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中国有多少空置住房?国家统计局原副局长给出惊人估计

中国有多少空置住房?国家统计局原副局长给出惊人估计

WILL DANIEL 2023-09-27
开发商所面临的问题只是中国房地产市场结构性改革的一个缩影。

中国重庆市的住宅楼。图片来源:STRINGER/AFP/GETTY IMAGES

美国目前正面临着住宅短缺和可负担性危机,这令Z世代纷纷质疑他们还能否实现美国梦,拥有一套理想的、有白色栅栏的房子。与此同时,中国的房地产市场却面临一场截然不同的危机。多年来,房地产企业通过借贷过度建设,导致中国有大量住房空置。一位前政府官员表示,中国现有空置住房14亿人都住不完。

据路透社最先报道,中国国家统计局原副局长贺铿上周末在东莞的一次会议上说道:“空置的房屋究竟有多少?各个专家估出来的数字相差很大,最极端的观点认为目前的空置房屋足以供给30亿人居住。”

他提到了目前对中国总人口的估算,补充道:“这个估计或许有些夸大,但14亿人可能住不完。”

虽然对中国空置住宅和公寓的数量估算差别巨大,但专家认为,空置房屋在6,500万套至8,000万套之间。贺铿似乎在暗示这只是冰山一角。

这“不只是周期性调整”

数十年来,中国房地产市场帮助刺激了国家GDP的增长,房地产已经成为对中国经济来说最重要的行业。事实上,由中国和亚洲经济学家欧阳淼(音译)领导的美国银行研究(Bank of America Research)团队认为,中国未偿还按揭贷款占GDP的31%,而且中国59%的家庭资产是房地产。

但近几年,中国在疫情之后的经济状况与欧美不同。当西方国家经济过热并且通胀高企时,中国却面临通货紧缩、年轻人失业率上升和需求低迷等问题。这导致中国曾经火爆的房地产市场走向崩溃,尤其是规模庞大的房企陷入可怕的困境。最先倒下的是房地产巨头恒大集团(Evergrande),在2021年由于持续亏损,恒大宣布债务违约。2021年和2022年,恒大亏损810亿美元,超过了巴拿马的GDP。

中国房地产市场的困境延续到今年,销量持续低迷,导致恒大的同行也陷入了困境。中国规模最大的房地产开发商碧桂园(Country Garden),公布今年上半年净亏损67.2亿美元,只是侥幸避免了债务违约。2023年,中国地产股暴跌,市值缩水了560亿美元。

开发商所面临的问题只是中国房地产市场结构性改革的一个缩影,改革之后,房地产市场将不再是曾经的经济增长引擎。

欧阳淼的美国银行团队在上周四的一份客户报告中解释称,持续多年的过度建设和中国人口老龄化,导致房地产市场已经饱和,而且需求低迷。

该团队表示:“中国房地产市场低迷不只是一次周期性调整,而是反映了对住宅需求的长期下滑。”他们提到,根据中国人民银行(People’s Bank of China)2019年的一项调查,中国96%的城市家庭已经拥有至少一套住房或公寓。

欧阳淼和许多其他经济学家认为,中国房地产市场的问题,对中国经济能否继续维持过去十年的增长速度提出了严峻挑战。

她写道:“现在的关键问题依旧是,在短期甚至中期,哪些行业能够取代房地产业,成为中国经济的增长引擎。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

美国目前正面临着住宅短缺和可负担性危机,这令Z世代纷纷质疑他们还能否实现美国梦,拥有一套理想的、有白色栅栏的房子。与此同时,中国的房地产市场却面临一场截然不同的危机。多年来,房地产企业通过借贷过度建设,导致中国有大量住房空置。一位前政府官员表示,中国现有空置住房14亿人都住不完。

据路透社最先报道,中国国家统计局原副局长贺铿上周末在东莞的一次会议上说道:“空置的房屋究竟有多少?各个专家估出来的数字相差很大,最极端的观点认为目前的空置房屋足以供给30亿人居住。”

他提到了目前对中国总人口的估算,补充道:“这个估计或许有些夸大,但14亿人可能住不完。”

虽然对中国空置住宅和公寓的数量估算差别巨大,但专家认为,空置房屋在6,500万套至8,000万套之间。贺铿似乎在暗示这只是冰山一角。

这“不只是周期性调整”

数十年来,中国房地产市场帮助刺激了国家GDP的增长,房地产已经成为对中国经济来说最重要的行业。事实上,由中国和亚洲经济学家欧阳淼(音译)领导的美国银行研究(Bank of America Research)团队认为,中国未偿还按揭贷款占GDP的31%,而且中国59%的家庭资产是房地产。

但近几年,中国在疫情之后的经济状况与欧美不同。当西方国家经济过热并且通胀高企时,中国却面临通货紧缩、年轻人失业率上升和需求低迷等问题。这导致中国曾经火爆的房地产市场走向崩溃,尤其是规模庞大的房企陷入可怕的困境。最先倒下的是房地产巨头恒大集团(Evergrande),在2021年由于持续亏损,恒大宣布债务违约。2021年和2022年,恒大亏损810亿美元,超过了巴拿马的GDP。

中国房地产市场的困境延续到今年,销量持续低迷,导致恒大的同行也陷入了困境。中国规模最大的房地产开发商碧桂园(Country Garden),公布今年上半年净亏损67.2亿美元,只是侥幸避免了债务违约。2023年,中国地产股暴跌,市值缩水了560亿美元。

开发商所面临的问题只是中国房地产市场结构性改革的一个缩影,改革之后,房地产市场将不再是曾经的经济增长引擎。

欧阳淼的美国银行团队在上周四的一份客户报告中解释称,持续多年的过度建设和中国人口老龄化,导致房地产市场已经饱和,而且需求低迷。

该团队表示:“中国房地产市场低迷不只是一次周期性调整,而是反映了对住宅需求的长期下滑。”他们提到,根据中国人民银行(People’s Bank of China)2019年的一项调查,中国96%的城市家庭已经拥有至少一套住房或公寓。

欧阳淼和许多其他经济学家认为,中国房地产市场的问题,对中国经济能否继续维持过去十年的增长速度提出了严峻挑战。

她写道:“现在的关键问题依旧是,在短期甚至中期,哪些行业能够取代房地产业,成为中国经济的增长引擎。”(财富中文网)

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

While the U.S. is facing a housing shortage and affordability crisis that has Gen Zers questioning whether they’ll ever be able to achieve the idealized, white-picket fence American Dream, China is in the middle of a very different kind of housing nightmare. Years of debt-fueled overbuilding have left the country with rows and rows of empty homes—as well as almost entirely vacant “ghost cities.” And now a former government official says the number of empty residences is so big that a country of 1.4 billion people is struggling to fill them.

“How many vacant homes are there now?” He Keng, the former deputy head of China’s statistics bureau, said at an event in the southern industrial city of Dongguan over the weekend, Reuters first reported. “Each expert gives a very different number, with the most extreme believing the current number of vacant homes are enough for 3 billion people.”

“That estimate might be a bit much, but 1.4 billion people probably can’t fill them,” he added, referencing the current estimate for China’s entire population.

While estimates for the number of vacant homes and apartments in China vary widely, experts believe a range between 65 million to 80 million units is reasonable. Keng seems to be indicating that’s just not the full iceberg.

It ‘isn’t just a cyclical correction’

China’s real estate market has helped boost the nation’s GDP for decades, becoming the most important sector of its economy. In fact, according to a Bank of America Research team led by China and Asia Economist Miao Ouyang, China’s outstanding mortgages alone amount to 31% of its GDP, and 59% of the nation’s household assets are held in real estate.

In recent years, though, China’s post-pandemic economic experience has differed from that of the U.S. and Europe, as it’s grappled with deflation, rising youth unemployment, and a lack of demand, even as inflation has surged amid Western economies that have been running too hot. The nation’s once red-hot housing market has begun to crack as a result, leaving its mega-developers in particularly dire straits. The first pillar to fall was the real estate giant Evergrande, which defaulted on its debts in 2021 amid mounting losses. In 2021 and 2022 alone, Evergrande racked up $81 billion in losses, more than the GDP of Panama.

The pain in China’s housing market has only continued this year amid plummeting property sales, leaving Evergrande’s peers in limbo. Country Garden, the nation’s largest property developer, only narrowly avoided defaulting on its debts this summer after posting a $6.72 billion net loss in the first half of the year. And Chinese property developer stocks as a whole have collapsed in 2023, losing $56 billion of value.

Developers’ issues are an example of a structural change underway in China’s housing market that could prevent the sector from being the growth driver it has been historically.

Miao Ouyang’s Bank of America team explained in a Thursday note to clients that years of overbuilding and China’s aging population have combined to saturate the housing market with inventory, while slowing demand.

“China’s housing market downturn isn’t just a cyclical correction but also reflects a long-term decline in intrinsic housing demand,” they wrote, noting that 96% of urban households in China already own at least one house or apartment, according to a 2019 People’s Bank of China survey.

For Ouyang, and many of her economist peers, China’s property market issues raise serious questions about the nation’s ability to continue growing at the pace it has over the past decade.

“The key question now remains what can replace the property sector as a growth engine for the Chinese economy over the medium term, if not right away,” she wrote.

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