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气候变化将加剧通胀,食物贵得最快

气候变化将加剧通胀,食物贵得最快

TRISTAN BOVE 2023-06-04
粮食价格每年或上涨3%以上。

埃塞俄比亚一块干裂的土地。照片来源:EDWIN REMSBERG VIA GETTY IMAGES

去年夏天,席卷欧洲的热浪导致农作物枯萎、河流干涸,工人们不得不呆在室内躲避高温。尽管当时专家不愿给出具体数字,但人们已经预料到,炎热造成的经济影响将加剧乌克兰战争引发的通胀,导致物价进一步上涨。现在数据已经出来了,尽管气候变化对去年的物价产生了显著影响,但与今后10年气候变暖、自然灾害和不可预测的天气模式对通货膨胀的影响相比,根本不算什么。

欧洲央行(European Central Bank)和波茨坦气候影响研究所(Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)上周发布的一份报告显示,去年夏天的高温天气导致欧洲大陆的食品价格上涨了0.67个百分点,但按照目前对未来十年极端天气的预测,到2035年,同等情况下价格影响将放大50%。

更糟糕的是:如果不加大创新投入来适应新的现实、构建更具抵抗力的农业系统,从现在到2035年,气候变化可能会导致全球通胀率每年增加一个百分点。而论起受影响的严重程度,首当其冲的是粮食价格,由于气温升高会导致全球农作物大量减产,粮食价格每年可能上涨3%以上。

“2022年欧洲夏季的极端高温凸显了高温和干旱的叠加会对农业和经济活动产生广泛的影响。”报告称:“未来的气候变化将放大这种极端高温的强度,因而也会放大它们对通货膨胀的潜在影响。”

通胀背后的驱动

从乌克兰战争对供应链的灾难性影响,到企业哄抬价格,造成如今通胀现状的原因列表很长,各种各样,而且经常成为党争的话题。欧洲央行的报告建议,现在应该在清单里加上气候变化了,因为温度升高不仅让我们身体变差、变穷,而且可能很快就会引发食品价格的上涨。

欧洲央行在报告中分析了121个国家的月度消费者价格指数,并与过去30年的历史气候数据进行了对照。其中一组数据记录了欧洲去年的通胀和气温。

在那个炎热的夏季,欧洲的主要河流出现干涸,影响了航运公司在这片土地上的运输能力。热浪导致玉米、向日葵、大豆等主要作物的产量下降了9%,这片大陆的农业也陷入停滞。

在考虑了乌克兰战争和新冠对供应链的持续影响等因素之后,欧洲央行在报告中估计,欧洲大陆夏季三个月的极端高温对食品通胀的累计影响为0.67%。

研究人员随后将这些数据与预测未来变暖趋势的最新气候模型相结合,发现无论一个国家的收入水平如何,温度上升都会持续加剧通货膨胀,尽管这种影响在较热的国家和一年中较温暖的季节更为强烈。

波茨坦研究所的科学家、该报告的主要作者马克西米利安·科茨在一份声明中说:“气温上升时,通货膨胀就会加剧,而且这种情况在夏季和低纬度的炎热地区最为明显,比如第三世界国家。”

气候的金融和经济风险

欧洲并不是去年唯一一个受到高温和高粮价影响的地区。去年夏天,受到热浪袭击的还有美国和中国,两国农业产量也都受到了严重影响。在美国,由于干旱,德克萨斯州的棉花、加利福尼亚州的西红柿和堪萨斯州的小麦产量下降。去年7月,中国官员发出警告,中国农民正面临“极端气象灾害”,此前一年打破历史纪录的高温和高降雨量给“农业生产带来了越来越多的挑战”。

富裕国家去年尝到了气候变化对粮食生产造成的破坏性后果,而发展中国家已经生活在气候导致的粮食短缺中很长时间了。例如,在东非,40年来最严重的干旱使100多万人流离失所,给农业生产带来了毁灭性打击,联合国警告说,粮食的极端不安全正在给冲突和不稳定打开大门。

气候变化除了会造成食品和材料价格上涨外,还可能会抑制工人的生产效率,从而加剧未来通胀,研究表明,生产率降低对更高的通胀具有直接影响。根据联合国开发计划署2016年的一份报告,极端高温已经导致全球白天工作时间减少,影响了经济产出,而芝加哥大学2018年对印度制造业工人的一项研究发现,当温度超过80华氏度时,温度每升高一度,生产率就会下降4%。

各国央行和金融机构已经开始密切关注气候变化对经济不稳定和通胀的影响。去年,美联储宣布,美国六大银行将共同参加一项试点计划,以评估不同的气候场景对金融和经济风险的影响。(财富中文网)

译者:Agatha

去年夏天,席卷欧洲的热浪导致农作物枯萎、河流干涸,工人们不得不呆在室内躲避高温。尽管当时专家不愿给出具体数字,但人们已经预料到,炎热造成的经济影响将加剧乌克兰战争引发的通胀,导致物价进一步上涨。现在数据已经出来了,尽管气候变化对去年的物价产生了显著影响,但与今后10年气候变暖、自然灾害和不可预测的天气模式对通货膨胀的影响相比,根本不算什么。

欧洲央行(European Central Bank)和波茨坦气候影响研究所(Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)上周发布的一份报告显示,去年夏天的高温天气导致欧洲大陆的食品价格上涨了0.67个百分点,但按照目前对未来十年极端天气的预测,到2035年,同等情况下价格影响将放大50%。

更糟糕的是:如果不加大创新投入来适应新的现实、构建更具抵抗力的农业系统,从现在到2035年,气候变化可能会导致全球通胀率每年增加一个百分点。而论起受影响的严重程度,首当其冲的是粮食价格,由于气温升高会导致全球农作物大量减产,粮食价格每年可能上涨3%以上。

“2022年欧洲夏季的极端高温凸显了高温和干旱的叠加会对农业和经济活动产生广泛的影响。”报告称:“未来的气候变化将放大这种极端高温的强度,因而也会放大它们对通货膨胀的潜在影响。”

通胀背后的驱动

从乌克兰战争对供应链的灾难性影响,到企业哄抬价格,造成如今通胀现状的原因列表很长,各种各样,而且经常成为党争的话题。欧洲央行的报告建议,现在应该在清单里加上气候变化了,因为温度升高不仅让我们身体变差、变穷,而且可能很快就会引发食品价格的上涨。

欧洲央行在报告中分析了121个国家的月度消费者价格指数,并与过去30年的历史气候数据进行了对照。其中一组数据记录了欧洲去年的通胀和气温。

在那个炎热的夏季,欧洲的主要河流出现干涸,影响了航运公司在这片土地上的运输能力。热浪导致玉米、向日葵、大豆等主要作物的产量下降了9%,这片大陆的农业也陷入停滞。

在考虑了乌克兰战争和新冠对供应链的持续影响等因素之后,欧洲央行在报告中估计,欧洲大陆夏季三个月的极端高温对食品通胀的累计影响为0.67%。

研究人员随后将这些数据与预测未来变暖趋势的最新气候模型相结合,发现无论一个国家的收入水平如何,温度上升都会持续加剧通货膨胀,尽管这种影响在较热的国家和一年中较温暖的季节更为强烈。

波茨坦研究所的科学家、该报告的主要作者马克西米利安·科茨在一份声明中说:“气温上升时,通货膨胀就会加剧,而且这种情况在夏季和低纬度的炎热地区最为明显,比如第三世界国家。”

气候的金融和经济风险

欧洲并不是去年唯一一个受到高温和高粮价影响的地区。去年夏天,受到热浪袭击的还有美国和中国,两国农业产量也都受到了严重影响。在美国,由于干旱,德克萨斯州的棉花、加利福尼亚州的西红柿和堪萨斯州的小麦产量下降。去年7月,中国官员发出警告,中国农民正面临“极端气象灾害”,此前一年打破历史纪录的高温和高降雨量给“农业生产带来了越来越多的挑战”。

富裕国家去年尝到了气候变化对粮食生产造成的破坏性后果,而发展中国家已经生活在气候导致的粮食短缺中很长时间了。例如,在东非,40年来最严重的干旱使100多万人流离失所,给农业生产带来了毁灭性打击,联合国警告说,粮食的极端不安全正在给冲突和不稳定打开大门。

气候变化除了会造成食品和材料价格上涨外,还可能会抑制工人的生产效率,从而加剧未来通胀,研究表明,生产率降低对更高的通胀具有直接影响。根据联合国开发计划署2016年的一份报告,极端高温已经导致全球白天工作时间减少,影响了经济产出,而芝加哥大学2018年对印度制造业工人的一项研究发现,当温度超过80华氏度时,温度每升高一度,生产率就会下降4%。

各国央行和金融机构已经开始密切关注气候变化对经济不稳定和通胀的影响。去年,美联储宣布,美国六大银行将共同参加一项试点计划,以评估不同的气候场景对金融和经济风险的影响。(财富中文网)

译者:Agatha

Last summer, a blistering heat wave in Europe caused crops to wilt, rivers to dry up, and workers to stay indoors to escape scorching temperatures. The economic blow was expected to cause prices to rise even further, magnifying inflation sparked by the Ukraine war, although experts at the time were reluctant to quantify by how much. The numbers are in now, but even though climate change had a measurable impact on prices last year, it’s nothing compared to how much warmer temperatures, natural disasters, and unpredictable weather patterns will affect inflation a decade from now.

Europe’s high temperatures last summer increased food inflation on the continent by 0.67 percentage points, but the same conditions would be amplified by 50% in 2035 under current projections for weather extremes a decade from now, according to a report published last week by the European Central Bank and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.

It gets worse: Without unprecedented investments to adapt to the new reality through innovation to create more resistant agricultural systems, climate change could add one percentage point to global inflation every year between now and 2035. The worst effects would be reserved for food prices, which could rise by over 3% every year as higher temperatures decimate the world’s crops.

“The heat extremes of the 2022 summer in Europe is a prominent example in which combined heat and drought had widespread impacts on agricultural and economic activity,” the report said. “Future climate change will amplify the magnitude of such heat extremes, thereby also amplifying their potential impacts on inflation.”

Inflation’s hidden driver

From the Ukraine war’s disastrous effect on supply chains to corporate price gouging, the list of causes of modern inflation is long, varied, and often open to partisan debate. Climate change should now be added to the list, the ECB report recommends, as higher temperatures are not only making us sicker and poorer, they might soon be the reason groceries are more expensive.

For the report, the ECB analyzed monthly consumer price indices from 121 countries and cross-referenced it with historical climate data over the past 30 years. One of the resulting data sets documented Europe’s inflation and temperature data last year.

During Europe’s sweltering summer, major rivers dried up, affecting shipping companies’ ability to move goods around the continent. Europe’s agricultural industry also came to a standstill, as heat waves caused output of staple crops including maize, sunflower, and soybean yields to plunge as much as 9%.

After accounting for factors such as the Ukraine war and COVID-19’s lingering effect on supply chains, the ECB report estimated that extreme heat on the continent during the three summer months had a cumulative effect of 0.67% on food inflation.

The researchers then combined the data with the latest climate models that project future warming, finding that the inflation persistently exacerbates inflation regardless of a country’s income level, although the effects are stronger in hotter countries and during warmer times of the year.

“[I]nflation goes up when temperatures rise, and it does so most strongly in summer and in hot regions at lower latitudes, for example the global south,” Maximilian Kotz, a scientist at the Potsdam Institute and lead author of the paper, said in a statement.

Climate’s finance and economic risk

Europe wasn’t the only region affected by hot temperatures and high food prices last year. Searing heat waves also hit the U.S. and China last summer, with big consequences for agricultural output. In the U.S., output dropped as Texas cotton, California tomatoes, and Kansas wheat suffered from drought. And in July, Chinese officials warned the country’s farmers were facing “extreme meteorological disasters” after a year of record temperatures and record-high rainfall that created “more and more challenges to agricultural production.”

But while rich nations were given a taste last year of climate change’s devastating effects on food production, developing nations have been living with climate-induced food scarcity for years. In East Africa, for instance, the worst drought in 40 years, which has displaced over a million people, is obliterating agricultural production, with the United Nations warning that extreme food insecurity is paving the way for conflict and instability.

In addition to higher food and material prices, climate change could exacerbate future inflation by dampening worker productivity, which studies show can have a direct effect on higher inflation. Extreme heat already leads to fewer daylight hours worked worldwide, affecting economic output, according to a 2016 UNDP report, while a 2018 University of Chicago study of manufacturing workers in India found that productivity declined 4% for every degree when temperatures exceeded 80° F.

Central banks and financial institutions have started looking closer at climate change as a cause of economic instability and inflation. Last year, the Federal Reserve announced that the six largest U.S. banks would participate in a pilot program designed to assess how different climate scenarios affect financial and economic risk.

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