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美国证交会对币圈下手,是行业末日还是成长阵痛

美国证交会对币圈下手,是行业末日还是成长阵痛

JEFF JOHN ROBERTS 2023-06-11
行业专家表示,这将意味着美国币圈的监管环境越来越窒息。

2022年9月15日,美国证交会主席加里·詹斯勒出席参议院银行、住房与城市事务委员会的听证会。图片来源:TOM WILLIAMS—CQ-ROLL CALL, INC/GETTY IMAGES

本周,美国虚拟货币行业正在忙于为即将召开的一次国会听证会做准备,并希望此次听证会能为建立新的监管框架铺平道路。

不过美国证券交易委员会主席则有其他想法。

本周一,美国证交会主席加里·詹斯勒宣布对全球最大的虚拟货币交易所币安(Binance)提起诉讼,并揭露了一些币安试图腐蚀美国监管体系的一些惊人细节。次日上午,他又宣布将对另一家虚拟货币交易所Coinbase提起诉讼。后来他在接受电视采访时将虚拟货币行业描述成了一个无法无天的行业。他对虚拟货币存在的必要性提出了质疑。詹斯勒对彭博社表示:“我们不需要更多的数字货币……我们已经有数字货币了——那就是美元。”

作为一个监管机构来说,詹斯勒的举措是一个不同寻常的政治表态,但他的行动显然是成功的。就连业内批评他最狠的那些人也悄悄对《财富》坦承,詹斯勒的表态将他们推到了一个极其被动的境地,像Coinbase这样的交易所甚至可以说已经被逼到了死角。而本周Coinbase还正在试图主导话语权,讨论怎么样与国会合作构建一个更好的监管框架。

詹斯勒显然已经成了本周的赢家,但他能否实现其长期目标,将虚拟货币行业置于证交会的监管之下,则仍是一个未知数。估计币圈的一些人物很快就会跳出来告诉你,詹斯勒激进的执法行动最终必然会搬起石头砸自己的脚,联邦法庭迟早会教证交会学做人。然而还有很多人对币圈并不那么乐观。据一位法律界的消息人士称,本周证交会针对Coinbase的诉讼已经对该公司构成了生存威胁,甚至就连整个美国虚拟货币行业都在瑟瑟发抖。

“你不可能无视规则”

美国证交会提起的这两项诉讼在本质上有很大的不同。在币安一案中,证交会称该公司试图愚弄美国监管机构,从事所谓的“洗仓交易”——也就是通过自己与自己交易来提高交易量,而且币安还把客户的资金与自己的账户混在一起。另一个重要信号是证交会选择了在华盛顿特区提起诉讼,法律专家表示,这说明证交会很有可能将对币安提起刑事指控。

相比之下,美国证交会选择在曼哈顿起诉Coinbase,按惯例,它在曼哈顿的诉讼大都是普通的证券诉讼。实际上,它对Coinbase的指控相比币安也较为温和。不过接近Coinbase公司的消息人士告诉《财富》,他们认为詹斯勒之所以选择同时对币安和Coinbase提起诉讼,就是在有意引导大众和立法者的思维,让他们对这两家公司的违法性质产生混淆。

与此同时,美国证交会加大了将Coinbase描绘成一个违法者的力度。本周二,一位高级官员宣称:“不能只是因为你不喜欢这些规则,或者因为你更喜欢别的规则,你就无视这些规则。”

虽然证交会秀了一波战术,但审理此案的联邦法官不太可能被他们影响到最终裁定。即便如此,此次诉讼对Coinbase的影响还是相当巨大的——虽然可能不如币安那么严重。因为如果证交会坚持跟它过不去,则必然会对Coinbase的商业模式构成严重威胁。

美国证交会称,Coinbase将13种虚拟货币作为未备案证券出售,并表示Coinbase实质上开展了经纪公司、交易所和票据交换所的业务,但它并未获得证交会就其开展其中任何一项业务的许可。

在传统金融界中,证交会要求以上业务必须由不同的实体开展,以保护消费者。然而Coinbase等币圈公司则认为,由于区块链技术的存在,这些部门都是不必要的。拿监管机构的过时规定,给新时代的业务“画地为牢”,更是毫无意义。

如果证交会打赢了这场官司,Coinbase可能会陷入严重的困境。它可能将被迫剥离部分核心业务,甚至有可能以后只能交易比特币和以太坊——不过考虑到这两种虚拟货币越来越商品化,它们的交易利润也将越来越低。行业专家表示,这将意味着美国币圈的监管环境越来越窒息。

币圈资深律师、Brown Rudnick律师事务所合伙人普雷斯顿·伯恩认为 :“有三分之一的可能是,再过五年,Coinbase在美国甚至将不复存在。”

伯恩预测道,如果Coinbase在证交会的这起案件中遭遇了挫折,那么该公司将加速其国际扩张战略。他还表示,如果是十年前证交会就采取了这样激进的执法措施,那么整个行业可能早早地就敲响了丧钟。但现在其他国家的虚拟货币市场也在蓬勃发展,其势头甚至让美国相形见绌。随着尼日利亚等国相继接受虚拟货币(其人口未来几年甚至可能超过美国),这一趋势必然会持续下去。

伯恩认为,当前全球虚拟货币经济仍然是稳健的,当前坚挺的币价也足以证实其所言不虚。尽管证交会将起诉币安的消息传出后,比特币和以太坊一度下跌6%左右,但此后便止跌回升。截至周三上午,比特币的交易价格已超过2.7万美元。

另外,詹斯勒虽然大力打压Coinbase,但这并不意味着美国的虚拟货币公司已经没有了立足之地。据《金融时报》上周报道,嘉信理财和富达等传统的华尔街公司正在准备通过提供托管业务等服务的方式进军虚拟货币领域,并向那些新生代的虚拟货币公司发起挑战。

“证交会不代表法律”

在接受《财富》采访时,一些业内高管对Coinbase等币圈公司胜诉的机率持乐观态度——尽管我们不知道他们的乐观是真诚的,还是一种战略表态。

一位不愿透露姓名的知名风投公司高管表示,该公司已致信公司的有限合伙人,向他们保证证交会的行动不会对虚拟货币行业构成长期威胁。她还表示,该公司以及币圈其他公司的律师(其中很多人都在美国政府高层工作过)都认为,詹斯勒并不是律师出身,他很可能高估了自己的手段。

“证交会不代表法律,”这位高管还表示,证交会的执法行动主要是基于对现有证券规则的解读,但这些规则很少会被联邦法院作为裁定依据。

虽然那些与诉讼有利害关系的人经常会有盲目乐观情绪,但从币圈与证交会的几桩备受瞩目的官司看,它们确实大多悬而未决。比如币圈很多关注的证交会诉Ripple公司一案。Ripple的问题是该公司是否正确地将它2013年推出的虚拟货币XRP标定为证券。另一起案件则涉及信托公司Grayscale。在此案之前的一次听证会中,由三名法官组成的小组曾表示,证交会在拒绝比特币ETF基金的申请过程中表现得过于高压和武断。因此,彭博情报最近也将该公司胜诉的几率从40%提高到了70%。

如果证交会在这几起案件中碰了钉子,那么它在以后的执法过程中或许将不再那么激进,甚至有可能撤销指控,或者同意与Coinbase达成和解。不过就目前而言,市场似乎并不看好Coinbase的前景,本周三Coinbase的股价较本周初已经下跌了15%。

与此同时,一位接近Coinbase公司领导层的人士告诉《财富》,该公司并不认为詹斯勒是想把加密货币产业赶出美国,现在只是行业在经历一段监管政策尚不确定的时期,跟之前其他新兴行业经历的阵痛期大同小异。

Coinbase的这位消息人士表示:“就像Uber和Airbnb一样,这是所有受监管的行业必须要经历的一个过程。”

这也是整个行业的普遍看法——虚拟货币行业迟早将在国会或法庭取得突破,最终脱离詹斯勒的控制。但是行业也普遍承认,目前最糟糕的日子可能还没有到来。

还有哪只靴子将掉下来

本周美国证交会对币安和Coinbase的诉讼引起了广泛关注,因为他们是币圈最知名的两家公司。但同时美国证交会也在积极追查涉币圈其他公司的案件。一些业内人士在接受《财富》采访时预测道,下一步可能还有更多针对币圈的执法行动——包括有权提起刑事诉讼的美国司法部。几名知情人士表示,他们预计美国司法部将很快对币安提起刑事指控。

如果多个联邦机构都在追查同一家公司,那么这些诉讼通常会同步提起,但币安的情况并非如此。大约在美国证交会提起诉讼的两个月之前,比证交会权力稍小一些的美国商品期货交易委员会就曾向联邦法院起诉币安,让人们不禁怀疑这些指控究竟有多少重合的部分。

一位业内消息人士告诉《财富》,这几个政府部门确实正在就此事进行协调,而司法部之所以推迟对币安提起诉讼,有可能是因为正在与币安进行和解谈判,也有可能是因为考虑到此案的复杂性,它需要更多时间调查取证。还有一些人猜测,币安还将面临外国资产控制办公室的指控——这个办公室是美国财政部下设的一个负责监督违反制裁政策的机构。

华盛顿特区的两位币圈人士则认为,美国证交会和其他部门之间的竞争破坏了惯常的合作惯例,而詹斯勒的个人野心和虚张声势的政治作风,也让他成了政界的一个不受欢迎的人。

“他惹恼了美联储、财政部和司法部的人。”一位前国会山工作人员和资深币圈游说人士表示。

与此同时,华盛顿有不少人都在质疑詹斯勒打压币圈的真实动机。有批评人士表示,他最近对币圈摆出强硬姿态,是为了让民主党人忘掉他没有及时发现Terra和FTX等“稳定币”项目的大规模欺诈行为,以及他与声名狼藉的FTX创始人SBF的个人和职业关系。

上文提到的那位风投公司高管也同意这一观点,该高管表示,接下来几个月的政治风向有可能对詹斯勒不利,这将为币圈立法提供机会,说不定可以使证交会未来无权再监管虚拟货币行业的某些要素。

至于这种情形有多大的可能性,现在尚不清楚,它也很可能只是币圈的一厢情愿。詹斯勒曾多次拒绝《财富》的采访。不过在批评者眼中,他是一个适应能力很强,但在道德上很善变的人。他的职业生涯经历过不少变化,曾担任高盛的银行家、希拉里竞选团队的财务总监,最后才升任现在的职务。他也是民主党籍参议员伊丽莎白•沃伦(马萨诸塞州)等讨厌虚拟货币的一票美国政客的政治盟友。

不论詹斯勒的动机是什么,目前他似乎在与币圈的交锋中占据了上风。虽然Coinbase等币圈公司有可能会在他的高压统治下幸存下来,但他们同时也可能将被迫在远离美国的地方寻找新的生机。(财富中文网)

译者:朴成奎

本周,美国虚拟货币行业正在忙于为即将召开的一次国会听证会做准备,并希望此次听证会能为建立新的监管框架铺平道路。

不过美国证券交易委员会主席则有其他想法。

本周一,美国证交会主席加里·詹斯勒宣布对全球最大的虚拟货币交易所币安(Binance)提起诉讼,并揭露了一些币安试图腐蚀美国监管体系的一些惊人细节。次日上午,他又宣布将对另一家虚拟货币交易所Coinbase提起诉讼。后来他在接受电视采访时将虚拟货币行业描述成了一个无法无天的行业。他对虚拟货币存在的必要性提出了质疑。詹斯勒对彭博社表示:“我们不需要更多的数字货币……我们已经有数字货币了——那就是美元。”

作为一个监管机构来说,詹斯勒的举措是一个不同寻常的政治表态,但他的行动显然是成功的。就连业内批评他最狠的那些人也悄悄对《财富》坦承,詹斯勒的表态将他们推到了一个极其被动的境地,像Coinbase这样的交易所甚至可以说已经被逼到了死角。而本周Coinbase还正在试图主导话语权,讨论怎么样与国会合作构建一个更好的监管框架。

詹斯勒显然已经成了本周的赢家,但他能否实现其长期目标,将虚拟货币行业置于证交会的监管之下,则仍是一个未知数。估计币圈的一些人物很快就会跳出来告诉你,詹斯勒激进的执法行动最终必然会搬起石头砸自己的脚,联邦法庭迟早会教证交会学做人。然而还有很多人对币圈并不那么乐观。据一位法律界的消息人士称,本周证交会针对Coinbase的诉讼已经对该公司构成了生存威胁,甚至就连整个美国虚拟货币行业都在瑟瑟发抖。

“你不可能无视规则”

美国证交会提起的这两项诉讼在本质上有很大的不同。在币安一案中,证交会称该公司试图愚弄美国监管机构,从事所谓的“洗仓交易”——也就是通过自己与自己交易来提高交易量,而且币安还把客户的资金与自己的账户混在一起。另一个重要信号是证交会选择了在华盛顿特区提起诉讼,法律专家表示,这说明证交会很有可能将对币安提起刑事指控。

相比之下,美国证交会选择在曼哈顿起诉Coinbase,按惯例,它在曼哈顿的诉讼大都是普通的证券诉讼。实际上,它对Coinbase的指控相比币安也较为温和。不过接近Coinbase公司的消息人士告诉《财富》,他们认为詹斯勒之所以选择同时对币安和Coinbase提起诉讼,就是在有意引导大众和立法者的思维,让他们对这两家公司的违法性质产生混淆。

与此同时,美国证交会加大了将Coinbase描绘成一个违法者的力度。本周二,一位高级官员宣称:“不能只是因为你不喜欢这些规则,或者因为你更喜欢别的规则,你就无视这些规则。”

虽然证交会秀了一波战术,但审理此案的联邦法官不太可能被他们影响到最终裁定。即便如此,此次诉讼对Coinbase的影响还是相当巨大的——虽然可能不如币安那么严重。因为如果证交会坚持跟它过不去,则必然会对Coinbase的商业模式构成严重威胁。

美国证交会称,Coinbase将13种虚拟货币作为未备案证券出售,并表示Coinbase实质上开展了经纪公司、交易所和票据交换所的业务,但它并未获得证交会就其开展其中任何一项业务的许可。

在传统金融界中,证交会要求以上业务必须由不同的实体开展,以保护消费者。然而Coinbase等币圈公司则认为,由于区块链技术的存在,这些部门都是不必要的。拿监管机构的过时规定,给新时代的业务“画地为牢”,更是毫无意义。

如果证交会打赢了这场官司,Coinbase可能会陷入严重的困境。它可能将被迫剥离部分核心业务,甚至有可能以后只能交易比特币和以太坊——不过考虑到这两种虚拟货币越来越商品化,它们的交易利润也将越来越低。行业专家表示,这将意味着美国币圈的监管环境越来越窒息。

币圈资深律师、Brown Rudnick律师事务所合伙人普雷斯顿·伯恩认为 :“有三分之一的可能是,再过五年,Coinbase在美国甚至将不复存在。”

伯恩预测道,如果Coinbase在证交会的这起案件中遭遇了挫折,那么该公司将加速其国际扩张战略。他还表示,如果是十年前证交会就采取了这样激进的执法措施,那么整个行业可能早早地就敲响了丧钟。但现在其他国家的虚拟货币市场也在蓬勃发展,其势头甚至让美国相形见绌。随着尼日利亚等国相继接受虚拟货币(其人口未来几年甚至可能超过美国),这一趋势必然会持续下去。

伯恩认为,当前全球虚拟货币经济仍然是稳健的,当前坚挺的币价也足以证实其所言不虚。尽管证交会将起诉币安的消息传出后,比特币和以太坊一度下跌6%左右,但此后便止跌回升。截至周三上午,比特币的交易价格已超过2.7万美元。

另外,詹斯勒虽然大力打压Coinbase,但这并不意味着美国的虚拟货币公司已经没有了立足之地。据《金融时报》上周报道,嘉信理财和富达等传统的华尔街公司正在准备通过提供托管业务等服务的方式进军虚拟货币领域,并向那些新生代的虚拟货币公司发起挑战。

“证交会不代表法律”

在接受《财富》采访时,一些业内高管对Coinbase等币圈公司胜诉的机率持乐观态度——尽管我们不知道他们的乐观是真诚的,还是一种战略表态。

一位不愿透露姓名的知名风投公司高管表示,该公司已致信公司的有限合伙人,向他们保证证交会的行动不会对虚拟货币行业构成长期威胁。她还表示,该公司以及币圈其他公司的律师(其中很多人都在美国政府高层工作过)都认为,詹斯勒并不是律师出身,他很可能高估了自己的手段。

“证交会不代表法律,”这位高管还表示,证交会的执法行动主要是基于对现有证券规则的解读,但这些规则很少会被联邦法院作为裁定依据。

虽然那些与诉讼有利害关系的人经常会有盲目乐观情绪,但从币圈与证交会的几桩备受瞩目的官司看,它们确实大多悬而未决。比如币圈很多关注的证交会诉Ripple公司一案。Ripple的问题是该公司是否正确地将它2013年推出的虚拟货币XRP标定为证券。另一起案件则涉及信托公司Grayscale。在此案之前的一次听证会中,由三名法官组成的小组曾表示,证交会在拒绝比特币ETF基金的申请过程中表现得过于高压和武断。因此,彭博情报最近也将该公司胜诉的几率从40%提高到了70%。

如果证交会在这几起案件中碰了钉子,那么它在以后的执法过程中或许将不再那么激进,甚至有可能撤销指控,或者同意与Coinbase达成和解。不过就目前而言,市场似乎并不看好Coinbase的前景,本周三Coinbase的股价较本周初已经下跌了15%。

与此同时,一位接近Coinbase公司领导层的人士告诉《财富》,该公司并不认为詹斯勒是想把加密货币产业赶出美国,现在只是行业在经历一段监管政策尚不确定的时期,跟之前其他新兴行业经历的阵痛期大同小异。

Coinbase的这位消息人士表示:“就像Uber和Airbnb一样,这是所有受监管的行业必须要经历的一个过程。”

这也是整个行业的普遍看法——虚拟货币行业迟早将在国会或法庭取得突破,最终脱离詹斯勒的控制。但是行业也普遍承认,目前最糟糕的日子可能还没有到来。

还有哪只靴子将掉下来

本周美国证交会对币安和Coinbase的诉讼引起了广泛关注,因为他们是币圈最知名的两家公司。但同时美国证交会也在积极追查涉币圈其他公司的案件。一些业内人士在接受《财富》采访时预测道,下一步可能还有更多针对币圈的执法行动——包括有权提起刑事诉讼的美国司法部。几名知情人士表示,他们预计美国司法部将很快对币安提起刑事指控。

如果多个联邦机构都在追查同一家公司,那么这些诉讼通常会同步提起,但币安的情况并非如此。大约在美国证交会提起诉讼的两个月之前,比证交会权力稍小一些的美国商品期货交易委员会就曾向联邦法院起诉币安,让人们不禁怀疑这些指控究竟有多少重合的部分。

一位业内消息人士告诉《财富》,这几个政府部门确实正在就此事进行协调,而司法部之所以推迟对币安提起诉讼,有可能是因为正在与币安进行和解谈判,也有可能是因为考虑到此案的复杂性,它需要更多时间调查取证。还有一些人猜测,币安还将面临外国资产控制办公室的指控——这个办公室是美国财政部下设的一个负责监督违反制裁政策的机构。

华盛顿特区的两位币圈人士则认为,美国证交会和其他部门之间的竞争破坏了惯常的合作惯例,而詹斯勒的个人野心和虚张声势的政治作风,也让他成了政界的一个不受欢迎的人。

“他惹恼了美联储、财政部和司法部的人。”一位前国会山工作人员和资深币圈游说人士表示。

与此同时,华盛顿有不少人都在质疑詹斯勒打压币圈的真实动机。有批评人士表示,他最近对币圈摆出强硬姿态,是为了让民主党人忘掉他没有及时发现Terra和FTX等“稳定币”项目的大规模欺诈行为,以及他与声名狼藉的FTX创始人SBF的个人和职业关系。

上文提到的那位风投公司高管也同意这一观点,该高管表示,接下来几个月的政治风向有可能对詹斯勒不利,这将为币圈立法提供机会,说不定可以使证交会未来无权再监管虚拟货币行业的某些要素。

至于这种情形有多大的可能性,现在尚不清楚,它也很可能只是币圈的一厢情愿。詹斯勒曾多次拒绝《财富》的采访。不过在批评者眼中,他是一个适应能力很强,但在道德上很善变的人。他的职业生涯经历过不少变化,曾担任高盛的银行家、希拉里竞选团队的财务总监,最后才升任现在的职务。他也是民主党籍参议员伊丽莎白•沃伦(马萨诸塞州)等讨厌虚拟货币的一票美国政客的政治盟友。

不论詹斯勒的动机是什么,目前他似乎在与币圈的交锋中占据了上风。虽然Coinbase等币圈公司有可能会在他的高压统治下幸存下来,但他们同时也可能将被迫在远离美国的地方寻找新的生机。(财富中文网)

译者:朴成奎

The crypto industry began the week preparing for a congressional hearing that it hoped would pave a path toward a new regulatory framework.

The chairman of the Securities Exchange Commission had other ideas.

On Monday, Gary Gensler dropped a long-awaited lawsuit against Binance, exposing embarrassing details of a campaign by the world’s biggest crypto exchange to evade U.S regulation. The following morning, he dropped a second complaint against Coinbase before embarking on a TV tour that would portray the crypto industry as lawless and out of control. He also questioned the need for crypto, telling Bloomberg: “We don’t need more digital currency…We already have digital currency—it’s called the U.S. dollar.”

Gensler’s gambit was an unusually political action by a regulator—but also a successful one. Even his biggest critics in the industry quietly acknowledged to Fortune that the SEC chair had put them on the defensive, backing Coinbase into a corner during a week when the company had planned to put forward a narrative about working with Congress to create a better regulatory regime.

Gensler may have won the week, but whether he can succeed in his longer-term goal of bringing the crypto industry under his thumb is unclear. Figures in crypto are quick to tell you that Gensler’s aggressive enforcement campaign has put him out over his skis, and predict that it’s a matter of time until the SEC receives a comeuppance by way of a federal court. Others, however, are less sanguine. According to one legal source, this week’s complaint against Coinbase poses an existential threat to the company, and the broader U.S. crypto industry may be living on borrowed time.

‘You simply can’t ignore the rules’

The substance of the SEC’s two crypto complaints are very different. In the case of Binance, the agency alleges the company sought to dupe U.S. regulators and engaged in so-called wash trading—trading with oneself to inflate volume—and that it comingled customer funds with its own accounts. It’s also significant that the SEC filed its complaint in Washington, D.C.—a sign, legal experts say, that criminal charges against Binance are also on the way.

In contrast, the SEC sued Coinbase in Manhattan, the customary forum for more run-of-the-mill securities litigation. And indeed, the agency’s allegations against Coinbase are more pedestrian. Sources close to Coinbase, however, told Fortune they believe Gensler timed the SEC’s complaint to coincide with the Binance one in order to conflate the companies’ behavior in the minds of the public and lawmakers.

Meanwhile, the SEC reinforced its efforts to portray Coinbase as a scofflaw on Tuesday, with a senior official declaring: “You simply can’t ignore the rules because you don’t like them or because you’d prefer different ones.”

The federal judge who will hear the case is unlikely to allow the SEC’s tactical maneuvers to inform any eventual ruling. But this may not matter since the agency’s allegations—while not as dramatic as the ones against Binance—are still serious, and, if they stick, will pose a grave threat to Coinbase’s business model.

The SEC alleges that Coinbase sold 13 tokens as unregistered securities. Meanwhile, the agency also argues that the company acts as a broker, an exchange, and a clearinghouse—and did not get permission from the agency to do any of these things.

In the traditional financial world, the SEC requires that these activities be carried out by different entities so as to protect consumers. Coinbase and other crypto companies, however, argue that such divisions are unnecessary because of blockchain technology, and that it makes no sense to cram the square peg of their operations into the round hole of financial regulations designed for another era.

The upshot is that if the SEC prevails in its lawsuit, Coinbase would emerge badly hobbled. It could be forced to divest some of its core operations and would be limited to selling Bitcoin and Ethereum—an activity that has become increasingly low-margin and commoditized. Industry experts say this could mean the regulatory environment becomes unviable for U.S. crypto companies.

“There’s a 33% chance Coinbase won’t exist in the U.S. in five years,” says Preston Byrne, a longtime crypto lawyer and partner at Brown Rudnick.

Byrne predicts that if Coinbase faces setbacks in the SEC case, the firm will accelerate its international expansion strategy. He added that aggressive enforcement actions by the SEC would likely have spelled the death knell for the entire crypto industry a decade ago, but that the U.S. market is now dwarfed by those overseas—a trend he says will continue as countries such as Nigeria, whose population could surpass that of the U.S. in coming years, embrace crypto.

Byrne’s view of the robustness of the global crypto economy is borne out by current crypto prices. While Bitcoin and Ethereum dropped around 6% following news of the SEC’s Binance complaint, they’ve since recovered, with Bitcoin trading over $27,000 as of Wednesday morning.

Gensler’s campaign against Coinbase, meanwhile, does not mean there is no place for a U.S.-based crypto industry. The Financial Times reported last week that traditional Wall Street names like Charles Schwab and Fidelity are preparing to move into the sector by offering services like custody—the industry term for storing crypto—and seeking to challenge crypto-native firms.

‘The SEC is not the law’

In interviews with Fortune, industry executives were surprisingly upbeat about the chances for Coinbase and other crypto firms to prevail against Gensler—though it’s not certain whether that sentiment was expressed sincerely or strategically.

An executive at a prominent venture capital firm, who asked not to be identified, said it had sent out letters to its limited partners reassuring them the SEC’s actions did not represent a long-term threat to crypto. She also suggested that lawyers at the firm and at crypto companies—many of whom have experience at top levels of the U.S. government—believe Gensler, who is not an attorney, has overplayed his hand.

“The SEC is not the law,” noted the executive, adding that the agency’s enforcement campaign has been based around interpretations of existing securities rules that are rarely applied in the context of federal courts.

While those with a stake in lawsuits typically view their chances in a rosy light, the outcomes of several high-profile cases involving crypto and the SEC are genuinely up in the air. These include the closely watched SEC v. Ripple, which turns on whether the agency correctly designated the XRP token, which launched in 2013, as a security. And in another case involving the trust company Grayscale, Bloomberg Intelligence recently upgraded the firm’s chances for success from 40% to 70% following a hearing in which a three-judge panel suggested the SEC had behaved in a high-handed and arbitrary manner in denying an application for a Bitcoin ETF.

A loss for the SEC in one of those cases would likely lead the agency to adopt a less aggressive approach to crypto enforcement, and it could lead it to dropping charges or agreeing to settle with Coinbase. For now, though, the market does not appear bullish on Coinbase’s prospects, as shares of Coinbase on Wednesday were down 15% from the start of the week.

A person close to Coinbase leadership, meanwhile, told Fortune the company doesn’t believe Gensler wants to drive crypto from American shores, and that crypto is simply going through a period of regulatory uncertainty similar to other upstart industries before it.

“Like Uber or Airbnb, this a natural process for any regulated utility,” said the Coinbase source.

This a common sentiment across the industry—one that implies the crypto space will catch a break, either in the courts or in Congress, to escape Gensler’s grasp. But the industry also acknowledges that, for now, the worst is likely yet to come.

Other shoes to drop

The SEC’s lawsuits against Binance and Coinbase this week garnered attention because the two companies are the biggest names in the industry, but the agency is actively pursuing numerous other cases against crypto firms. And in interviews with Fortune, crypto insiders predicted more cases are on the way—including legal actions from the Justice Department, which has the power to bring criminal charges. Several people said they expect the DOJ to announce such charges against Binance imminently.

If multiple federal agencies are pursuing a company, the charges brought typically drop in tandem, but that has not been the case with Binance. Roughly two months before the SEC’s complaint, the smaller Commodity Futures Trading Commission sued the company in federal court, which has raised questions about the staggered nature of the charges.

One industry source told Fortune that the agencies are indeed coordinating, and that the delay in the Justice Department bringing charges against Binance is likely because the agency is in ongoing settlement talks with the company or because it needs more time given the complexity of the case. Several people speculated that Binance will also face charges from the Office of Foreign Assets Control, a Treasury Department agency tasked with overseeing sanctions violations.

Two crypto industry figures in Washington, D.C., however, suggested that a rivalry between the SEC and other agencies has undermined customary cooperation, and that Gensler’s personal ambition and taste for swashbuckling politics has made him unpopular.

“He’s pissed off people at the Fed, Treasury, and the Justice Department,” said a former Capitol Hill staffer and veteran crypto lobbyist.

Meanwhile, many in Washington are suspicious of Gensler’s motives. Critics suspect his recent hardline stance against the crypto industry is intended to make Democrats forget that he failed to spot massive fraud at the stablecoin project Terra and at FTX, and about his personal and professional connections to FTX’s disgraced founder, Sam Bankman-Fried.

This view was shared by the VC executive, who said political winds could shift against Gensler in the coming months, providing an opening for legislation that would remove the SEC from oversight of certain elements of the crypto industry.

The likelihood of this transpiring is unclear and may reflect wishful thinking on the part of the crypto industry. As for Gensler, who has declined repeated requests to speak with Fortune, he’s proved adaptable and morally fluid in the eyes of his critics—who point to a career arc that has seen him evolve from a Goldman Sachs banker to CFO for Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign to his current role as a close ally of Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and other progressives who abhor crypto.

Whatever Gensler’s motivations, he appears to have the upper hand on the crypto industry for the moment. While Coinbase and other crypto companies will likely survive his reign one way or another, they may have to find their way forward far from U.S. jurisdiction.

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