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华尔街监管是这样看待加密货币的

华尔街监管是这样看待加密货币的

Declan Harty 2021-11-02
对加密货币市场的监管主要集中在一个简单的问题上:加密货币交易平台所提供的代币是否属于证券?

至少在目前,华尔街的监管部门高层并不看好加密货币的未来前景。

自从匿名的“中本聪”在十多年前异想天开地发明了比特币(Bitcoin)之后,从去中心化金融到大量类似的加密货币和非同质化代币(NFT)的出现,总是动荡不安并且监管宽松的数字资产已经被证明是创新的源泉。然而,这个领域也滋生了欺诈和潜在的非法交易,有些销售机构会向毫无戒备的投资者推销各种代币,这些行为的出现让加密货币圈、华尔街和美国联邦政府都认为必须对数字资产领域进行监管。

在这方面的一个重量级人物是美国证券交易委员会(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)的主席加里·根斯勒。

作为资深的金融监管者和高盛集团(Goldman Sachs)的前合伙人,在美国证券交易委员会上任不久的根斯勒一直强烈支持加强对加密货币市场投资者的保护。目前加密货币市场有数千种货币,总价值约2.6万亿美元。根斯勒对《财富》杂志表示,如果不加强投资者保护,加密货币“不太可能发挥其应有的潜力。技术在公共政策框架以外难以持久存在。”

美国总统乔·拜登于2021年年初提名根斯勒出任美国证券交易委员会主席,当时加密货币爱好者对他的任命持乐观的态度。毕竟曾经执掌过美国商品期货交易委员会(Commodity Futures Trading Commission)的根斯勒一直在麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)教授金融科技课程,包括加密货币,这意味着他了解加密货币的技术,而这正是联邦政府某些部门所欠缺的。因此,业内高管都认为新上任的美国证券交易委员会主席不会收紧对加密货币行业的监管。

但根斯勒上任六个月内的动作,却出乎许多人的意料。

虽然他曾经表示加密货币技术可能成为“推动变革的催化剂”,但他经常形容加密货币市场仍然处于“西部蛮荒时代”。根斯勒曾经在多个场合将加密货币市场的迅速扩大,比喻成19世纪的野猫银行时代。当时,贷款商可以随意发行自己的货币,联邦政府几乎没有任何监管。

美国证券交易委员会尚未出台任何与加密货币有关的具体政策,因为它正在等待获得更多的帮助和授权,对活跃在加密货币市场的投资者加强保护。但现在,对加密货币市场的监管主要集中在一个简单的问题上:加密货币交易平台所提供的代币是否属于证券?要确定某种资产是否属于证券,这个问题的答案在于所谓的“豪威测试”(Howey Test)。

豪威测试源自于1946年美国最高法院(Supreme Court)审理的一起涉及W.J. Howey公司的案件。该公司向投资者提供购买佛罗里达州一处柑橘园的不动产合同的机会。美国证券交易委员会表示,在豪威测试中,如果一笔资金被投入“一家普通企业,并且合理预期可以通过他人的努力获得利润”,则该笔金钱投资被视为证券。几十年后,瑟古德·马歇尔大法官写道,美国国会“大致”勾勒出了美国证券法的基础,从而使监管部门进一步获得了确定证券定义的授权。从20世纪60年代的苏格兰威士忌酒桶收入到2000年代的部分P2P贷款市场,都通过豪威测试被划定为证券。

早在根斯勒上任以前,美国证券交易委员会就一直在慎重研究是否应将加密货币划分为证券。在唐纳德·特朗普担任美国总统期间的美国证券交易委员会前主席杰伊·克莱顿曾经于2017年,同样在加密货币应该属于证券的前提下,大规模打压首次代币发售。

但根斯勒正在加强对加密货币行业的监管。他对《财富》杂志表示,随着平台提供的代币越多,他们就越有可能参与证券交易,“这只是概率问题”。虽然根斯勒鼓励公司向美国证券交易委员会汇报他们的产品,了解更多信息,但根斯勒已经明确表示,未来的监管措施不会有任何例外。

根斯勒说:“如果你发行的是证券,我们会告诉你。我们不会说只要向美国证券交易委员会报告就万事大吉。事实并非如此。你必须遵守美国现行的投资者法律。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

至少在目前,华尔街的监管部门高层并不看好加密货币的未来前景。

自从匿名的“中本聪”在十多年前异想天开地发明了比特币(Bitcoin)之后,从去中心化金融到大量类似的加密货币和非同质化代币(NFT)的出现,总是动荡不安并且监管宽松的数字资产已经被证明是创新的源泉。然而,这个领域也滋生了欺诈和潜在的非法交易,有些销售机构会向毫无戒备的投资者推销各种代币,这些行为的出现让加密货币圈、华尔街和美国联邦政府都认为必须对数字资产领域进行监管。

在这方面的一个重量级人物是美国证券交易委员会(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)的主席加里·根斯勒。

作为资深的金融监管者和高盛集团(Goldman Sachs)的前合伙人,在美国证券交易委员会上任不久的根斯勒一直强烈支持加强对加密货币市场投资者的保护。目前加密货币市场有数千种货币,总价值约2.6万亿美元。根斯勒对《财富》杂志表示,如果不加强投资者保护,加密货币“不太可能发挥其应有的潜力。技术在公共政策框架以外难以持久存在。”

美国总统乔·拜登于2021年年初提名根斯勒出任美国证券交易委员会主席,当时加密货币爱好者对他的任命持乐观的态度。毕竟曾经执掌过美国商品期货交易委员会(Commodity Futures Trading Commission)的根斯勒一直在麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)教授金融科技课程,包括加密货币,这意味着他了解加密货币的技术,而这正是联邦政府某些部门所欠缺的。因此,业内高管都认为新上任的美国证券交易委员会主席不会收紧对加密货币行业的监管。

但根斯勒上任六个月内的动作,却出乎许多人的意料。

虽然他曾经表示加密货币技术可能成为“推动变革的催化剂”,但他经常形容加密货币市场仍然处于“西部蛮荒时代”。根斯勒曾经在多个场合将加密货币市场的迅速扩大,比喻成19世纪的野猫银行时代。当时,贷款商可以随意发行自己的货币,联邦政府几乎没有任何监管。

美国证券交易委员会尚未出台任何与加密货币有关的具体政策,因为它正在等待获得更多的帮助和授权,对活跃在加密货币市场的投资者加强保护。但现在,对加密货币市场的监管主要集中在一个简单的问题上:加密货币交易平台所提供的代币是否属于证券?要确定某种资产是否属于证券,这个问题的答案在于所谓的“豪威测试”(Howey Test)。

豪威测试源自于1946年美国最高法院(Supreme Court)审理的一起涉及W.J. Howey公司的案件。该公司向投资者提供购买佛罗里达州一处柑橘园的不动产合同的机会。美国证券交易委员会表示,在豪威测试中,如果一笔资金被投入“一家普通企业,并且合理预期可以通过他人的努力获得利润”,则该笔金钱投资被视为证券。几十年后,瑟古德·马歇尔大法官写道,美国国会“大致”勾勒出了美国证券法的基础,从而使监管部门进一步获得了确定证券定义的授权。从20世纪60年代的苏格兰威士忌酒桶收入到2000年代的部分P2P贷款市场,都通过豪威测试被划定为证券。

早在根斯勒上任以前,美国证券交易委员会就一直在慎重研究是否应将加密货币划分为证券。在唐纳德·特朗普担任美国总统期间的美国证券交易委员会前主席杰伊·克莱顿曾经于2017年,同样在加密货币应该属于证券的前提下,大规模打压首次代币发售。

但根斯勒正在加强对加密货币行业的监管。他对《财富》杂志表示,随着平台提供的代币越多,他们就越有可能参与证券交易,“这只是概率问题”。虽然根斯勒鼓励公司向美国证券交易委员会汇报他们的产品,了解更多信息,但根斯勒已经明确表示,未来的监管措施不会有任何例外。

根斯勒说:“如果你发行的是证券,我们会告诉你。我们不会说只要向美国证券交易委员会报告就万事大吉。事实并非如此。你必须遵守美国现行的投资者法律。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Wall Street's top regulator is not sold on the prospects of crypto, at least right now.

Between the advent of decentralized finance, sustainable altcoins, and non-fungible tokens, the always gyrating and loosely overseen world of digital assets has proved to be a wealth of innovation since Satoshi Nakamoto pseudonymously dreamed up Bitcoin more than a decade ago. And yet it has also become home to frauds, potential illicit trading schemes, and promoters pushing tokens onto unsuspecting investors—a pattern of behavior that has led to a general acknowledgement across the cryptoverse, Wall Street, and Washington, D.C., that regulation is needed.

One of the leading voices in that charge has been U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chair Gary Gensler.

A veteran financial regulator and former partner at Goldman Sachs, Gensler has been an outspoken proponent in his short time at the agency for stricter investor-protection guardrails in the crypto markets, which now span thousands of coins that have a combined value of about $2.6 trillion. Until that happens, crypto "is unlikely to reach whatever potential it has," the SEC chair tells Fortune. "Technologies don't long survive outside of public policy frameworks."

Nominated to lead the SEC by President Joe Biden, Gensler’s appointment was met with optimism from crypto enthusiasts in early 2021. The former head of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission had been teaching courses on financial technology, including crypto, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after all—indicating a technological savviness about crypto that has been lacking in some parts of Washington. So executives across the industry had come to believe that the newly minted SEC chair was unlikely to bring a hammer down on the space.

Gensler, now six months on the job, has pulled in what many see as the opposite direction, though.

While the SEC chair has expressed a belief that the technology underlying cryptocurrencies can become a “catalyst for change,” Gensler has more often spoke of the crypto markets as the Wild West. On several occasions, Gensler has equated the proliferation of cryptocurrencies to the wildcat banking era of the 1800s, when lenders were able to freely issue their own currencies with little oversight coming down from the federal government.

The SEC has yet to pursue any specific crypto-related rules, as it awaits more help and authority in its push to better protect investors who are active in the asset class. For now, though, the regulator is focusing its foray into the crypto markets on what is a seemingly simple question: Are the tokens being offered on crypto platforms securities? The answer to whether something classifies as a security lies in what is now known as the Howey Test.

Born out of a 1946 Supreme Court case involving a company called W.J. Howey that was offering investors a chance to buy real estate contracts in a Florida orange grove, the test defines an investment of money as a security if it is put into a “common enterprise with a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the efforts of others,” according to the SEC. The regulator was given further authority to determine what is a security decades later when Justice Thurgood Marshall wrote that Congress painted with a “broad brush” in designing the basis for U.S. securities laws. Howey has since been used to classify everything from receipts on scotch whiskey barrels in the 1960s to parts of the peer-to-peer lending market in the 2000s as securities.

The SEC has taken a close look at whether cryptos classify as securities plenty of times before Gensler. Former SEC Chairman Jay Clayton, who headed up the agency under then President Donald Trump, helped lead a widespread crackdown on the initial coin offering bubble in 2017 under the same premise.

But Gensler is ratcheting up the pressure on the industry, telling Fortune that “it’s just a matter of probabilities” that the more tokens a platform offers, the more likely they are to be dealing in securities. And while the SEC chair has encouraged companies to come in and talk about their products for more insights, Gensler makes it clear that there are no exceptions as what will come next.

“If you are offering securities, we’re going to tell you,” Gensler says. “We’re not going to say that you’re okay just telling us about it. No, you’ve got to come within the investor laws that we have in this country.”

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