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研究表明,更多美国人需要在退休后工作

研究表明,更多美国人需要在退休后工作

ALICIA ADAMCZYK 2024-01-01
皮尤最新数据发现,更多婴儿潮一代选择继续工作,他们比前辈工作时间更长,收入更高。

婴儿潮一代比前辈们工作时间更长,收入更高。图片来源:THOMAS BARWICK

美国劳动力的老龄化趋势仍在持续:最新研究发现,在美国人普遍认为的退休年龄,婴儿潮一代比前辈们工作时间更长,而且收入更高。

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的最新报告称,今年约20%的65岁及以上的美国人仍在工作。这个比例比35年前几乎提高了一倍。目前,约有1,100万65岁或更年长的美国人仍在工作,他们的工资和薪酬占比为7%。1987年,这个比例只有2%。

不仅有更多65岁传统退休年龄或以上的美国人仍在工作,他们的收入还远高于上世纪80年代的老年上班族。现在,老年上班族的一般时薪为22美元,而上世纪80年代为13美元。工资增长大部分原因可以归功于他们比前辈们工作的时间更长。皮尤研究发现,老年上班族的工资增长速度,超过了同期25岁至64岁的上班族。皮尤的研究基于美国人口普查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的现有人口调查数据和美联储的2022年家庭经济与决策调查。

明尼阿波利斯联邦储备银行(Minneapolis Federal Reserve)表示,除了新冠疫情期间大量老年人退出劳动力市场以外,这种趋势最近几年有所加快,但实际上它已经持续了数十年。二战之后,政府出台了慷慨的新政策,因此老年上班族开始提前退休,但上世纪90年代,更多老年人选择更长时间工作。

皮尤的报告和其他研究分析了导致这种变化的许多原因。其中最大的变化是:与前辈相比,取得四年学位的婴儿潮一代比例更高,而且他们可以从事白领轻体力劳动。总体而言,婴儿潮一代的女性也比前辈更有可能进入有酬劳动力队伍。

医疗护理技术的进步,让人们变得更健康、更长寿,而且过去几年强劲的就业市场,使老年人更容易更长时间工作。

Glassdoor首席经济学家艾伦·特雷拉斯表示:“过去40年,我们对老年的理解有所变化。”

而且婴儿潮一代的人口数量,远远超过其他代际的人口(婴儿潮因此得名)。2023年,大多数婴儿潮一代目前至少65岁。

退休金和固定供款计划(如401(k))等退休福利,自上世纪80年代以来也发生了显著变化。婴儿潮一代享有雇主提供的医疗保险,因此继续工作对他们有吸引力。虽然婴儿潮一代比前辈和现代的年轻人更有可能获得退休金,但依旧有许多婴儿潮一代没有退休金,需要自行向401(k)等计划供款,这促使他们工作更长时间,以增加储蓄。

此外,特雷拉斯表示:“上世纪80年代的变化,特别是社会保障福利逐渐变得更加慷慨,而且领取社会保障福利的时间也发生了变化,这让人们更有动力工作更长时间。”额外等待一年或几年时间就能大幅增加社会保障福利,而许多老年人依靠这些福利支付每个月的账单。

皮尤高级研究人员、研究的主要作者之一理查德·福莱表示:“我们还发现,相比年轻人,老年上班族不太可能认为工作中存在压力,他们的整体工作满意度更高。”

另外一个重要变化是,与其他许多地区一样,美国正在步入老龄化社会。这意味着与上世纪80年代相比,由于老年人的人口占比更高,劳动力中也会有更多老年人。特雷拉斯表示:“会有更多老年人做各种事情。如工作、旅游、外出用餐等。这是一种不可避免的趋势。”

特雷拉斯指出,尽管如此,婴儿潮一代的中位数年龄今年会达到70岁。他们将慢慢但不可避免地达到继续工作的合理年龄“上限”。事实上,Glassdoor预测,明年,Z世代在全职劳动力中的占比,将超过婴儿潮一代。

皮尤表示,至少在未来十年,老年上班族比例增多的趋势可能会持续下去。但特雷拉斯认为,随着婴儿潮一代进入八十岁,他们的身体状况将不再适合继续工作,美国劳动力中的老年人占比可能接近最高点。

他说道:“随着婴儿潮一代退出就业市场,公司必须优先考虑这些变化。公司总是优先考虑年轻上班族的需求和利益。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

美国劳动力的老龄化趋势仍在持续:最新研究发现,在美国人普遍认为的退休年龄,婴儿潮一代比前辈们工作时间更长,而且收入更高。

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)的最新报告称,今年约20%的65岁及以上的美国人仍在工作。这个比例比35年前几乎提高了一倍。目前,约有1,100万65岁或更年长的美国人仍在工作,他们的工资和薪酬占比为7%。1987年,这个比例只有2%。

不仅有更多65岁传统退休年龄或以上的美国人仍在工作,他们的收入还远高于上世纪80年代的老年上班族。现在,老年上班族的一般时薪为22美元,而上世纪80年代为13美元。工资增长大部分原因可以归功于他们比前辈们工作的时间更长。皮尤研究发现,老年上班族的工资增长速度,超过了同期25岁至64岁的上班族。皮尤的研究基于美国人口普查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的现有人口调查数据和美联储的2022年家庭经济与决策调查。

明尼阿波利斯联邦储备银行(Minneapolis Federal Reserve)表示,除了新冠疫情期间大量老年人退出劳动力市场以外,这种趋势最近几年有所加快,但实际上它已经持续了数十年。二战之后,政府出台了慷慨的新政策,因此老年上班族开始提前退休,但上世纪90年代,更多老年人选择更长时间工作。

皮尤的报告和其他研究分析了导致这种变化的许多原因。其中最大的变化是:与前辈相比,取得四年学位的婴儿潮一代比例更高,而且他们可以从事白领轻体力劳动。总体而言,婴儿潮一代的女性也比前辈更有可能进入有酬劳动力队伍。

医疗护理技术的进步,让人们变得更健康、更长寿,而且过去几年强劲的就业市场,使老年人更容易更长时间工作。

Glassdoor首席经济学家艾伦·特雷拉斯表示:“过去40年,我们对老年的理解有所变化。”

而且婴儿潮一代的人口数量,远远超过其他代际的人口(婴儿潮因此得名)。2023年,大多数婴儿潮一代目前至少65岁。

退休金和固定供款计划(如401(k))等退休福利,自上世纪80年代以来也发生了显著变化。婴儿潮一代享有雇主提供的医疗保险,因此继续工作对他们有吸引力。虽然婴儿潮一代比前辈和现代的年轻人更有可能获得退休金,但依旧有许多婴儿潮一代没有退休金,需要自行向401(k)等计划供款,这促使他们工作更长时间,以增加储蓄。

此外,特雷拉斯表示:“上世纪80年代的变化,特别是社会保障福利逐渐变得更加慷慨,而且领取社会保障福利的时间也发生了变化,这让人们更有动力工作更长时间。”额外等待一年或几年时间就能大幅增加社会保障福利,而许多老年人依靠这些福利支付每个月的账单。

皮尤高级研究人员、研究的主要作者之一理查德·福莱表示:“我们还发现,相比年轻人,老年上班族不太可能认为工作中存在压力,他们的整体工作满意度更高。”

另外一个重要变化是,与其他许多地区一样,美国正在步入老龄化社会。这意味着与上世纪80年代相比,由于老年人的人口占比更高,劳动力中也会有更多老年人。特雷拉斯表示:“会有更多老年人做各种事情。如工作、旅游、外出用餐等。这是一种不可避免的趋势。”

特雷拉斯指出,尽管如此,婴儿潮一代的中位数年龄今年会达到70岁。他们将慢慢但不可避免地达到继续工作的合理年龄“上限”。事实上,Glassdoor预测,明年,Z世代在全职劳动力中的占比,将超过婴儿潮一代。

皮尤表示,至少在未来十年,老年上班族比例增多的趋势可能会持续下去。但特雷拉斯认为,随着婴儿潮一代进入八十岁,他们的身体状况将不再适合继续工作,美国劳动力中的老年人占比可能接近最高点。

他说道:“随着婴儿潮一代退出就业市场,公司必须优先考虑这些变化。公司总是优先考虑年轻上班族的需求和利益。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

The graying of the American workforce continues: Baby boomers are working longer and earning more than their predecessors did in what Americans typically think of as retirement years, new research finds.

Almost 20% of Americans ages 65 and older were employed this year, according to a new report from Pew Research Center. That’s nearly double the share of those who were working 35 years ago. In total, there are around 11 million Americans 65 or older who are working today, comprising 7% of all wages and salaries paid by U.S. employers. In 1987, they made up 2%.

And not only are more Americans at or above the traditional retirement age of 65 working, but they are also earning substantially more compared with what older workers earned in the 1980s. Now, the typical older worker earns $22 per hour, compared with $13 per hour then. Their wage growth—some of which can be attributed to their working longer hours than older Americans did in the past—has outpaced that of workers ages 25 to 64 over the same time period, according to Pew’s research, which is based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey and the Federal Reserve’s 2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking.

Though the trend has picked up in recent years—save for the exodus of older workers during the COVID-19 pandemic—it has been underway for a few decades, according to the Minneapolis Federal Reserve. While older workers started retiring earlier after World War II thanks to new, generous government programs, the 1990s saw more of them working longer.

There are a number of reasons for this change, highlighted in Pew’s report and in other research. Among some of the largest changes: A much higher share of baby boomers have four-year degrees, relative to the generations before them, and were able to work white-collar, less physically taxing jobs. Baby boomer women were also more likely to enter the paid workforce than women in previous generations, broadly speaking.

Advancements in health care have kept more people healthier longer, and the strong job market of the past few years makes it easier to stick around and work a little longer.

“Our sense of what is old has changed over the past 40 years,” says Aaron Terrazas, chief economist at Glassdoor.

And there are simply more baby boomers than there are in other generations (thus the name). In 2023, the majority of baby boomers are at least 65.

Retirement benefits like pensions and defined-contribution plans (i.e., 401(k)s) have also changed substantially since the ’80s. Boomers with employer-provided health insurance have an enticement to keep working. And while they are more likely than previous generations and current younger generations to receive a pension, there are still many baby boomers who do not have one and contribute on their own to something like a 401(k), which encourages people to work longer in order to save more.

Plus, “changes in the ’80s, specifically, and then more gradual changes in the generosity of Social Security benefits and the timing of Social Security benefits have created incentives for people to work a little bit longer,” says Terrazas. Waiting an additional year or a few years increases benefits substantially, which many older people rely on to pay their bills each month.

“We are also seeing that older workers are less likely to say they find their job stressful, reporting higher levels of job satisfaction overall, compared to younger workers,” says Richard Fry, a senior researcher at Pew and the lead author of the study.

Another big change: The U.S. is aging as a society, as are many other parts of the world. That means that a higher share of the workforce will be older because a larger share of the population is, compared with the 1980s. “There’s going to be more old people doing everything. Working, traveling, eating out. It’s an unavoidable trend,” says Terrazas.

That said, the median baby boomer turned 70 this year, Terrazas points out. They are—slowly but surely—reaching the “upper limit” of when it makes sense to keep working. In fact, Glassdoor projects Gen Z will overtake boomers in the full-time workforce next year.

Pew says the trend of more older workers is likely to continue, at least over the next decade. But Terrazas says this is probably close to the height of older Americans in the workforce, particularly as more boomers reach their eighties and are less physically capable of continuing to work.

“As baby boomers exit the job market, that changes what companies prioritize,” he says. “Companies have always prioritized the needs and interests of their younger workforce.”

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