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最新研究:地下水资源迅速枯竭,但仍有希望逆转

最新研究:地下水资源迅速枯竭,但仍有希望逆转

SUMAN NAISHADHAM AND THE ASSOCIATED PRESS 2024-01-29
全球各地供应农场、家庭、工业和城市的地下水逐渐枯竭。

一项新研究显示,全球各地供应农场、家庭、工业和城市的地下水逐渐枯竭,在很多地方情况比过去40年还要严重,研究呼吁迅速出手解决问题。

报告于本周三发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上,研究人员表示,在农田广阔的干旱地区地下水枯竭最为严重。好消息是:他们也发现了几处因政策或水资源管理调整逐渐恢复的蓄水层。

“我们的研究发现既有坏消息也有好消息,”加州大学圣巴巴拉分校(University of California, Santa Barbara)水资源教授,也是该研究主要作者斯科特·雅谢科说。“该研究的新意在于收集了全球范围的资料。”

地下水是全球最大的淡水来源之一,所以含水层枯竭是严重问题。过量开采含水层会导致土地下沉,水井干涸,还会威胁住宅开发和农田灌溉的水资源。

雅谢科和同事分析了40多个国家170000口井和近1700处含水层的地下水数据,涵盖了75%的地下水开采。其中约三分之一含水层能分析出本世纪趋势,他们将其与20世纪80年代和90年代的水平进行比较。

如此就能明显看出全球地下水供应的情形,以及农场和影响稍小的城市和工业如何导致几乎各处出现水资源紧张。研究人员和其他专家评论称,这也说明,全球大部分地区的政府在地下水管理方面做得不够。

“这是底线,”未参与该研究的哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University)环境工程教授、哥伦比亚水务中心主任乌马努·拉尔说。“全球多数地区的地下水消耗仍未减少。”

在542个研究人员能分析几十年数据的含水层中,约三分之一发现21世纪水枯竭现象比20世纪最后20年更严重。他们发现,出现该情况通常是因为一些地区降雨量也逐渐减少。研究发现,墨西哥北部、伊朗部分地区和加州南部等有大型农业的旱地含水层中,地下水特别容易迅速枯竭。

雅谢科说,也出现了一些希望。

因为作者在研究涉及的约20%含水层中发现,与20世纪80年代和90年代相比,21世纪地下水位下降速度已经放缓。

“我们的分析表明,长期来看地下水损失并非普遍,也不是不可逆转,”作者写道。不过随后一次采访中,作者之一伦敦大学学院(University College London)水文地质教授理查德·泰勒表示,抽取地下水过量会对含水层造成不可逆转的破坏,导致土地沉降或坍塌,含水层无法蓄水。

研究人员发现,本世纪沙特阿拉伯东萨克含水层的枯竭速度有所减慢,可能是因为近几十年来沙特调整了农业,例如禁止种植一些耗水作物以降低用水。

研究也强调了泰国曼谷盆地的案例,与前几十年相比,21世纪初该地区的地下水位有所上升。作者认为,可能原因包括泰国政府制定地下水抽水费并利用许可证管控。

作者也提出了亚利桑那州图森市外的项目,该项目将科罗拉多河的地表水汇集到地下,成为21世纪地下水位大幅上升又一正面案例。

“这意味着我们有能力采取行动,但也需要吸取教训,”泰勒说。

水文学家、政策制定者和其他水资源专家通常认为地下水属于本地或超本地资源,因为在各含水层的岩石和土壤中水流动的方式存在巨大差异。

“不能根据一个地区的情况简单推断另一个地区,但可以明确得出结论,即消耗速度比增长速度快,”加利福尼亚州前高级水利官员、斯坦福大学(Stanford University)西部水项目研究员费利西亚·马库斯说,她没参与研究。

马库斯说,这些情况意味着“必须介入。”(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

一项新研究显示,全球各地供应农场、家庭、工业和城市的地下水逐渐枯竭,在很多地方情况比过去40年还要严重,研究呼吁迅速出手解决问题。

报告于本周三发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上,研究人员表示,在农田广阔的干旱地区地下水枯竭最为严重。好消息是:他们也发现了几处因政策或水资源管理调整逐渐恢复的蓄水层。

“我们的研究发现既有坏消息也有好消息,”加州大学圣巴巴拉分校(University of California, Santa Barbara)水资源教授,也是该研究主要作者斯科特·雅谢科说。“该研究的新意在于收集了全球范围的资料。”

地下水是全球最大的淡水来源之一,所以含水层枯竭是严重问题。过量开采含水层会导致土地下沉,水井干涸,还会威胁住宅开发和农田灌溉的水资源。

雅谢科和同事分析了40多个国家170000口井和近1700处含水层的地下水数据,涵盖了75%的地下水开采。其中约三分之一含水层能分析出本世纪趋势,他们将其与20世纪80年代和90年代的水平进行比较。

如此就能明显看出全球地下水供应的情形,以及农场和影响稍小的城市和工业如何导致几乎各处出现水资源紧张。研究人员和其他专家评论称,这也说明,全球大部分地区的政府在地下水管理方面做得不够。

“这是底线,”未参与该研究的哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University)环境工程教授、哥伦比亚水务中心主任乌马努·拉尔说。“全球多数地区的地下水消耗仍未减少。”

在542个研究人员能分析几十年数据的含水层中,约三分之一发现21世纪水枯竭现象比20世纪最后20年更严重。他们发现,出现该情况通常是因为一些地区降雨量也逐渐减少。研究发现,墨西哥北部、伊朗部分地区和加州南部等有大型农业的旱地含水层中,地下水特别容易迅速枯竭。

雅谢科说,也出现了一些希望。

因为作者在研究涉及的约20%含水层中发现,与20世纪80年代和90年代相比,21世纪地下水位下降速度已经放缓。

“我们的分析表明,长期来看地下水损失并非普遍,也不是不可逆转,”作者写道。不过随后一次采访中,作者之一伦敦大学学院(University College London)水文地质教授理查德·泰勒表示,抽取地下水过量会对含水层造成不可逆转的破坏,导致土地沉降或坍塌,含水层无法蓄水。

研究人员发现,本世纪沙特阿拉伯东萨克含水层的枯竭速度有所减慢,可能是因为近几十年来沙特调整了农业,例如禁止种植一些耗水作物以降低用水。

研究也强调了泰国曼谷盆地的案例,与前几十年相比,21世纪初该地区的地下水位有所上升。作者认为,可能原因包括泰国政府制定地下水抽水费并利用许可证管控。

作者也提出了亚利桑那州图森市外的项目,该项目将科罗拉多河的地表水汇集到地下,成为21世纪地下水位大幅上升又一正面案例。

“这意味着我们有能力采取行动,但也需要吸取教训,”泰勒说。

水文学家、政策制定者和其他水资源专家通常认为地下水属于本地或超本地资源,因为在各含水层的岩石和土壤中水流动的方式存在巨大差异。

“不能根据一个地区的情况简单推断另一个地区,但可以明确得出结论,即消耗速度比增长速度快,”加利福尼亚州前高级水利官员、斯坦福大学(Stanford University)西部水项目研究员费利西亚·马库斯说,她没参与研究。

马库斯说,这些情况意味着“必须介入。”(财富中文网)

译者:梁宇

审校:夏林

The groundwater that supplies farms, homes, industries and cities is being depleted across the world, and in many places faster than in the past 40 years, according to a new study that calls for urgency in addressing the depletion.

The declines were most notable in dry regions with extensive cropland, said researchers whose work was published Wednesday in the journal Nature. On the plus side: they found several examples of aquifers that were helped to recover by changes in policy or water management, they said.

“Our study is a tale of bad news and good news,” said Scott Jasechko, a professor of water resources at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the study’s lead author. “The novelty of the study lies in its global scope.”

Groundwater is one of the largest freshwater sources anywhere in the world, making the depletion of aquifers a significant concern. Overpumping aquifers can make land sink and wells run dry — and threatens water resources for residential development and farms that use it to irrigate fields.

Jasechko and his colleagues analyzed groundwater data from 170,000 wells and nearly 1,700 aquifers across more than 40 countries that cover 75% of all groundwater withdrawals. For about a third of the aquifers they mapped, they were able to analyze groundwater trends from this century and compare them to levels from the 1980s and 1990s.

That yielded a more robust global picture of underground water supplies and how farms, and to a lesser extent cities and industries, are straining the resource almost everywhere. It also points to how governments aren’t doing enough to regulate groundwater in much or most of the world, the researchers and other experts commented.

“That is the bottom line,” said Upmanu Lall, a professor of environmental engineering at Columbia University and director of the Columbia Water Center who was not involved in the study. “Groundwater depletion continues unabated in most areas of the world.”

In about a third of the 542 aquifers where researchers were able to analyze several decades of data, they found that depletion has been more severe in the 21st century than in the last 20 years of the previous one. In most cases, that’s happening in places that have also received less rainfall over time, they found. Aquifers located in drylands with large farm industries — in places such as northern Mexico, parts of Iran and southern California — are particularly vulnerable to rapid groundwater depletion, the study found.

But there are some cases for hope, Jasechko said.

That’s because in about 20% of the aquifers studied, the authors found that the rate at which groundwater levels are falling in the 21st century had slowed down compared to the the 1980s and ’90s.

“Our analysis suggests that long-term groundwater losses are neither universal nor irreversible,” the authors wrote. But in a follow-up interview, one of them, University College London hydrogeology professor Richard Taylor, said that pumping too much groundwater can irreversibly damage aquifers when it causes land to subside or slump, and the aquifer can no longer store water.

In Saudi Arabia, groundwater depletion has slowed this century in the Eastern Saq aquifer, researchers found, possibly due to changes the desert kingdom implemented — such as banning the growth of some water-intensive crops — to its farming practices in recent decades to curb water use.

The Bangkok basin in Thailand is another example the study highlighted where groundwater levels rose in the early 21st century compared to previous decades. The authors cited groundwater pumping fees and licenses established by the Thai government as possible reasons for the improvement.

And outside Tucson, Arizona, they pointed to a groundwater recharge project — in which surface water from the Colorado River is banked underground — as another example where groundwater levels have risen considerably in the 21st century.

“That means there is an ability to act, but also lessons to be learned,” Taylor said.

Hydrologists, policy makers and other water experts often describe groundwater as a local or hyper-local resource, because of the huge differences in how water moves through rocks and soils in individual aquifers.

“You can’t extrapolate from one region to another, but you can clearly map the fact that we are depleting faster than we are accreting,” said Felicia Marcus, a former top water official in California and a fellow at Stanford University’s Water in the West Program who was not involved in the research.

That, said Marcus, means “you’ve got to intervene.”

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