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投资的十条黄金法则

投资的十条黄金法则

James Royal, Bankrate 2023-01-26
专家们通常会建议客户不要试图预测市场时机。

图片来源:GETTY IMAGES

在通常情况下,投资有一些简单的原则,投资者只要遵循这些原则就能够取得成功。但成功的关键除了有所为以外,还要有所不为。除此之外,我们的情绪会影响整个过程。虽然人人都知道要“低买高卖”,但我们的性格经常会导致我们高买低卖。

所以关键是要确立一套“黄金法则”,帮助指引你度过艰难时期。当市场上涨时,任何人都可以赚钱。但当市场陷入波动时,成功获取丰厚收益的投资者,往往拥有可行的长期投资计划。

以下10条投资黄金法则,能够帮助投资者取得更大成功,并有望获得更高的回报。

法则1:永远不要赔钱

第一条法则来自传奇投资者沃伦·巴菲特的一条永不过时的建议:“第一,永远不要赔钱;第二,永远不要忘记第一条。”奥马哈先知的建议强调了避免投资组合遭遇亏损的重要性。你在投资组合中投入更多的资金,就可以从中赚取更多的收益。而亏损则会影响你未来的盈利能力。

当然,不赔钱说起来容易做起来难。巴菲特的投资原则的真实含义是,不要陶醉于一笔投资的潜在收益,还要注意它的下跌风险。如果你承担了大量风险,却没有得到足够多的回报,这或许并不值得投资。巴菲特忠告投资者,首先要关注下跌风险。

股票波动是基于全球企业的盈利能力。随着收益增长,股价也会上涨,至少长期趋势是上涨的。但加密货币的情形却与之相反。加密货币通常没有收益或硬资产作为基础,来支撑其估值。也就是说,加密货币最终可能变得一文不值,巴菲特绝对不会希望承担这种风险。

法则2:像企业的所有者一样思考

RMB Capital的联席首席投资官克里斯·格拉夫说:“像企业的所有者一样思考。切记,你所投资的是企业,而不只是企业的股票。”

虽然许多投资者将投资股票视为赌博,但股票的背后有企业的实际业务作为支撑。股票代表的是对应企业的部分所有权,随着时间的推移,当企业的业绩或好或坏时,其股票也会随着盈利能力的变化而出现波动。

位于美国加利福尼亚州拉霍亚的Vivaris Capital的首席执行官克里斯托弗·米策表示:“在投资时,要注意投资的动机是什么。你真得是在投资还是在赌博?投资需要分析基本面,进行价值评估,并预测企业未来的表现。”

格拉夫称:“保证企业拥有强大的管理团队,并且管理团队与股东的利益保持一致,而公司有稳健的财务状况和强大的竞争地位。”

法则3:遵守既定流程

Kepos Capital的投资组合经理萨姆·亨德尔指出:“最优秀的投资者所制定的流程,能够在多个市场周期中连续执行并取得成功。即使面临短期挑战可能令你对自己产生怀疑,也不要偏离那些经过考验证明的可靠流程。

对投资者而言,最好的投资策略之一是长期买入持有策略。例如,你可以在401(k)账户中定期购买股票基金,并持有数十年。但每当市场出现波动时,投资者由于临时遭遇了损失,很容易偏离自己的预定计划。不要这样做。

法则4:当所有人都在恐慌时买入

在市场下跌时,投资者通常会选择卖出,或者不再关注市场波动。但这时候往往会出现大批价格合适的投资选择。事实上,股票市场是唯一一个当商品廉价出售时所有人却因为过于恐慌而不敢买入的市场。巴菲特曾经有一句名言:“在别人恐慌时我贪婪,在别人贪婪时我恐慌。”

如果你是401(k)投资者,好消息是在开通账户之后,你只需要继续买入即可,无需其他操作。这种结构让你的情绪不会受到影响。你将在股票价格下跌时买入,从而获得更高的长期价值。

投资者在2020年股市下跌时持续买入,在2021年经历了股市上涨,这种做法可能也适用于未来的下跌周期。

法则5:遵守投资纪律

重要的是,无论在艰难还是良好的环境下,投资者应该持续储蓄,即使他们只能够少量储蓄。通过定期持续投资,你就可以养成量入为出的习惯,即使随着时间推移,你在投资组合中也能够积累一笔资产。

401(k)是坚持这种投资纪律的一种理想工具,因为它会从你的工资中自动扣款,无需你做出决定。巧妙选择投资对象同样重要——下文指导你如何选择401(k)投资。

法则6:坚持投资组合多样化

投资组合多样化对减少风险至关重要。投资组合中只有一两只股票并不安全,无论它们表现地多么出色。因此,专家建议建立多样化的投资组合。

Betterment的前投资总监明迪·于说:“在进行投资时,有一种投资策略必须时刻牢记,那就是多样化投资。多样化投资可以帮助你更好地承受股票市场的起起伏伏。”

好消息是,多样化投资很容易实现。投资标准普尔500指数基金能够直接实现投资组合多样化。该基金持有对美国顶级公司的数百种投资。如果你希望进一步多样化,就可以增加债券基金或房地产基金等其他选择,这些基金在不同的经济环境下会有不同的表现。

法则7:避免预测市场时机

专家们经常建议客户不要试图预测市场时机,即像影视作品中宣传的那样试图在正确的时间买入或卖出。相反,他们经常会引用一句名言:“在市场上投资的时间,比市场时机更重要。”这句话的意思是,你应该坚持投资才能够获得丰厚的回报,避免频繁进出市场。

富国银行投资研究所(Wells Fargo Investment Institute)的投资策略分析师韦罗妮卡·威利斯建议:“投资表现最好和最差的日期通常相邻,可能出现在市场波动性最大、陷入熊市或经济衰退的时候。投资者要想在某一天进入市场,第二天离开市场,次日重新进入市场,需要有专家般的精准判断力。”

专家们通常建议利用美元成本平均策略定期买入。

法则8:充分了解你的投资对象

专注于农业投资的金融科技平台Harvest Returns的创始人及首席执行官克里斯·罗利称:“不要投资你不了解的产品,并确保在投资之前已经向你明确披露了相关风险。”

无论投资什么产品,都要了解它是如何运作的。如果你买入一只股票,你就需要知道为什么投资这只股票有意义,以及这只股票可能在什么时候盈利。如果你投资一只基金,你就需要了解它以往的业绩和成本等信息。如果你购买年金保险,关键是了解年金保险的运作机制和你的权利。

法则9:定期回顾自己的投资计划

制定稳健的投资计划,只对其进行小幅修改,这是一种很好的投资理念,而明智的做法是定期回顾自己的投资计划,确定它是否依旧适合你的需求。你可以在为了纳税的目的核对账目时,回顾自己的计划。

来自彭萨科拉地区的Navy Federal Financial Group的投资服务副总裁凯文·德里斯科尔表示:“但要记住,你的第一份理财计划不会是你的最后一份计划。你可以分析自己的计划,至少每年进行一次回顾,尤其是在达到一个重要里程碑的时候,比如成家、搬家或跳槽等。”

法则10:留在牌桌上,并留出应急资金

留出应急资金绝对至关重要,它不仅能够帮助你度过难关,还可以让你维持长期投资。

佛罗里达州庞帕诺比奇Kirsner Wealth Management公司的退休规划服务总裁克雷格·基施纳建议:“将5%的资产预留为现金,因为人生总是充满挑战。”他还补充道:“在储蓄账户中应该至少留出六个月的生活费。”

如果在遇到困难时必须卖掉部分投资,可能通常都是投资价值下跌的时候。应急资金能够帮助你在投资的牌桌上坚持更长的时间。短期内(三年以内)可能需要的资金应该预留为现金,理想情况下可以存入高收益在线储蓄账户或者大额存单。货比三家,找到最理想的投资。

总结

明智的投资关键在于做正确的选择和避免错误的决策。其中重要的是管理自己的情绪,从而激励自己做出正确的选择,即使这些选择可能令你感觉存在风险或不安全。(财富中文网)

本文最初发表于Bankrate.com。

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

在通常情况下,投资有一些简单的原则,投资者只要遵循这些原则就能够取得成功。但成功的关键除了有所为以外,还要有所不为。除此之外,我们的情绪会影响整个过程。虽然人人都知道要“低买高卖”,但我们的性格经常会导致我们高买低卖。

所以关键是要确立一套“黄金法则”,帮助指引你度过艰难时期。当市场上涨时,任何人都可以赚钱。但当市场陷入波动时,成功获取丰厚收益的投资者,往往拥有可行的长期投资计划。

以下10条投资黄金法则,能够帮助投资者取得更大成功,并有望获得更高的回报。

法则1:永远不要赔钱

第一条法则来自传奇投资者沃伦·巴菲特的一条永不过时的建议:“第一,永远不要赔钱;第二,永远不要忘记第一条。”奥马哈先知的建议强调了避免投资组合遭遇亏损的重要性。你在投资组合中投入更多的资金,就可以从中赚取更多的收益。而亏损则会影响你未来的盈利能力。

当然,不赔钱说起来容易做起来难。巴菲特的投资原则的真实含义是,不要陶醉于一笔投资的潜在收益,还要注意它的下跌风险。如果你承担了大量风险,却没有得到足够多的回报,这或许并不值得投资。巴菲特忠告投资者,首先要关注下跌风险。

股票波动是基于全球企业的盈利能力。随着收益增长,股价也会上涨,至少长期趋势是上涨的。但加密货币的情形却与之相反。加密货币通常没有收益或硬资产作为基础,来支撑其估值。也就是说,加密货币最终可能变得一文不值,巴菲特绝对不会希望承担这种风险。

法则2:像企业的所有者一样思考

RMB Capital的联席首席投资官克里斯·格拉夫说:“像企业的所有者一样思考。切记,你所投资的是企业,而不只是企业的股票。”

虽然许多投资者将投资股票视为赌博,但股票的背后有企业的实际业务作为支撑。股票代表的是对应企业的部分所有权,随着时间的推移,当企业的业绩或好或坏时,其股票也会随着盈利能力的变化而出现波动。

位于美国加利福尼亚州拉霍亚的Vivaris Capital的首席执行官克里斯托弗·米策表示:“在投资时,要注意投资的动机是什么。你真得是在投资还是在赌博?投资需要分析基本面,进行价值评估,并预测企业未来的表现。”

格拉夫称:“保证企业拥有强大的管理团队,并且管理团队与股东的利益保持一致,而公司有稳健的财务状况和强大的竞争地位。”

法则3:遵守既定流程

Kepos Capital的投资组合经理萨姆·亨德尔指出:“最优秀的投资者所制定的流程,能够在多个市场周期中连续执行并取得成功。即使面临短期挑战可能令你对自己产生怀疑,也不要偏离那些经过考验证明的可靠流程。

对投资者而言,最好的投资策略之一是长期买入持有策略。例如,你可以在401(k)账户中定期购买股票基金,并持有数十年。但每当市场出现波动时,投资者由于临时遭遇了损失,很容易偏离自己的预定计划。不要这样做。

法则4:当所有人都在恐慌时买入

在市场下跌时,投资者通常会选择卖出,或者不再关注市场波动。但这时候往往会出现大批价格合适的投资选择。事实上,股票市场是唯一一个当商品廉价出售时所有人却因为过于恐慌而不敢买入的市场。巴菲特曾经有一句名言:“在别人恐慌时我贪婪,在别人贪婪时我恐慌。”

如果你是401(k)投资者,好消息是在开通账户之后,你只需要继续买入即可,无需其他操作。这种结构让你的情绪不会受到影响。你将在股票价格下跌时买入,从而获得更高的长期价值。

投资者在2020年股市下跌时持续买入,在2021年经历了股市上涨,这种做法可能也适用于未来的下跌周期。

法则5:遵守投资纪律

重要的是,无论在艰难还是良好的环境下,投资者应该持续储蓄,即使他们只能够少量储蓄。通过定期持续投资,你就可以养成量入为出的习惯,即使随着时间推移,你在投资组合中也能够积累一笔资产。

401(k)是坚持这种投资纪律的一种理想工具,因为它会从你的工资中自动扣款,无需你做出决定。巧妙选择投资对象同样重要——下文指导你如何选择401(k)投资。

法则6:坚持投资组合多样化

投资组合多样化对减少风险至关重要。投资组合中只有一两只股票并不安全,无论它们表现地多么出色。因此,专家建议建立多样化的投资组合。

Betterment的前投资总监明迪·于说:“在进行投资时,有一种投资策略必须时刻牢记,那就是多样化投资。多样化投资可以帮助你更好地承受股票市场的起起伏伏。”

好消息是,多样化投资很容易实现。投资标准普尔500指数基金能够直接实现投资组合多样化。该基金持有对美国顶级公司的数百种投资。如果你希望进一步多样化,就可以增加债券基金或房地产基金等其他选择,这些基金在不同的经济环境下会有不同的表现。

法则7:避免预测市场时机

专家们经常建议客户不要试图预测市场时机,即像影视作品中宣传的那样试图在正确的时间买入或卖出。相反,他们经常会引用一句名言:“在市场上投资的时间,比市场时机更重要。”这句话的意思是,你应该坚持投资才能够获得丰厚的回报,避免频繁进出市场。

富国银行投资研究所(Wells Fargo Investment Institute)的投资策略分析师韦罗妮卡·威利斯建议:“投资表现最好和最差的日期通常相邻,可能出现在市场波动性最大、陷入熊市或经济衰退的时候。投资者要想在某一天进入市场,第二天离开市场,次日重新进入市场,需要有专家般的精准判断力。”

专家们通常建议利用美元成本平均策略定期买入。

法则8:充分了解你的投资对象

专注于农业投资的金融科技平台Harvest Returns的创始人及首席执行官克里斯·罗利称:“不要投资你不了解的产品,并确保在投资之前已经向你明确披露了相关风险。”

无论投资什么产品,都要了解它是如何运作的。如果你买入一只股票,你就需要知道为什么投资这只股票有意义,以及这只股票可能在什么时候盈利。如果你投资一只基金,你就需要了解它以往的业绩和成本等信息。如果你购买年金保险,关键是了解年金保险的运作机制和你的权利。

法则9:定期回顾自己的投资计划

制定稳健的投资计划,只对其进行小幅修改,这是一种很好的投资理念,而明智的做法是定期回顾自己的投资计划,确定它是否依旧适合你的需求。你可以在为了纳税的目的核对账目时,回顾自己的计划。

来自彭萨科拉地区的Navy Federal Financial Group的投资服务副总裁凯文·德里斯科尔表示:“但要记住,你的第一份理财计划不会是你的最后一份计划。你可以分析自己的计划,至少每年进行一次回顾,尤其是在达到一个重要里程碑的时候,比如成家、搬家或跳槽等。”

法则10:留在牌桌上,并留出应急资金

留出应急资金绝对至关重要,它不仅能够帮助你度过难关,还可以让你维持长期投资。

佛罗里达州庞帕诺比奇Kirsner Wealth Management公司的退休规划服务总裁克雷格·基施纳建议:“将5%的资产预留为现金,因为人生总是充满挑战。”他还补充道:“在储蓄账户中应该至少留出六个月的生活费。”

如果在遇到困难时必须卖掉部分投资,可能通常都是投资价值下跌的时候。应急资金能够帮助你在投资的牌桌上坚持更长的时间。短期内(三年以内)可能需要的资金应该预留为现金,理想情况下可以存入高收益在线储蓄账户或者大额存单。货比三家,找到最理想的投资。

总结

明智的投资关键在于做正确的选择和避免错误的决策。其中重要的是管理自己的情绪,从而激励自己做出正确的选择,即使这些选择可能令你感觉存在风险或不安全。(财富中文网)

本文最初发表于Bankrate.com。

翻译:刘进龙

审校:汪皓

Investing can often be broken down into a few simple rules that investors can follow to be successful. But success can be as much about what to do as it is what not to do. On top of that, our emotions throw a wrench into the whole process. While everyone knows you need to “buy low and sell high,” our temperament often leads us to selling low and buying high.

So it’s key to develop a set of “golden rules” to help guide you through the tough times. Anyone can make money when the market is rising. But when the market gets choppy, investors who succeed and thrive are those who have a long-term plan that works.

Here are 10 golden rules of investing to follow to make you a more successful—and hopefully wealthy—investor.

Rule No. 1: Never lose money

Let’s kick it off with some timeless advice from legendary investor Warren Buffett, who said “Rule No. 1 is never lose money. Rule No. 2 is never forget Rule No. 1.” The Oracle of Omaha’s advice stresses the importance of avoiding loss in your portfolio. When you have more money in your portfolio, you can make more money on it. So, a loss hurts your future earning power.

Of course, it’s easy to say not to lose money. What Buffett’s rule essentially means is don’t become enchanted with an investment’s potential gains, but also look for its downsides. If you don’t get enough upside for the risks you’re taking, the investment may not be worth it. Focus on the downside first, counsels Buffett.

While stocks have been volatile, they’re based on the earning power of global businesses. As earnings rise, so will stocks, at least over time. Contrast that against cryptocurrencies, which usually have no basis—such as earnings or hard assets—to back their valuation. That is, cryptocurrency could ultimately be worth nothing—not the kind of risk that Buffett wants to take.

Rule No. 2: Think like an owner

“Think like an owner,” says Chris Graff, co-chief investment officer at RMB Capital. “Remember that you are investing in businesses, not just stocks.”

While many investors treat stocks like gambling, real businesses stand behind those stocks. Stocks are a fractional ownership interest in a business, and as the business performs well or poorly over time, the company’s stock is likely to follow the direction of its profitability.

“Be aware of your motivation when investing,” says Christopher Mizer, CEO of Vivaris Capital in La Jolla, California. “Are you investing or gambling? Investing involves an analysis of fundamentals, valuation, and an opinion about how the business will perform in the future.”

“Make sure the management team is strong and aligned with the interests of shareholders, and that the company is in a strong financial and competitive position,” says Graff.

Rule No. 3: Stick to your process

“The best investors develop a process that is consistent and successful over many market cycles,” says Sam Hendel, portfolio manager at Kepos Capital. “Don’t deviate from the tried and true, even if there are short-term challenges that cause you to doubt yourself.”

One of the best strategies for investors: a long-term buy-and-hold approach. You can buy stock funds regularly in a 401(k), for example, and then hold on for decades. But it can be easy when the market gets volatile to deviate from your plan because you’re temporarily losing money. Don’t do it.

Rule No. 4: Buy when everyone is fearful

When the market is down, investors often sell or simply quit paying attention to it. But that’s when the bargains are out in droves. It’s true: the stock market is the only market where the goods go on sale and everyone is too afraid to buy. As Buffett has famously said, “Be fearful when others are greedy, and greedy when others are fearful.”

The good news if you’re a 401(k) investor is that once you set up your account you don’t have to do anything else to continue buying in. This structure keeps your emotions out of the game. You’ll continue purchasing stocks when they’re cheaper and offer better long-term values.

Investors who continued to buy throughout the 2020 downturn rode stocks up throughout 2021, and the same will likely apply to future downturns as well.

Rule No. 5: Keep your investing discipline

It’s important that investors continue to save over time, in rough climates and good, even if they can put away only a little. By continuing to invest regularly, you’ll get in the habit of living below your means even as you build up a nest egg of assets in your portfolio over time.

The 401(k) is an ideal vehicle for this discipline, because it takes money from your paycheck automatically without you having to decide to do so. It’s also important to pick your investments skillfully—here’s how to select your 401(k) investments.

Rule No. 6: Stay diversified

Keeping your portfolio diversified is important for reducing risk. Having your portfolio in only one or two stocks is unsafe, no matter how well they’ve performed for you. So experts advise spreading your investments around in a diversified portfolio.

“If I had to choose one strategy to keep in mind when investing, it would be diversification,” says Mindy Yu, former director of investing at Betterment. “Diversification can help you better weather the stock market’s ups and downs.”

The good news: Diversification can be easy to achieve. An investment in a Standard & Poor’s 500 Index fund, which holds hundreds of investments in America’s top companies, provides immediate diversification for a portfolio. If you want to diversify more, you can add a bond fund or other choices such as a real estate fund that may perform differently in various economic climates.

Rule No. 7: Avoid timing the market

Experts routinely advise clients to avoid trying to time the market, that is, trying to buy or sell at the right time, as is popularized in TV and films. Rather, they routinely reference the saying “Time in the market is more important than timing the market.” The idea here is that you need to stay invested to get strong returns and avoid jumping in and out of the market.

And that’s what Veronica Willis, an investment strategy analyst at Wells Fargo Investment Institute recommends: “The best and worst days are typically close together and occur when markets are at their most volatile, during a bear market or economic recession. An investor would need expert precision to be in the market one day, out of the market the next day and back in again the following day.”

Experts typically advise buying regularly to take advantage of dollar-cost averaging.

Rule No. 8: Understand everything you invest in

“Don’t invest in a product you don’t understand and ensure the risks have been clearly disclosed to you before investing,” says Chris Rawley, founder and CEO at Harvest Returns, a fintech marketplace for investing in agriculture.

Whatever you’re investing in, you need to understand how it works. If you’re buying a stock, you need to know why it makes sense to do so and when the stock is likely to profit. If you’re buying a fund, you want to understand its track record and costs, among other things. If you’re buying an annuity, it’s vital to understand how the annuity works and what your rights are.

Rule No. 9: Review your investing plan regularly

While it can be a good idea to set up a solid investing plan and then only tinker with it, it’s advisable to review your plan regularly to see if it still fits your needs. You could do this whenever you check your accounts for tax purposes.

“Remember, though, your first financial plan won’t be your last,” says Kevin Driscoll, vice president of investment services at Navy Federal Financial Group in the Pensacola area. “You can take a look at your plan and should review it at least annually—particularly when you reach milestones like starting a family, moving, or changing jobs.”

Rule No. 10: Stay in the game, have an emergency fund

It’s absolutely vital that you have an emergency fund, not only to tide you over during tough times, but also so that you can stay invested long term.

“Keep 5% of your assets in cash, because challenges happen in life,” says Craig Kirsner, president of retirement planning services at Kirsner Wealth Management in Pompano Beach, Florida. He adds: “It makes sense to have at least six months of expenses in your savings account.”

If you must sell some of your investments during a rough spot, it’s often likely to be when they are down. An emergency fund can help you stay in the investing game longer. Money that you might need in the short term (less than three years) needs to stay in cash, ideally in a high-yield online savings account or perhaps in a CD. Shop around to get the best deal.

Bottom line

Investing well is about doing the right things as much as it is about avoiding the wrong things. And amid all of that, it’s important to manage your temperament so that you’re able to motivate yourself to do the right things even as they may feel risky or unsafe.

This article was originally published on Bankrate.com.

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