立即打开
高盛集团的资深经济学家认为美国经济衰退的概率只有15%

高盛集团的资深经济学家认为美国经济衰退的概率只有15%

Will Daniel 2023-09-14
这位资深经济学家可能比大多数人更看好新冠疫情之后的美国经济。

2023年9月5日,美国纽约证券交易所(New York Stock Exchange)。图片来源:SPENCER PLATT—GETTY IMAGES

与许多华尔街同行一样,高盛集团(Goldman Sachs)的首席经济学家简·哈祖斯一直在重新思考美国经济在2023年陷入衰退的概率。由于通胀从40年的最高水平逐渐下降,劳动力市场面对超过17个月的激进加息依旧保持韧性,因此他现在认为,美国经济在明年陷入衰退的可能性只有15%,而他在今年1月预测的概率为35%。

哈祖斯在9月4日的客户报告中写道:“通货膨胀和劳动力市场的持续利好消息,让我们进一步下调了对12个月美国经济衰退概率的预测。”他表示,15%是自第二次世界大战(World War II)以来的平均衰退概率。

虽然哈祖斯并非是唯一一位在2023年日益看好美国经济前景的经济学家,但他仍然是华尔街最乐观的经济学家之一。人们普遍预测未来12个月,美国经济衰退的概率依然接近自新冠疫情爆发以来的最高水平60%。哈祖斯仍旧预测,虽然加息降低了经济热度,但美国经济将持续增长,到2024年年底,GDP将维持2%的平均增长率。

这位资深经济学家可能比大多数人更看好新冠疫情之后的美国经济,但他并非始终都持乐观态度。哈祖斯在2007年的全球金融危机(Global Financial Crisis)爆发之前,因为一些非常悲观并且具有先见之明的预测而知名;因此,当他预测美国经济很可能“软着陆”时,这引起了人们的关注。

预计美国经济适度放缓,但不会陷入衰退

2022年的晚些时候,华尔街大多数人比现在更加确信,美国经济衰退不可避免,但哈祖斯却反其道而行之。

他的同行们普遍预测,美联储(Federal Reserve)要抑制通胀只能加息,但加息会导致失业率飙升,而随着商品和服务需求下降,将迫使企业降低价格。但哈祖斯认为,美联储加息不会导致失业率升高,只会使美国的职位空缺数量减少,这同时依旧有助于控制通胀。在新冠疫情期间,美国的职位空缺数量创历史新高。

他指出,职位空缺数量低于历史最高水平,可能使经济降温,但不会导致经济停滞。到目前为止,哈祖斯的观点都是正确的。通胀下降,美国职位空缺数量从2022年3月的超过1,200万,下降到今年7月的只有880万,而在此期间,失业率仍然低于4%。

9月4日,这位资深经济学家重申了他的预测,即加息不会引发经济衰退。哈祖斯表示,在第四季度,由于学生贷款恢复还款和抵押贷款利率提高“对房地产市场的短期影响”,经济增长可能减速,但由于多个关键原因,此次经济减速的“程度较轻而且持续时间较短”。

首先,稳健的就业和工资增长应该增加消费者的实际可支配收入,即衡量税后可支配收入的通胀调整后指标,并且有助于刺激消费。消费支出占美国GDP的70%左右,因此刺激消费支出的意义重大。

哈祖斯称,他对8月失业率小幅提高0.3个百分点至3.8%也“不感到担忧”,因为失业率小幅提高的原因是劳动力参与率提高(即更多人进入劳动力市场),而不是企业工资增长下降(即招聘减少)。他认为,这表明企业经过多年无法招募到足够人才的状况之后,劳动力市场“正在再平衡”。

最后,哈祖斯不认同加息对经济造成的是“长期的、多变的滞后”影响,即虽然目前尚未感觉到这种影响,但最终会将经济推向衰退。他写道:“事实上,我们认为,货币政策紧缩的影响会持续减弱,到2024年年初将完全消失。”

通胀和加息将会结束?

两年多以来,通货膨胀一直是美联储的眼中钉,但哈祖斯认为,美联储可能已经击败了其最凶恶的敌人。

虽然最近几周大宗商品价格上涨,尤其是原油价格,但哈祖斯表示,“基本通胀可能已经接近美联储的目标”,即2%。

他认为不含更容易波动的食品和能源价格的核心通胀指标,可以证明消费物价上涨最严重的时期已经过去。例如,哈祖斯“最喜欢用”的指标削减均值个人消费支出(PCE)物价指数,只有2.4%。该指数仅关注核心商品和服务价格,去除最大和最小价格变化后,将剩余部分取平均值。

美联储的主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔在今年8月于美国怀俄明州杰克逊霍尔召开的央行会议上发表演讲之后,哈祖斯认为美联储官员的立场正在转向鸽派。

他在9月4日的报告里写道:“我们更加确信美联储将停止加息。我们认为,美联储主席鲍威尔在杰克逊霍尔承诺‘谨慎处理’是一个信号,意味着美联储在9月将不会加息,并且11月加息存在巨大的障碍。”

这位经济学家表示,他依旧认为2024年第二季度才会开始“非常缓慢的”降息,因为美联储需要确信通胀真正得到了控制。在投资者为通胀和加息即将结束而欢呼雀跃之前,哈祖斯警告,股市经过最近人工智能带来的市场反弹之后,今年缺乏上涨潜力。他写道,即使避免了经济衰退,“今年经济软着陆和人工智能所带来的股市反弹,到目前为止大部分已经实现。”(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

与许多华尔街同行一样,高盛集团(Goldman Sachs)的首席经济学家简·哈祖斯一直在重新思考美国经济在2023年陷入衰退的概率。由于通胀从40年的最高水平逐渐下降,劳动力市场面对超过17个月的激进加息依旧保持韧性,因此他现在认为,美国经济在明年陷入衰退的可能性只有15%,而他在今年1月预测的概率为35%。

哈祖斯在9月4日的客户报告中写道:“通货膨胀和劳动力市场的持续利好消息,让我们进一步下调了对12个月美国经济衰退概率的预测。”他表示,15%是自第二次世界大战(World War II)以来的平均衰退概率。

虽然哈祖斯并非是唯一一位在2023年日益看好美国经济前景的经济学家,但他仍然是华尔街最乐观的经济学家之一。人们普遍预测未来12个月,美国经济衰退的概率依然接近自新冠疫情爆发以来的最高水平60%。哈祖斯仍旧预测,虽然加息降低了经济热度,但美国经济将持续增长,到2024年年底,GDP将维持2%的平均增长率。

这位资深经济学家可能比大多数人更看好新冠疫情之后的美国经济,但他并非始终都持乐观态度。哈祖斯在2007年的全球金融危机(Global Financial Crisis)爆发之前,因为一些非常悲观并且具有先见之明的预测而知名;因此,当他预测美国经济很可能“软着陆”时,这引起了人们的关注。

预计美国经济适度放缓,但不会陷入衰退

2022年的晚些时候,华尔街大多数人比现在更加确信,美国经济衰退不可避免,但哈祖斯却反其道而行之。

他的同行们普遍预测,美联储(Federal Reserve)要抑制通胀只能加息,但加息会导致失业率飙升,而随着商品和服务需求下降,将迫使企业降低价格。但哈祖斯认为,美联储加息不会导致失业率升高,只会使美国的职位空缺数量减少,这同时依旧有助于控制通胀。在新冠疫情期间,美国的职位空缺数量创历史新高。

他指出,职位空缺数量低于历史最高水平,可能使经济降温,但不会导致经济停滞。到目前为止,哈祖斯的观点都是正确的。通胀下降,美国职位空缺数量从2022年3月的超过1,200万,下降到今年7月的只有880万,而在此期间,失业率仍然低于4%。

9月4日,这位资深经济学家重申了他的预测,即加息不会引发经济衰退。哈祖斯表示,在第四季度,由于学生贷款恢复还款和抵押贷款利率提高“对房地产市场的短期影响”,经济增长可能减速,但由于多个关键原因,此次经济减速的“程度较轻而且持续时间较短”。

首先,稳健的就业和工资增长应该增加消费者的实际可支配收入,即衡量税后可支配收入的通胀调整后指标,并且有助于刺激消费。消费支出占美国GDP的70%左右,因此刺激消费支出的意义重大。

哈祖斯称,他对8月失业率小幅提高0.3个百分点至3.8%也“不感到担忧”,因为失业率小幅提高的原因是劳动力参与率提高(即更多人进入劳动力市场),而不是企业工资增长下降(即招聘减少)。他认为,这表明企业经过多年无法招募到足够人才的状况之后,劳动力市场“正在再平衡”。

最后,哈祖斯不认同加息对经济造成的是“长期的、多变的滞后”影响,即虽然目前尚未感觉到这种影响,但最终会将经济推向衰退。他写道:“事实上,我们认为,货币政策紧缩的影响会持续减弱,到2024年年初将完全消失。”

通胀和加息将会结束?

两年多以来,通货膨胀一直是美联储的眼中钉,但哈祖斯认为,美联储可能已经击败了其最凶恶的敌人。

虽然最近几周大宗商品价格上涨,尤其是原油价格,但哈祖斯表示,“基本通胀可能已经接近美联储的目标”,即2%。

他认为不含更容易波动的食品和能源价格的核心通胀指标,可以证明消费物价上涨最严重的时期已经过去。例如,哈祖斯“最喜欢用”的指标削减均值个人消费支出(PCE)物价指数,只有2.4%。该指数仅关注核心商品和服务价格,去除最大和最小价格变化后,将剩余部分取平均值。

美联储的主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔在今年8月于美国怀俄明州杰克逊霍尔召开的央行会议上发表演讲之后,哈祖斯认为美联储官员的立场正在转向鸽派。

他在9月4日的报告里写道:“我们更加确信美联储将停止加息。我们认为,美联储主席鲍威尔在杰克逊霍尔承诺‘谨慎处理’是一个信号,意味着美联储在9月将不会加息,并且11月加息存在巨大的障碍。”

这位经济学家表示,他依旧认为2024年第二季度才会开始“非常缓慢的”降息,因为美联储需要确信通胀真正得到了控制。在投资者为通胀和加息即将结束而欢呼雀跃之前,哈祖斯警告,股市经过最近人工智能带来的市场反弹之后,今年缺乏上涨潜力。他写道,即使避免了经济衰退,“今年经济软着陆和人工智能所带来的股市反弹,到目前为止大部分已经实现。”(财富中文网)

译者:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Like many of his Wall Street peers, Goldman Sachs chief economist Jan Hatzius has been rethinking the odds of the U.S. economy falling into recession in 2023. With inflation slowly fading from its four-decade high and the labor market proving its resilience in the face of more than 17 months of aggressive interest rate hikes, he now believes there is just a 15% chance of a U.S. recession within the next year, down from the 35% possibility he forecasted in January.

“The continued positive inflation and labor market news has led us to cut our estimated 12-month U.S. recession probability further,” he wrote to clients on September 4, noting that 15% is the average recession probability since World War II.

While Hatzius isn’t the only economist who has become increasingly bullish in 2023, he remains one of the most optimistic on Wall Street. Consensus odds for a U.S. recession over the next 12 months are still nearly the highest they’ve been since COVID struck at 60%. Still, Hatzius expects the economy will continue to grow despite the cooling effect of rising interest rates, with GDP growth averaging 2% through year-end 2024.

The veteran economist may be more optimistic about the post-pandemic U.S. economy than most, but he’s far from a perma-bull. Hatzius made a name for himself with some pretty bearish—and needless to say, prescient—forecasts prior to the Global Financial Crisis in 2007; so when he says a “soft landing” is the most likely outcome for the economy, people pay attention.

Expect a mild economic slowdown, not a recession

Late 2022, when most Wall Street forecasters were even more sure than they are now that a recession was inevitable, Hatzius pushed back.

The consensus among his peers was that the Federal Reserve would only be able to tame inflation if its interest rate hikes caused a surge in unemployment that forced businesses to cut prices as demand for their goods and services fell. But Hatzius believed that instead of a rise in the unemployment rate, the Fed’s interest rate hikes could merely spark a drop in the number of job openings in the U.S.—which had surged to a record high during the pandemic—while still helping to control inflation.

Essentially, he argued that a decline in job openings from their record high could cool the economy, without freezing it. And so far, his theory has been correct. Inflation is down and the number of U.S. job openings has fallen from over 12 million in March 2022 to just 8.8 million in July, all while the unemployment rate has remained under 4%.

On September 4, the veteran economist reiterated his forecast that rising rates won’t spark a recession. He said economic growth may decelerate in the fourth quarter due to the resumption of student loan payments and “a near-term hit to housing” from rising mortgage rates, but that slowdown will be “shallow and short-lived” for a few key reasons.

First, solid job and wage growth should increase consumers’ real disposable income—an inflation-adjusted measure of after-tax disposable income—and help spur more spending. Consumer spending makes up roughly 70% of U.S. GDP, so more spending is a big deal.

Hatzius said that he was also “unconcerned” by the slight 0.3-percentage-point increase in the unemployment rate in August to 3.8%, because it was caused by a rising labor force participation rate (i.e., more people entering the workforce), rather than falling payroll growth from businesses (i.e., less hiring). It’s an example of the labor market “rebalancing” after years during which businesses struggled to find sufficient talent, he argued.

Finally, Hatzius pushed back on the idea that interest rate hikes affect the economy with “long and variable lags” that have yet to be felt and will ultimately push the economy toward recession. “In fact, we think that the drag from monetary policy tightening will continue to diminish before vanishing entirely by early 2024,” he wrote.

The end of inflation and interest rate hikes?

Inflation has been a thorn in the side of the Fed for more than two years now, but Hatzius believes the central bank may have defeated its greatest enemy.

Although commodity prices have risen in recent weeks, particularly crude oil prices, Hatzius argued that “underlying inflation may already be near the Fed’s target” of 2%.

He pointed to measures of core inflation, which exclude more volatile food and energy prices, as evidence that the worst of consumer price increases have passed. For example, the trimmed mean personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index—which focuses only on core goods and services prices and removes both the largest and the smallest price changes before averaging the remaining components—is Hatzius’s “favorite” inflation gauge, and it’s sitting at just 2.4%.

And after Fed Chair Jerome Powell’s speech at the central bank’s Jackson Hole, Wyo., conference in August, Hatzius also believes Fed officials are becoming more dovish.

“Our confidence that the Fed is done raising rates has grown,” he wrote on September 4. “We view Chair Powell’s promise at Jackson Hole to ‘proceed carefully’ as a signal that a September hike is off the table and the hurdle for a November hike is significant.”

Still, the economist said he expects “very gradual” interest rate cuts will only start in the second quarter of 2024, because the Fed needs to feel confident that inflation is truly under control. And before investors celebrate the likely end of inflation and rate hikes, Hatzius offered a warning about stocks’ lack of potential this year after the recent artificial-intelligence-led market rally. Even if a recession is avoided, “the bulk of this year’s soft landing and AI rally has probably been realized at this point,” he wrote.

热读文章
热门视频
扫描二维码下载财富APP