarks for the article. Carol was my mentor during my early career at the magazine; I had the honor of working as her research assistant (no coasting allowed!) and she displayed the noblesse oblige to edit a couple of my pieces.
Even then, Carol had a great friend in Buffett. For many years, she famously edited the Berkshire Hathaway annual letter. I’m sure she’d admit that his guidance helped hone her forensic skills to the point where Carol could dissect the true financial performance of big enterprises from ITT to Hewlett-Packard to Fortune‘s owner Time Warner—she trashed the now-notorious AOL merger practically on announcement, irking our C-suite—better than practically any Wall Street sage or portfolio manager. At his last annual address as CEO in May of 2024, Buffett saluted Carol’s terrific work in helping the Oracle of Omaha rule as the most heeded voice in the business world, and correctly praised her “as the best business journalist.”
The concepts Buffett presented a quarter century ago are timeless, and they’re especially relevant today because the yardstick that he tagged as pointing to danger then, looks even more ominous now. Buffett was writing at a time when the Dot Com bubble was deflating. In the piece, he identified why the drop was inevitable, and likely to continue big time. His thesis: The total value of U.S. stocks, over the long term, can’t outpace the growth of businesses as reflected in the GDP, so when the ratio of S&P 500 to national income diverts hugely from the norm, it was bound swing the opposite way and “revert to the mean”—though the timing of the retracement is impossible to predict. Buffett highlighted a chart in the text displaying that at the craze’s peak in March of 2000, that number, now revered as the Buffett indicator, reached a vertiginous 200%.
“The message of the chart,” he wrote, “is that if the relationship [between the total value of equities and GDP] drops to 70% or 80%, buying stocks is likely to work out very well for you. If it approaches 200% as it did in 1999 and 2000, you are playing with fire.” Indeed, the S&P had already fallen over 20% by the time the Buffett story appeared, and by mid-2022 retreated by almost one half from its peak, taking the Buffett Indicator below 80%. As the Buffett formula predicted, the tech rampage’s aftermath proved a great moment to buy.
The Buffett Indicator is even worse than when he predicted disaster in 2001
Right now, the markets are riding a seldom-before-witnessed explosion in animal spirits. Since the decline prompted by the surprise start of the Iran war, the S&P 500 has rebounded over 13% to, as of mid-day on April 17, notch an all-time record of 7140. Here’s the shocker: The Buffett Indicator now stands at 232%, a figure that’s around one-sixth higher than what he identified as the prepare-for-a-roasting zone. A reading this elevated comes with two problems. First, corporate profits have been waxing much faster than GDP. The bulls claim that trend justifies today’s valuations, and that EPS can keep rolling in double-digits while national income trudges at a nominal 5% or so. The argument’s dubious: Profits are now 12% of GDP versus an historic average of 7% to 8%. In our highly competitive economy, fat margins attract competitors seeking a share of the action, so they push down prices and expand volumes to steal market share from the profit-rich incumbents. Extraordinary earnings growth generally doesn’t stay extraordinary. As the late Nobel-winning economist Milton Friedman told this writer, “Corporate earnings as a share of national income cannot rise beyond their historic share of GDP for long periods.”
Second, stocks have also gotten far more expensive relative to their profits. The S&P 500’s price-to-earnings ratio based on forecast Q1 GAAP net earnings exceeds 28. That’s two-thirds higher than the 100 year average of around 17. Best bet: Both profits and PEs trend back towards normal, taking the Buffett Indicator, and the S&P, downwards with them.
How bad could the drop be, based on the past instances of an astronomical Buffett indicator? Once again, the decline from the Dot Com driven 200% mark that prompted the Buffett piece was about half. In November of 2021, the Indicator reached just over that fearsome benchmark, then tumbled 19%.
In the Fortune article, Buffett warned that if investors expected shares to roar higher when his Indicator was hovering at those historic highs, “the line would have to go straight off of the chart,” meaning the optimists were banking on a suspension in economic gravity. Right now, the bulls are in charge, and they’re predicting the Buffett Indicator that’s already hit uncharted territory will push further into the “playing with fire” realm. My hero Carol Loomis provided a great service in persuading her pal to share what become justly honored as the Buffett Indicator with all of us. This evergreen measure has issued a warning on intoxication: Keep imbibing the happy talk, and you’re in for a long hangover.