Americans are entering another brutal winter paying more for power than ever, and the cold only magnifies a trend that has been building for years: Electricity is getting structurally more expensive.

Even as overall inflation cools, utility bills are getting higher: The retail price of household power is up 21% in just three years. Following an Arctic freeze and a historically cold winter in many parts of the U.S., people are posting shockingly high bills on Reddit, Nextdoor, and TikTok.

In addition to cold temperatures necessitating more power to heat homes, an aging grid, fuel-price backlash, and a once-in-a-generation investment cycle are hitting consumers.

How much the typical bill has climbed

The price of electricity itself has risen sharply since the pandemic era, and monthly bills have followed.

Consumer advocates estimate that residential electricity costs are up close to 30% for many households since 2021 once rate hikes, fees, and fuel adjustments are folded in.

The average U.S. residential electricity price climbed from about 13.66 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2021 to 15.04 cents in 2022, 16.00 cents in 2023, and 16.48 cents in 2024, according to federal data. That is roughly a 21% increase in the retail price of household power in just three years. For a typical household, the average monthly electric bill rose from about $121 in 2021 to $137 in 2022, $138 in 2023, and $144 in 2024.

Why winter sticker shock feels worse

The latest cold snap is exposing how vulnerable household budgets have become to weather swings.

• Electric heat demand: Millions of homes rely on electric resistance heaters or heat pumps; both can see usage soar during prolonged subfreezing weather, turning a higher per kilowatt-hour price into a much bigger bill.

• Peak period fuel use: Grid operators lean heavily on natural gas plants to meet winter peaks, and gas fired generation has hit new records during recent cold snaps, raising both wholesale prices and capacity payments that flow into retail rates over time.

• Surcharges and trackers: Many utilities now recover volatile fuel and storm recovery costs through automatic riders on customer bills, so the impact of a winter storm can show up months later as a semipermanent bump in the line items.

The combination means households are not just paying more per unit of electricity; they are also using more of it in harsh weather, when every additional kilowatt-hour is priced at a premium.

Panic and fury on social media

On Reddit, one user in the r/homeowners group shared that their electric bill in Pittsburgh topped $800. Others weighed in with their experiences, and suggested making modifications to save money.

“Everyone needs to take quicker showers, don’t leave hot water run, and turn the heat down to 68 and wear clothes and warm pajamas and use blankets at night,” one comment advised.

On TikTok, user MamaSelena shared that her January electric bill in Ohio was $1,013, cutting into her grocery budget. She contacted local representatives in hopes they would advocate for lower costs, and encouraged others to do the same.

Structural drivers behind higher electricity costs

Even if this winter were mild, the forces pushing electricity costs higher would still be in place.

• Fuel-price volatility and gas dependence

Natural gas remains the marginal fuel for much of the U.S. power system, and its price swings—from the post pandemic run up to more recent declines—have flowed through to retail electricity rates. Gas fired plants also shoulder more of the burden as coal and some nuclear units retire, raising the system’s exposure to gas price shocks.

• Aging infrastructure and grid investment

Utilities are spending heavily to replace old transmission lines, harden poles and wires against storms, and add advanced metering and control systems. Those costs go into the rate base and are recovered from customers over decades, showing up in higher distribution and transmission charges.

• The energy transition’s upfront costs

While wind and solar have low operating costs, integrating large amounts of intermittent generation requires backup capacity, new transmission, and grid balancing services. Analysts point to rising capacity market payments and other reliability charges as a growing share of the bill, as dispatchable plants are paid simply to be available when wind and solar output declines.

• Extreme weather and resilience spending

Utilities and regulators are responding to wildfire seasons, polar vortices, and heat domes by investing in resilience—undergrounding lines, advanced protection systems, expanded tree trimming, and passing the costs on to customers. Winter reliability mandates and reserve margins also encourage more investment in seldom used peaker plants, whose fixed costs are spread across ratepayers.

Over time, those structural pressures matter more for bills than any one month’s fuel price.

Will it get worse from here?

Most experts do not expect electricity to get cheaper in real terms over the next several years, and some see another leg up in prices as new demand sources arrive.

• Baseline upward drift: Historically, U.S. electricity prices have risen slightly faster than overall inflation—about 2.8% per year over the past quarter century—and recent years have been above that pace.

• New loads from electrification and data centers: Electric vehicles, building electrification, and surging data center demand for AI and cloud computing are all expected to push power consumption higher, especially in certain regions. Meeting that demand will require more generation and more wires, both of which bring capital costs that are recovered through rates.

• Continuing grid and transition spending: Analysts project that electricity prices could rise another double digit percentage in the coming years as utilities and developers build out cleaner generation and the transmission to connect it.

If natural gas prices stay relatively low and new renewables come online quickly, some regions could see periods of flat or even slightly lower wholesale prices. But the broader picture points to higher all in bills for consumers—especially in weather stressed markets where new capacity, resilience projects, and climate driven investments are moving fastest.

For households staring at winter statements, that means this season’s painful bills are less an aberration than an early look at a more expensive era of electricity, where volatility around an already higher baseline becomes the new normal.

For this story, Fortune used generative AI to help with an initial draft. An editor verified the accuracy of the information before publishing.